Isingeniso: I - Cornerstone Yobuhle

Inqubo ifana nenye yezimiso ezihlala njalo nezibalulekile kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho wentando yeningi. Isebenza njengesihlangu ekusetshenzisweni kobushiqela kwamandla kahulumeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kobulungisa noma izinqubo ezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso asiyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho; siwukwethenjwa okungaqinile phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuzwa okuhle, ukuqaphela iziphakamiso, nenqubo efanelekile yokungakhethi, isekela ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Emhlabeni lapho igunya likahulumeni lingaba likhulu khona, kunikeza inqubo edingayo enikeza amandla alinganayo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Izici Ezimbili Ezihlukile

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi inqubo efanele ivikela kanjani inkululeko, kudingekile ukuqonda izingxenye zayo ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo edingayo engokwesiko nenqubo efanelekile. Nakuba zombili zisekelwe eziqinisekisini ezifanayo zomthetho-sisekelo, zisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukene ukuze zilinganisele izenzo zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuqinisekisa Izindlela Ezifanele

Inqubo efanele igxila emithunja [ uhulumeni kumelwe alandele ngaphambi kokuba athathe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kuphathelene nokulunga ngenqubo ngokwayo. Izimfuneko ze-procedroal zihlanganisa:

  • Inothi: Umuntu kumelwe atshelwe ngesenzo esihlongozwayo kanye nesisekelo saso. Ngaphandle kwezaziso ezanele, umuntu akanakukwazi ukulungiselela isivikelo.
  • Ithuba lokuzwana: Ithuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, nokuphikisana nesenzo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela equlweni noma ekuqulweni.
  • Isinqumo-Menzi-sicaba:[ Umuntu noma indawo enquma ukuthi icala kumelwe lingathathi hlangothi, ngaphandle kwesithakazelo somuntu siqu noma semali emphumeleni.
  • [ Ilungelo leseluleko:[ Ezimweni eziningi ezingathi sína, abantu banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho ukuze baqinisekise umncintiswano olungile.

Lezi zimfuneko aziqinile; inqubo edingayo ixhomeke emongweni. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obhekene ne-stemp efingqiwe angathola isivikelo esincane kakhulu kunokuthi umuntu abhekene nesigwebo sokufa. Icala lengqoko yendaba . Goldberg v. UKelly[[FLT] [1970] ubambelele ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, kumelwe unikeze isithakazelo esisobala, ulinganisele isithakazelo somuntu ngokumelene nomthwalo kahulumeni wokuphatha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile isebenza ngokwezinga elifanele ukuncitshiswa kokuswe.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Nakuba inqubo efanelekile yokusungula ibusa yezenzo zikahulumeni, imingcele yenqubo eyiyo uhulumeni angayenza. Kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuphazamiseni inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo esetshenziswayo. Inqubo efanelekile evimbela amalungelo “asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni wesizwe nasesikweni” futhi ibalulekile ekuyaleni inkululeko.

  • [ Privimacy ne-Autonomy: Ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu mayelana nomshado, ukuzala, ukuvimbela inzalo, nokuzala umntwana.
  • Ukwethembeka komkhaya:[ Ilungelo lokuhlala ndawonye njengomkhaya ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungadingekile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthembeka okungaqondakaliyo: Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa nokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba wakho siqu.

Inqubo eyisici efanelekile edingayo ngokuvamile ihilela ukucubungula ngokuqinile: noma yimuphi umthetho ophula ilungelo eliyisisekelo kumelwe uvunywe ngesithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo futhi kumelwe ulungiswe kancane ukuze ufeze lesosithakazelo. Lesi sigqebhezana esiphakeme siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhloso zikahulumeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zingayidlula inkululeko yomuntu siqu kuphela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile engadingekile ingaholela ekuphathweni yizigebengu, kodwa abasekeli bayo bagomela ukuthi iyinhlolo edingekile ekunqabeni kwenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwenqubo Efanele

Ukuqonda lomlando kucacisa ukuthi kungani lesi simiso sigxile kangaka emasikweni angokomthetho aseNtshonalanga.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwenqubo efanelekile kwavela eMagna Carta, eyasayinwa e-Runnymede. Isahluko 39 somthetho-mthetho wokuqala samemezela: “Akekho okhululekile ozothathwa, agqunywe ejele, asuswe, axoshwe, abhujiswe, noma nganoma iyiphi indlela... ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Le nkulumo [1] kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi “inqubo yokuqala yomthetho” ngokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkulumo ethi“ umthetho wezwe” yaqala ukusho ukuthi izinqubo ezisungulwe ngumthetho kuphela ezingaphuca umuntu inkululeko noma impahla. IMagna yabeka isisekelo semingcele yemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho.

I - English Bill of Rights (1689) NamaChashazi Asebuqabeni

Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, i-English Bill of Rights yaqinisa isivikelo ekujezisweni konya nokuboshwa ngokungemthetho. Abakhomanisi baseMelika, abajwayelene nalamasiko avamile omthetho, bahlanganisa izimiso ezifanele eqenjini labo lomthetho-mthetho wamakoloni. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) kanye neSivumelo se-Virginia of Rights (1776) bobabili bamemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu ongaphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu (1791) senza inqubo efanelekile yenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo eqinisekisa: “Akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi Nane nesine (168) sadlulisela lemfuneko ezizweni:“... noma isiphi iSizwe siyophuca noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma iprotheni, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lokhu kwakwandiswa ngenxa yangaphambi kweNkampucuko ye-145 yeNguquko, i-Bill of Rights isebenza kuhulumeni wezwe. [FFOF]: [3] ISichibiyeli seNkami seNkamithe yombuso.[3][3] Inqulumo yeNkadeli engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi [Foctive] ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi [Foct:[3] ku-Fodvos], njengoba kugunyazwe kugunyaziwe:[3] izinyuku.[3] kulelo lomthetho [F.[3]

Inqubo Edingekayo Emcimbini: Amacala Ayizimpawu Namaqiniso Ansuku Zonke

Inqubo efanele ayiwona umgomo ocatshangelwayo; isetshenziswa nsuku zonke ezinkantolo, ezikoleni, nasezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. iye yachaza izigaba ezifanele emacaleni amaningi aphawulekayo, ethonya indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zezwe langempela.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ephakeme

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Nakuba icala lokuvikela elilinganayo, uBrown wathintana nenqubo efanelekile ngokubekela igalelo lokuhlukanisa imingcele yamathuba emfundo. INkantolo yathi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani, igcizelela ukuthi abantu abanakuncishwa inkululeko, kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuthola imfundo elinganayo.) ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Lelicala lavuma ukuthi ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume, amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasoli belungelo lawo lokuthula nokuba nommeli abe khona. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso, noma isiphi isivumelo esitholakalayo sithathwa siphoqelelwe futhi sephule inqubo efanele. Ilungelo elibizwa ngokuthi iMiranda liye laba isivikelo esiyinhloko sezehlulele.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973]): INkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokweqa abantu ngaphansi kwenqubo elindelekile, ishaya imithetho eyayenza yaphazanyiswa ukukhipha isisu. Nakuba kamuva yabekwa umthetho, uRoe wabonisa indlela inqubo efanele engaphansi evikela ngayo izinqumo zomuntu siqu mayelana nomkhaya nobuqotho bomzimba.
  • Goldberg v.Kelly (1970): Njengoba kushiwo, lelicala lidinga ukugcinwa kwamagama asobala ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle. Yandisa umqondo “ukufaneleka” ukuze ihlanganise izinzuzo zikahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo se-procedtural silandela noma ikuphi ukuncishwa kokuphila.
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997): INkantolo yasekela umthetho kahulumeni owenqabela ukuzibulala, kodwa futhi yamisa indlela yokuqapha yenqubo efanelekile edingayo (-) eqaphela ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo “asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni wesizwe namasiko.” Lelicala libonisa impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nendlela yokuchaza inqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo Efanele Ezimisweni Zokuqondisa

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, inqubo efanele ibusa izinqubo zokuphatha ezingenakubalwa. Uma i-Social Security Administration iphika izinzuzo zokukhubazeka, umuntu kumelwe aqashelwe futhi aqulwe. Uma inxusa elilawulayo liphonsa imvume, umjoli unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi. Le nqubo efanelekile yokuqondisa ibalulekile ukuze kubekwe isivikelo esimweni sanamuhla lapho izinqumo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila komuntu ngamunye zingenziwa khona yizinhlangano kunokuba kube yizinkantolo.

Inqubo Efanele Emfundweni: Ukusungula Izikole Ezinhle

Isimiso senqubo efanele sinezici eziphawulekayo ezikoleni zomphakathi, ezisebenza njengezinhlangano zikahulumeni lapho ziyala abafundi noma zenza izinqumo zemisebenzi.

Amalungelo Abafundi Nesiyalo Sesikole

Abafundi abawashiyi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho esangweni lesikole. INkantolo Ephakeme ku Gos v. Lopez [185] yakholelwa ukuthi umfundi wesikole obhekene nenqubo emisiwe kumelwe anikezwe isaziso esilinganiselwe: esishiwo ngomlomo noma esibhaliwe samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokusabela ngaphambi kokuba igebe lisebenze. Ukusuka noma ukuxoshwa, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezifana nokulalela okungokomthetho, kudinga isivikelo. Izivikelo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abasuswanga ngokungenamdlangaphaza kwemfundo, okuyinto eqashelwayo futhi inzuzo.

Amalungelo Othisha Okukhetha Umsebenzi Ofanele

Othisha nabaphathi bajabulela futhi izivikelo ezifanele zenqubo, ikakhulukazi uma bephethe isilinganiso noma izivumelwano ezakha ukulindela okufanelekile komsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba isifunda sesikole sixoshe uthisha okhokhelwe, kumelwe sinikeze:

  • Isaziso esilotshiwe sezizathu zokunqanyulwa.
  • Wamlalela ngokuphelele phambi komzimba ongakhethi.
  • Ilungelo lokunikeza ofakazi nobufakazi.
  • Ithuba lokudlulisela isinqumo esibi.

Lapho inqubo efanele ingekho ezikoleni, yonke indawo yokufunda iyalimala ngoba abafundi nothisha abangakwazi ukuthembela esimisweni semfundo baye baphelelwa ithemba.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwesimo sawo esiyisisekelo, inqubo efanele ibhekana nezingcindezi ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukuhlasela Okungaphezu Kwesilinganiso Kukahulumeni Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ngenxa yokulwa nobuphekula noma ukuvikela imingcele, ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bangayidluli inqubo efanelekile. Ngokungenasiphelo ukuboshwa kwezitha ezisolwayo ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala, ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obuyimfihlo ekuthunyelweni kwezokufuduka, nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlu ezingekho ngaphandle kokubukeza okunengqondo konke kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungathi sína okufanele. Ukucindezela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kuyinkinga eqhubekayo engokomthetho - sisekelo eqhubeka isetshenziswa.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nokufinyelela Ekulungeni

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukumelelwa okusemthethweni okwanele. Kodwa amahhovisi amaningi omphakathi avikelayo ancishisiwe kakhulu, ephoqelela abameli ukuba bathwale imithwalo emikhulu. Uma kukhulunywa ngemithetho yesizwe, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko aliqiniseki, kushiye abantu abathola imali ephansi ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho lapho bebhekene nokuxoshwa, ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo, noma izimpi zokuwinwa kwabantwana. Izejwayezi eziningi zinganciphisa isivikelo somthetho ukuze kuvikelwe inqubo efanelekile, incishiswe inqubo efanelekile ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Semvelo

Ubandlululo lwezinhlanga, lwezomnotho, nezenhlalo lungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwenqubo efanele. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abantu abanemibala bangacushwa kakhulu ushintsho olungaphezu komthetho, imigwebo elukhuni, nezinkolelo ezingalungile. Ubandlululo oluphelele phakathi kwabahluleli noma abahluleli lungaholela emiphumeleni engalungile ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo. Ukukhuluma ngalezinguquko ezingafanele akudingi nje izinguquko ezingokwemvelo kodwa kudinga ushintsho olubanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inqubo efanele isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu.

Ukungasetshenziswa Kwezobuchwepheshe Nenqubo Yokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Intuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe inikeza imibuzo edinga inqubo entsha. Imithetho-mthetho isetshenziswa kakhulu ekugwebeni ubugebengu, ekukhipheni izinqumo zebheyili, nasekulaleleni isigwebo se-pary, kodwa lezi zimiso ngokuvamile zifiphele futhi zingaphula ilungelo lomuntu lokwazi isisekelo sesinqumo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Surveillance, njengokuqaphela ubuso nomzila wocingo, kungafaka amalungelo emfihlo ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obungokwezinombolo kungaphakamisa izikhalo zokwethembeka nelungelo lokuhlola imithombo. Inhlangano ye-American Bar , izinkantolo ziphawula ukuthi inqubo ehambelanayo ngaphansi komthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukwahlulela kuhlala kulungile.

Ikusasa Lenqubo Efanele: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Lapho Ucindezelwa

Ukubheka phambili, isimiso senqubo efanele siyoqhubeka siguquka. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuba sobala kukahulumeni, ukuzenzela, nokulingana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokulondeka okuhlangene kuyohlela indlela inqubo efanelekile echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo.

Amalungelo Ezinombolo Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Izazi ezingokomthetho nabashisekeli balwela inqubo entsha edingekayo endaweni ye-apply Programme. Izinyathelo ezifana ne- “Algorithmic Process” umzabalazo wokuveza izimpawu, ukulandisa, nokuqondisa kobuntu kwezimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni usebenzisa umthetho wokunquma ukuthi inzuzo yokungasebenzi ingenzeka, umuntu kufanele abe nelungelo lokuqonda ukuthi i-algorithm isebenza kanjani futhi abeke inselele ukunemba kwayo. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, ubuchwepheshe bungaba yithuluzi lokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuzimela.

Inqubo Yokuthuthwa Nokufaneleka Kwabantu

Umthetho wokunqanda ukuthatha indawo ubeyinkundla yempi yempi isikhathi eside. Izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo eUnited States zinelungelo lezindlela ezithile ezifanele zokuvikela, kodwa ubukhulu balawomalungelo buncishwa kakhulu. Ukuzibophezela ngaphandle kwesibopho, ukususwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezindlebe ezingokoqobo kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthola imvume elungile ekwahlulelweni. Izinqubeni zesikhathi esizayo ziyocacisa ukuthi iyiphi inqubo eyenzekayo ngenxa yabafuduki ababhekene nokudingiswa kwenkululeko enkulu.

Ukuqhubeka Uyingcuba Namandla Ezinhlangano

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, izinyunyana zenkululeko, kanye nama-bar zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni inqubo efanele. Zifaka idolo ezicacisini, zifundisa umphakathi, futhi zifune izinguquko eziqinisa izivikelo ze-procedro. Ngokwesibonelo, ACLU njalo] ifaka izikhalo eziphikisa ukuvinjelwa kwenqubo efanele epholishiwe, ukugcinwa, nokuqashwa. Ukuqashwa okunjalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ihlala ikhona, hhayi inqubo engokomlando.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobuqotho Bemvelo

Inqubo elindelekile ingaphezu kwenqubo engokomthetho, futhi isithembiso sokuziphatha ukuthi wonke umuntu uyophathwa ngesithunzi nangokungakhethi lapho umbuso usebenzisa amandla awo ngokumelene nabo. Kusukela kuMagna Carta kuya kumthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla, umqondo oyinhloko uhlala ungashintshi: akekho ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi uhulumeni kumelwe athethelele izenzo zakhe ngezindlela ezingakhethi nezikhanyayo. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha, kusukela ekusebenziseni ulwazi olungemthetho owemvelo kuya ekuthutheni abantu bangene kwamanye amazwe, isibopho sokuqondisa inqubo efanelekile kumelwe siqondise indlela. Ukuvikela lesi simiso sesisekelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ayinikelwanganikelwanga ngenjongo yokukhulula noma ukuvikela. Enqubwebwebweni yentando yentando yeningi, inqubo efanelekile ayikona okungaphazamise ukwahlulela.