Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sobulungisa BaseMelika

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona nje inqubo engokomthetho; i-prigint ebekwa kuyo isimiso sobulungisa saseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unjani noma unjani, uyophathwa ngokufanele nguhulumeni lapho emangalelwa ngobugebengu. Kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa ngesinqumo sokugcina ekuqulweni, inqubo efanele yenza njengesihlangu sokumelana namandla ombuso ozimele. Lesimiso, esifakwe ezinzisweni zeSichithiso sesihlanu nesamashumi amane, siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho oncishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele ibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho futhi kubeke isimiso esinecala.

Inqubo efanele idinga ukuba imithetho icace, abantu bathole isaziso ngamacala, nokuthi banethuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala. Ngaphandle kwalezisivikelo, isimiso sobulungisa singazifaka engozini yokuba yithuluzi lokucindezela kunokuba ibe indlela yeqiniso. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo ephelele edingekayo kusukela ekuboshweni ekuqulweni, kuhlanganise nemvelaphi yaso engokomlando, izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene esizithathayo, futhi amalungelo akhethekile esiwaqinisekisa kuzo zonke izigaba zobugebengu.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile, imfuneko engokomthetho yokuba uhulumeni ahloniphe wonke amalungelo akweletwa umuntu ngaphansi komthetho. Inkulumo ivela ezindaweni ezimbili ezibucayi eMthethweni womthetho wase-U.S.: iSichibiyelo sesihlanu (esigunyaza uhulumeni) neSichibiyelo se 14ne (esigunyaza ohulumeni). Zombili lezi zinkulumo zinikeza ukuthi akukho muntu “osuyakuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lolulimi luye lwachazwa ngezinkantolo ukuba lubeke imingcele kuyo yomibili imithetho nezimiso ezisetshenziswayo ukuba ziqikelele.

Imisuka engokomlando yenqubo efanele ibuyela emuva kuMagna Carta ngo-1215, eyathi akukho muntu okhululekile ongajeziswa ngaphandle “komthetho wezwe.” Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lomqondo washintshela eqinisekisini lokuphatha kahle. Namuhla, inqubo efanele ihlukaniswa yaba amagatsha amabili: i-procedtural ne-asectative, ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile ekulondolozeni amalungelo alo.

Inqubo Efanele: Izindlela Ezifanele, Nenzuzo

Inqubo efanelekile yokuveza inqubo igxila ezinyathelweni uhulumeni okumelwe uzilandele ngaphambi kokuthatha ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Iqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isenzakalo esingokomthetho siqhutshwa ngokufanelekile nokuthi abantu banethuba eliqotho lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Icala lamacala noma isenzo esihlongozwayo - - Kumelwe utshelwe ukuthi umangalelwe ngani.
  • Ithuba lokuzwakala [ - kumelwe ube nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nempikiswano.
  • A engathathi hlangothi futhi engakhethi umenzi wesinqumo – umahluleli noma amajaji akumelwe acwaswe.
  • Ilungelo lokuveza ubufakazi nofakazi be-apimine - - ukuqinisekisa isinqumo sisekelwe ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni efuna ukuqeda amalungelo akho obuzali noma athathe impahla yakho, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuqulwa phambi kwesikhulu esingakhethi, nesaziso sangaphambili nelungelo lokululeka. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile engokwesiko iyisisekelo samalungelo amaningi axoxiwe ngezansi, kusukela elungelweni lokungakhululeki kuse ekuqulweni kwecala.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Elindelekile: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Eyisisekelo

Inqubo edingayo engabonakali idlulela ngalé kwezinqubo ukubuza ukuthi umthetho ngokwawo ulungile yini. Ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, ngisho noma kusetshenziswa izinqubo eziphelele kakhulu. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa ukuzifihla, umshado, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, nokuzimela. Izenzakalo zemali njenge [FLT][FLT][197]. [[FLT] kanye ne-[FLT:][FLD:][5]] OFMbergfell v. Hodream[20][FLT] [5] ihilela inqubo efanelekile yokukhipha izisulo kwesokudla nokukhetha ukukhipha nokushada. Nakuba lezi zimo ezididayo ngokulandelana.

Emthethoni wobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile evimbela uhulumeni ekuphuleni ukuziphatha okuthile okubhekwa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, njengelungelo lokuhamba noma ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa. Kudinga futhi ukuba imithetho yobugebengu icace ngokwanele ukuthi umuntu ohlakaniphile angakuqonda lokho okunqatshelwe.

Inqubo Efanele Yokuvalelwa Ejele: Amalungelo Enu Ngaso Sonke Isinyathelo

Ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo efanele isho ukuthini lapho uboshiwe ngempela kubaluleke kakhulu. UMthetho-sisekelo nesinqumo senkantolo kuye kwadala uchungechunge lwezisivikelo ezikhethekile ezisebenza kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kukwenza uboshwe esiphethweni sokuqulwa kwecala lakho. Ngalinye lalamalungelo liyisivikelo kuhulumeni ophambanayo nethuluzi lokuqinisekisa umphumela olungile.

Ilungelo Lokuthula (Amalungelo E - Madagascar)

Uma eboshiwe, amaphoyisa kumelwe akutshele ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula. Lelilungelo, elimiswe e [[FLT]] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) , lisho ukuthi awudingeki ukuphendula imibuzo ebuzwa abasebenzi bomthetho. Noma yini ongathi ingenziwa ngokumelene nawe enkantolo, ngakho ukuthula kuvame ukuba kube yisinqumo esiphephile kuze kube yilapho ukhuluma nommeli. Isixwayiso sikaMirranda sihlanganisa nelungelo lokuba nommeli phakathi nokuphenya.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlala nje uthule akwanele kwezinye izifunda-mabuko; kumelwe unxuse ngokukhanyayo ilungelo lakho lokuthula. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma [[FLT]] Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) ukuthi umuntu osolekayo ohlala ethule ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi uyakwazi ukulikhipha. Ukulivikela, umkhuba ongcono kakhulu ukuthi, “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami ukuba ngithule futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli.””

Ilungelo Lokuthola Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba nommeli ozokusiza ekuvikeleni kwakho. Lelilungelo lisebenza kusukela esikhathini inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iqala ngaso ("futhi ngemva kokuboshwa noma ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho. Icala lengqoko yesifunda [FLT]]] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)[FLT] [[FLT]] lithole ukuthi amaphuzu kumelwe anikeze ummeli kubamangalelwa ongakwazi ukukhokhela umuntu ezinkantolo zecala. Kamuva landisa lelilungelo lokuphatha ngethuba lokuboshwa.

Ukuthola izimpawu ezisemthethweni ezifanele kuyagxeka ngoba ummeli angakutshela ukuthi ukhulume nini, uxoxe nabashushisi, uthathe amafayela ukuze unqande ubufakazi, futhi uthuthukise indlela yokuzivikela. Uma uboshiwe, cela ummeli ngokushesha futhi ungaxoxi ngecala lakho noyedwa — kuhlanganise nowakiwe noma umngane wakho.

3. Ilungelo Lokuzwa Ngokushesha (Isizathu Esifanelekile)

Ngemva kokuboshwa, unelungelo lokusheshisa ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kwemantshi engathathi hlangothi ukuze unqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba ulwelwe icala. Lokhu kuzwakala, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi Gerstein ukuzwa [ (kusuka [[FLT:]]] ku-GUSTESTEL] v. Kumelwe ukuba i-Phgh[, 1975), kumelwe ivele phakathi namahora angu-4 okuboshwa ezimweni eziningi. Kulokhu kumele umshushisi unikeze ubufakazi obanele bokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu buyenziwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ungumuntu obenzile. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela ayitholakali, kumelwe ukuba ukhululwe.

Lokhu kuqulwa kwecala kusebenza futhi njengethuba lakho lokuqala ukucela ibheyili noma ukuphikisana ukuze ukhululwe. Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba ibheyili ibekwe ngesilinganiso esifanelekile qha, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokukuvalela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokulungisa.

4. Ilungelo Lokwazi Izintela

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezesithupha zidinga ukuba abamangalelwa baziswe ngokusemthethweni ngamacala abamangalelwa ngawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo efanelekile [, lapho ufunda khona amacala enkantolo evulekile futhi ucelwa ukuba ungene esikhankasweni. Amacala kumelwe acace ngokwanele ukuze ukwazi ukulungiselela isivikelo. Icala noma ukumangalelwa okukhulu kakhulu kungqubuzana nenqubo efanelekile ngoba akuqiniseki ukuthi yini okudingeka uyivikele.

Uma kamuva amacala eshintshwa noma engeziwe, kumelwe uqashelwe ngalezo zinguquko, uhulumeni ngeke aqale ukukumangalela ngecala lakho ngaphandle kokukunikeza isikhathi sokuphendula.

5. Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo. Lelilungelo livimbela uhulumeni ekukugcineni uvalelwe ngokungenasiphelo noma ekulibaleni icala lakho ukuze uzuze inzuzo engafanele. INkantolo Ephakeme isungule ukuhlolwa kwezinga lesine [[FLT]][[FLT]] Barr v. Wingo (1972][FLT] ukunquma ukuthi ukulibala kuphula lelilungelo: ubude besikhathi, ukulibala, ukuthi ummangalelwa uqinisekisiwe, nokuthi ulungela ukuvikela.

Ngokwesiko, ukulibala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokucwasa, futhi uma usejele, inkantolo kumelwe ibeke imibandela yakho phambili. Ummeli wakho angafaka isinyathelo sokuxosha uma umshushisi ehluleka ukuletha icala lakho ecaleni ngesikhathi esifanelekile. Lelilungelo alilona eliphelele `icala elicacisiwe' lingase lithethelele ukulibala isikhathi eside", kodwa liqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso siqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokungadingekile.

6. Ilungelo Lobukhoma Obungakhethi

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lithathwe yijaji elingakhethi elithathwe eqenjini elinqamule umphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli kumelwe ikhululeke ekucwaseni ngokohlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Phakathi isquoir, zombili izinhlangothi, ukubulalana kanye nokuvikela okungasekelwe eqenjini lomphakathi. [=```````''''''''', ukuqunga] kanye nokuvikela, kungabangela ukucwaswa kwalabo ababonakala benobandlululo. Inkantolo ingathethelela abamele ukubangela impoqo (eg.', uma benobuhlobo nommangalelwa) noma zombili izinhlangothini zingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe ukuze kususwe izinselele zokususa inyumba ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, nakuba lokhu kungenakusekelwe ehlangani noma ebulilini [FT] [BBB]]] [2]: [2]

Ijaji elingakhethi libalulekile ngoba abahluleli banquma imibuzo yeqiniso. Uma abahluleli bekhetha, lonke icala lingcolile. Ummeli wakho uzosebenza ukuhlukanisa abahluleli abangakwazi ukuba nobulungisa futhi aqinisekise iquatha labahluleli libonisa umphakathi. Inqubo edinga ukuba abahluleli bafundiswe umthetho futhi ukuba umthwalo wobufakazi ungabi nakungabaza okunengqondo.

7. Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abamelene nawe nomthetho owe-axistamine. Leli lungelo livumela ummeli wakho ukuba abeke inselele ukunemba, ukwethembeka, nokuthembeka kobufakazi balowo mshushisi. Futhi livimbela ukusetshenziswa kwehemuhemu (izinkulumo ezinikezwa ngaphandle kwemvume yeqiniso lendaba) ngaphandle kokuba ubufakazi bungatholakali futhi waba nethuba langaphambili lokuqamba ubufakazi.

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyithuluzi elinamandla. Ummeli onekhono angadalula ukungavumelani, ubandlululo, noma amanga asobala ebufakazini. Ngaphandle kwalelilungelo, ukuququlwa kwecala kungathembela ekumangaleleni okungaziwa noma kofakazi basese, okungaphula inqubo efanele. Ilungelo lisebenza nasebufakazini obubodwa nasemibikweni yezesayensi; umhloli olungiselela umbiko kumelwe atholakale ukuze ahlolwe.

Izinselele Zenqubo Efaneleyo Yobulungisa Banamuhla Besigebengu

Ukuqonda lezi zindaba kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ukuthi amalungelo akho asengozini nini nokuthi yini ongayenza ngakho.

Ukuboshwa Ngokweqile Nokuboshwa Okungenamthetho

Emiphakathini eminingi, amasu anamandla amaphoyisa aholela ekuboshweni ngaphandle kwesizathu. Izinhlelo ze-fulphil-flk, ukumisa i-profilk, nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi phakathi nokubhikisha kungaphazamisa inqubo efanele kusukela ekuqaleni. Uma uboshwa ngaphandle kwezizathu ezingokomthetho ezifanelekile, ummeli wakho angathatha uhambo lokuvimbela noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngenxa yokuboshwa okungekho emthethweni. Kodwa umonakalo okhona enkingeni yakho kanye nokucindezeleka kokuhlelwa kwesimiso kungaba lukhuni.

Ukungameleli Okungokomthetho Okwanele

Abavikeli bomphakathi nabameli abamisiwe yinkantolo bavame ukuthwala imithwalo engaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho okungalawuleka. Uma ummeli emelela amakhulukhulu abathengi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuba nzima ukunikeza ukunakekela okwanele noma yiliphi icala elilodwa. Lokhu kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni isikhathi esimisiwe, ukuhluleka ukuhlola, nokucindezela ukwamukela izikhankanyo ngaphandle kokuhlola. Inhlangano yamaMelika [[FLT:] [i-Melika] [i-Melika][FLD]] ibeke isikhathi eside isiqinisekiso senkinga se-isivikelo sokuzivikela, neNkakhulu e [[FLT]] .[19984] i-SLT] i-FLT] ifaka ibhakade yesandla sokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezelelwa, futhi i-empempey ekholezelele ekuyimelelweni. [i.] [FLT:]

IBias Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Ubandlululo oluphelele − olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, isimo sezenhlalo, noma ezinye izici . Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nabamaLatino basengozini kakhulu yokuboshwa, basolwe ngezono ezingathi sína, futhi bathola imigwebo enzima kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukungakhetheli, iqiniso liwukuthi isimiso ngokuvamile siyafiphala. Abameli basebenzisa amasu anjengezezinkinga eziyingozi nobufakazi obungochwepheshe ukuze bakhanyise lemibono.

Ukucindezela Okunamandla

Icala lobugebengu elingaphezu kwa 95% lixazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo esithengisekayo, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala. Nakuba ukunxusa kungaphumelela, kungacindezela futhi abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bafake icala ukuze bagweme ingozi yesigwebo esinzima kakhulu lapho kuqulwa icala. Inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba noma isiphi isikhalazo esinecala sibe sazi, sokuzithandela, futhi sibe esihlakaniphile. Uma umshushisi esongela amacala adlulele noma inkantolo ibeka “isijeziso somthetho,” ukuncishiswa kwesicelo. Unelungelo lokwenqaba isikhalazo futhi ufune ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi ummeli wakho kufanele achaze imiphumela ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuba unqume.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Efanele Yomphakathi

Inqubo ayifaneleki nje ngokuvikela abantu abasolwayo kuphela, kodwa ifeza izindinganiso ezibanzi zomphakathi ezizuzisa wonke umuntu. Uma uhulumeni elandela izinqubo ezilungile futhi ehlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo, wonke umphakathi uqina.

  • Izenzo zokusebenzisa kabi amandla:[ inqubo elindelekile isebenza njenge-cheke egatsheni eliphethe, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabashushisi ngeke bathathe isinyathelo ngokuthanda noma ngokuphindisela.
  • abantu bakha ukuphathiswa umphakathi: cishe bangahlonipha futhi bavumelane nomthetho uma bekholelwa ukuthi isimiso silungile. Uma inqubo efanele iphulwa, ukwethembana kuncipha, futhi imiphakathi iqheleke.
  • iProtemotes ukunemba: Izinqubo ezilungile `njengelungelo lokuphambanisa ofakazi be-examine' nobufakazi obukhona", i-Innocence Project itheze amakhulu eziboshwa ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi be-DNA, eziningi zazo zalahlwa yicala naphezu kwezimiso ezinephutha.
  • Iphethe idemokrasi:[ Isimiso esihlonipha inqubo efanele sibonisa isimiso sentando yeningi esiyisisekelo sokuthi wonke umuntu unesithunzi nelungelo okuzuzwe njengefa okumelwe uhulumeni ukuhloniphe.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho: Izinyathelo Eziwusizo

Nansi izenzo ezisebenzayo ongazenza uma uke waboshwa noma umangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu;

  • Hlala uthule kodwa ukhulume ngokucacile: Yisho ngokuzwakalayo, “Ngicela ilungelo lami lokuthula futhi ngifuna ummeli.” Ungaphenduli imibuzo, ngisho nemizwa evamile, kuze kube khona ummeli wakho.
  • Ungavumi ukusesha: Ngaphandle kokuba amaphoyisa anophawu olugunyazayo noma kunezimo eziphuthumayo, unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa komuntu wakho, imoto, noma ekhaya. Yithi, “Angivumi ukuphenya.”
  • Cela ummeli ngokuphindaphindiwe: Uma amaphoyisa eqhubeka ekubuza ngemva kokuba ucele ummeli, phinda isicelo sakho. Ungasatshiswa. Ilungelo lakho lokululeka liphelele.
  • Uxwebhu lonke: bhala phansi amagama nezinombolo zamabheji zezikhulu, isikhathi nendawo oboshwa kuyo, noma yimuphi ofakazi. Lokhu kwaziswa kuyamthinta ummeli wakho.
  • Ungaxoxi ngecala lakho nothile ngaphandle kommeli wakho: Izingxoxo nezinye iziboshwa, abangane, noma amalungu omkhaya zingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nawe. Amangqamuzana angabe izimemezeli.
  • Ifake zonke izikhalo zasenkantolo:[ Ukwehluleka ukuvela] kungaphumela ekuboshweni kwakho nasekulahlekelweni kwebheyili. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, cela umvikeli womphakathi ngokushesha.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho enqubo afanele ophuliwe, xhumana nommeli wobugebengu onokuhlangenwe nakho. [FLT][FLT]] American Liberties Union (ACLU) [[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] izinxulumani zebham yesifundazwe [[FLT]][FLT][FLT]

Isiphetho: Inqubo Efanele Njengesiqinisekiso Esiphilayo

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona umqondo owenziwe ngokuzimelayo .Izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi njengoba umphakathi uqaphela izinsongo ezintsha zokulunga. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuboshwa ngesinqumo sokugcina, lezi zinsika ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke ukuphuce amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokulunga futhi ngaphandle kokukunika ithuba elibalulekile lokuzivikela. Nakuba izinselele zilokhu zikhona .(h___umthwalo wabavikeli bomphakathi, ukucwasa okusobala, kanye nokucindezela kokumangalela icala elinecala).

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okufuna ubulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esingasoze saboshwa noma othile oweqa isimiso somthetho sobugebengu, izimiso zenqubo ezifanele ziyasebenza kuwe. Kungenxa yokuthi umthetho awusona nje isikhali sabanamandla kodwa isihlangu sabasengozini. Ngokuvikela inqubo efanele, sivikela ubuqotho bayo yonke inqubo yethu engokomthetho nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu abaphila ngaphansi kwayo.