Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele Njengokuzivikela Ekuxhashazweni Uhulumeni

Inqubo elindelekile ingaphezu nje kobungcweti obungokomthetho, isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi esivimbela ukusetshenziswa kombuso ngokungenangqondo. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta abantu bangaba nobulungisa, baqonde, futhi bahloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvikela, izakhamuzi zingaboshwa, zisuswe impahla, noma zithunjwe ngaphandle kokuxwayisa noma ukuphenya. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela efanelekile esebenza ngayo njengesivikelo kuhulumeni oyisisulu, ukuhlolwa kokukhula kwawo, ukuhlukanisa izakhi zazo eziyisisekelo, nokuhlola indima yazo ezimpini ezingokomthetho kanye nezinselele zanamuhla.

Kumthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla olawulwa ngentando yeningi, inqubo efanele isebenza njengendlela abantu abangabekela ngayo inselele ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho noma umbuso uthatha isinyathelo egameni lokulondeka noma ngokwenhlala - kahle yomphakathi, kumelwe uqhubeke ulandela imithetho emisiwe futhi uhloniphe ukuzibusa komuntu siqu. Njengoba amandla kahulumeni enwetshwa ngokuqapha, ngezimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nokulawula okubanzi, ukubaluleka kwenqubo efanele kumane kujule. Ukuqonda ukugqamisa kwawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani okhathalela ukulondoloza inkululeko enkathini yokwandayo yegunya likahulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwenqubo Efanele

Isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe enze ngokuvumelana nomthetho omisiwe, kunokuba uthathe izinhloso zababusi, sinezimpande zasendulo.

Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya Encwadini Yamalungelo EsiNgisi

Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala okulotshiwe kwenqubo efanele kubonakala kuyiMagna Carta ka-1215, eyaziwayo iSahluko 39 sathi: “Akekho umuntu okhululekile ozobanjwa noma agqunywe ejele, noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe noma impahla yakhe... ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kwabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe." Lo mbhalo waveza umqondo wokuthi inkosi ayinakujezisa izikhonzi ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo zamaNgisi zahumusha "umthetho wezwe" ukumiswa kwezimiso zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokwazisa, ukuzwa, nokwahlulela okungakhethi.

I-Ngishi Bill of Rights ka-1689 yaqinisa lezi sivikelo ngokunqabela ibheyili ephakeme, isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, nokunqandwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende. Yaqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lokucela inkosi ukuba ilungise izikhalo. Le zincwadi zihlangene zaqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele yayingesona nje inhlonipho kodwa ilungelo elingokomthetho elibopha zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Umzamo Womthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. waphakamisa inqubo efunekayo kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu (1791) sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Ngemva kweMpi yomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane leSichibiyelo seSikathi (1868) sandisa lo mthetho ofanayo kuhulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso ongabangela "noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho."" lesi siqinisekiso esihlangene sadala i-chezukisi likahulumeni elinamandla kuwo womabili amazwe nombuso (1868).

Abadwebi baseMelika ngamabomu bakhetha inkulumo "ukuqhubekela phambili kwenqubo yomthetho" ngamagama anciphile njenge "inqubo" ukuze bahlanganise kokubili ukulunga komthetho kanye nesivikelo senkululeko ethile eyisisekelo. Emakhulwini amabili alandelayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayizoveza amagatsha amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene enqubo efanelekile: i-procedal ne-superstantive.

Izingxenye eziyisihluthulelo: Inqubo elandelanayo nengaqondakali

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi yenza imisebenzi emibili ehlukene. Inqubo efanelekile elawulayo ibusa indlela yezenzo zikahulumeni, nakuba kungaphansi kwenqubo elindelekile lokho uhulumeni angakwenza, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuqinisekisa Ukwenziwa Kwezono

Inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni asuse ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla, inikeze isaziso esanele nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala. Izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka kuye ngomongo, kodwa izinkantolo zisungule ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo Maws v. Eldridge [77] [6] ezicabangela izici ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile; ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso ezikhona; futhi isithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yezokuphatha. Loluhlelo luqinisekisa ukuvumelana kuyilapho lugcina icala.

Izakhi ezinephutha zihlanganisa:

  • Notice: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bamukele ukwaziswa okucacile, okufike ngesikhathi ngesenzo sikahulumeni kubo. I-Pue noma izikhalo zasese zephula inqubo efanele.
  • I-Opportunit ukuze izweke [: Ukulalela kumele kunikezwe phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi, nelungelo lokuveza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, kanye nobufakazi obuphikisayo be-examine.
  • Inkantolo engakhethi: Umenzi-sinqumo akanakuba nesembezo somuntu siqu noma semali emphumeleni. Ngisho nokubonakala kobandlululo kululaza inqubo edingayo.
  • [ Isinqumo esiqinisekisiwe: Uhulumeni kumelwe achaze isisekelo sesenzo sakhe, avumele ukubukezwa kokwahlulela.
  • [ Akulutho elulekweni [: Kwezinye izenzakalo, ikakhulukazi amacala obugebengu, abantu banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho ukuqinisekisa umncintiswano olungile.

Izibonelo zokwephulwa kwenqubo okufanelekile zihlanganisa ukuxosha isakhamuzi esihlala njalo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, ukuchitha ilayisense yezenhlalakahle ngaphandle kwesaziso, noma ukuqeda izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle ngaphandle kwethuba lokuphikisa izizathu. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi lezi sivikelo ziyasebenza ngisho nalapho uhulumeni esebenza emandleni akhe njengomqashi, umnikazi wekhaya, noma umlawuli.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile engathi sína iqhubekela phambili ngokunqabela uhulumeni ukuba angagqekezi ezinhlwini ezithile eziyisisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zingenaphutha kangakanani. Lemfundiso iqaphela ukuthi amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu ukuyala inkululeko kangangokuba umbuso ungase ungawafaki ibhuloho ngaphandle kokulunga okuphoqelelayo. Inqubo efanelekile yokuzivumela ukuba ziqashelwe amalungelo anjengale:

  • Ilungelo lokushada nokukhetha ukuthi ubani ozoshada naye
  • Ilungelo lokuba wedwa ebuhlotsheni obuseduze
  • Ilungelo lokukhulisa izingane zakho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungadingekile okubangelwa umbuso
  • Ilungelo lobuqotho bomzimba nokwenqaba ukwelashwa
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwesizwe

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula ngokunembe imithetho ethwesa amalungelo ayisisekelo: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqeleleyo futhi abonise ukuthi umthetho uhlotshaniswa kancane ukuze ufinyelele leso sithakazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ovimbela yonke imishado phakathi kwabantu abathile uhluleka ngoba ubhekene nelungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo. Ngokuphambene, imithetho elawula izithakazelo ezingezona ezingokomnotho, zenza kube nesisekelo esinengqondo kuphela esibukwayo, indinga ukubukezwa, indinga ehloniphekayo ehloniphekayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwenqubo yokulungisa nokulawula ubucayi ngoba ichaza izinga lokubukeza kokwahlulela. Inqubo efanelekile ibuza ukuthi uhulumeni wasebenzisa izindlela zobulungisa yini; inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwe-consitive ibuza ukuthi umgomo kahulumeni ngokwawo ungokomthetho yini nokuthi izindlela ezikhethwe zilingana yini nalowo mgomo. Zizonke, zikha isihlangu esibanzi ekumelaneni nabacuphi.

Inqubo Efanele Yokuhlola Ukuhlasela Kukahulumeni Ngokungaphezu Kwamandla

Inqubo efanele iphikisana ngokuqondile nokuphamba ngokuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba athethelele izenzo zakhe ngokusemthethweni nangokunika abantu amathuluzi okumelana nokungenela okungekho emthethweni.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokuphumelela Ngokweqile Ngenqubo Efanele

  • Ijele elingakho emthethweni: ukubamba umuntu ngaphandle kokumangalelwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala kuphula inqubo efanele yenqubo. UHabeas corpus] ilungelo lokubekela isigwebo inselele, ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwenqubo efanelekile yokuvikela.
  • [ Ukuhlola okungenaluvalo: Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa noma ukugadwa kwemishini yasese ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela kungaphazamisa kokubili inqubo efanelekile ye-procedtura ne-passion, ikakhulukazi lapho imfihlo iyi-odoli esemthethweni.
  • Ukugcinwa kwemithetho : Ukusebenzisa imithetho ngokukhetha amaqembu angathandeki noma abantu abangenasizathu sokulunga kululaza umthetho. Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba ukuphoqelelwa kusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezingathathi-hlangothi, hhayi ekukhetheni komuntu siqu.
  • Umthetho osemthethweni[: Imithetho ejezisa ukuziphatha okungokomthetho uma kwenziwa ayihambisani nomthetho ngoba iphuca abantu isaziso esilungile, --a yisisekelo senqubo efanele.
  • Ukuhlakanipha kokuphatha okungaguquguquki: Lapho amanxusa engabeka izijeziso ezinzima ngaphandle kokuzwa noma ukubukeza kokwahlulela okunengqondo, inqubo efanele idinga izindawo zokuhlola ezifana nokuzimela nokunxusa okuzimele.

Ukuhlola Izimpawu Zophawu

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze zikhiphe izintambo zokuzama ukuthatha izinyathelo zikahulumeni futhi zicacise izinga lamalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Inqubo Engokwesiko Efaneleyo Kubulungisa Bobugebengu

Miranda, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ilungelo lesiMithelela sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilahla lidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasoli ngamalungelo abo ukuba ahlale athule futhi abe nommeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza lezi zixwayiso kunikeza ukuvuma izono okungaqondakali. Isinqumo sibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile yokuzivumelanisa nesodwa isebenza esikhathini esibucayi kakhulu, lapho umuntu eboshwe ngamaphoyisa, ukuvimbela ukuvuma izono nokulinganisela inkundla yokudlala phakathi kwezwe necala. IMirranda ixwayisa isuke iwumkhuba ojwayelekile, ibonakalisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni awunakukhipha ubufakazi bokukhohlisela noma ukukhohlisa.

Uthando Virginia (1967): Inqubo Eyinqubo Engalawuleki Nenkululeko Yomuntu Siqu

Ukuphuma kwaqeda umthetho kaVirginia omelene nokunqanda ukucwaswa kwegazi, owamisa umshado phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe nabangemhlophe. IJaji elikhulu uWarren wabhala ukuthi umshado ungowokuthi "omunye wamalungelo abantu, okuyisisekelo sokuphila kwethu kanye nokusinda. Icala elisebenza phansi kwenqubo yokuvikela ukukhetha komuntu siqu okungaqondi kahle enkabeni yombuso. Lathola ukuthi ngisho noma amaqembu alandela izinqubo ezifanelekile − adlulisa umthetho nge-passstion", awana ukusebenzisa lezo zinqubo ukuze aphule amalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokulunga okulawula. [FLT:] [FLT:] [FOct:] lihlala liyisibonelo esinamandla sokukhetha kombuso okungalingani.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): Inqubo Efaneleyo Empini yobuphekula

Ngemva kuka-9/11, uhulumeni wabamba isakhamuzi sase-U.S. uYaser Hamdi njenge-"silwi sesitha" ngaphandle kokummangalela noma ukumnikeza icala. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi inqubo efanele yayidinga ukuba uHamdi amukele isaziso esiyiqiniso sesisekelo sokuhlelwa kwakhe kanye nethuba elibalulekile lokuphikisana ngaso phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. INkantolo yanqaba impikiswano kahulumeni yokuthi izinkathazo zesizwe zingasusa ngokuphelele isivikelo sawo. [FLT:]] Hamdi ibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ayipheli ezikhathini zosizi; ingalungiselwa ukudinga ukulondeka, kodwa ayinakususwa ngokuphelele.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Inqubo engaphansi elindelekile nokulingana komshado

[[FLT : 0] .Isinqumo esihlelwe ngaphambili [[FLT]] saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokushada nomuntu wobulili obufanayo liyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yi-Century Proce Claus. Isinqumo esihlelwa phambili njengecala elinjenge liphuma [ ne[FLT] [FLT] [LT] i-lawrence v. Texas sikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa umuntu ngamunye ilungelo lokukhetha umuntu ngamunye lokukhetha ukuphila kwakhe, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kokuziphatha okuhle. Lokhu kubonisa indlela okungathandeki ngokomthetho ukuvikela ngayo izinga elisha lenkululeko yomphakathi njengokuqonda isithunzi nokwakheka kobukhulu.

Umphumela Wenqubo Efanele Ekukhululweni Kwabemi

Inqubo ayiyona nje inqubo yenqubo yenkantolo; igcwele bonke ubuhlobo phakathi kwesakhamuzi nombuso. Ngokufuna abadlali bakahulumeni ukuba bathethelele izenzo zabo, inqubo efanele ikhuthaza ukuba sobala, ukulandisa, nokwethembana. Inkululeko ethile yomphakathi exhomeke enqubweni efanelekile ihlanganisa:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma: Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akwazi ukucubungula, ukujezisa, noma ukujezisa inkulumo, kumelwe anikeze isivikelo somthetho esifana nesaziso sangaphambili, ukuzwa nokubukeza okungakhethi. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, umphathi wedolobha angavala iphephandaba ngokulimemezela "isicefe somphakathi" ngaphandle kokulalela.
  • Inkululeko yokuhlangana: Imvume yokubhikisha ayinakwenqatshelwa ngokuthanda; abacela izicelo kumelwe bathole izizathu nethuba lokudlulisa icala. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuqoqa alishiywanga eqondisweni kwesikhulu esisodwa.
  • Ilungelo lempahla: Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe impahla ngokulahlekelwa uhulumeni noma indawo edumile, kumelwe yazise abanikazi futhi inikeze icala elilungile. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele akunamithetho esemthethweni.
  • Imfihlo yakho siqu: Imfuno kahulumeni yemininingwane yomuntu siqu(ukusukela kumarekhodi ezokwelapha kuya kwezokuxhumana nge-minustry"" kumelwe isekelwe ngemvume noma ipena engathi ibekelwe inselele. Inqubo efunekayo eyimfihlo ivikela imfihlo yezinqumo zokuphila okuyimfihlo, njengokuvimbela ukuvimbela, ukuzala, nobuhlobo bomkhaya.

Ngaphandle kwamacala ngamanye, inqubo efanele ithuthukisa isiko lomthetho lapho izakhamuzi ziwazi khona amalungelo azo futhi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni uyozihlonipha.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwezimpande ezijulile, inqubo efanelekile ibhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Izinselele ezilandelayo zisongela ukuqeda isivikelo kuhulumeni ophaphamele:

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Namandla Aphuthumayo

Ohulumeni bavame ukugomela ngokuthi izinkinga zokulondeka zithethelela ukudlula inqubo efanelekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuvalelwa kwaphakade kobuphekula kusola, izinkantolo zempi zangasese, kanye nokuhlasela okungaqondakali kwezakhamuzi ezihlasela izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe. Nakuba izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlehlisa (njengaku [FLT: 0]]] Hamadi[), ukuthobela igunya eliphethe ezindabeni zobuphekulayo lihlala liphezulu. [Boumediene v. Bush] Isinqumo (2008) sibuyisele amalungelo e-habbaspus kaGuadanamoevatempers, kodwa inqubo eminingi efanele ngokuphathelenelo zokubulala nokuhlola nokuhlola.

Ubuchwepheshe Bokusebenza

Amathuluzi okuhlola anamuhla − ukuqashelwa kocingo, ukulandelelwa kwendawo, ukuqoqwa kwemitapo emikhulu yemitapo (iqoqo lemitapo yemininingwane engalingani) uhulumeni ukuba abheke inani elikhulu labantu ngaphandle kokusola okungatshazwa. Le mikhuba ingaphula inqubo elindelekile yomthetho nowangaphansi ngenxa yokuthi abantu abavamile ukufunda ukuthi baye bahlolwa, futhi abanalo ithuba lokuphikisa ukuqashelwa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Carpeenter v. United States (20.8) bakholelwa ukuthi ukungena emininingwaneni ye-mfonomfono-mfono kudinga isiqinisekiso, okwenza ukuba kusetshenziswe inqubo efanelekile yokwaziswa, kodwa kusale izikhala eziningi.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Umthetho wokunqanda ukuthatha inqubo ubeyindawo lapho isivikelo senqubo sibuthakathaka khona kunasemicimbini yobugebengu. Abantu abangakhokhi, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezihlala njalo ezisemthethweni, bangaboshwa futhi badingiswe ngaphandle kwemvume yokunikezwa iseluleko futhi ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji. Ukwanda kokususwa ngokuphepha nelungiselelo lokuboshelwa ejele eliphoqelelwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangase babe nezicelo ezisemthethweni zokukhosela noma zokukhulula ekudingisweni.

Ukwanda KoMbuso Ophethe

Amanxusa azimele nawamazwe manje asebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokufaka imishini, izinzuzo, ukuthobelana kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokunakekela impilo. Amanxusa amaningi aphikisana ngezimpikiswano zangaphakathi, ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwenkantolo ngokugcwele. Nakuba i-Mathews[ ukulinganisela kwenza ukuvumelana, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinkampani ziwumakhejijiji noma ukuthi izikhulu zezinhlangano azikhethi. Inkantolo ephakeme ishaya izinqumo zamuva i-Spacket v. [PA [20] [20])] futhi [FLT] [25] ingenza inqubo ethile yokuqondisa nokuqondisa.[FLT]

Ukushesha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezikhawu Ezizolandelana

Imithetho-mithetho elawula ukuhlakanipha esetshenziswa ekubikezeleni amaphoyisa, izinqumo zebheyili, nokutusa ukugweba kungaveza imiphumela enzima nenzima ukubekela inselele. Uma umuntu enqatshelwa ukukhishwa kwesigwebo okusekelwe "ebhokisini elimnyama" lemithetho, angase angabi naso isaziso esinengqondo nethuba lokuveza ubufakazi. Inqubo edinga ukuba izinqumo zikahulumeni zichazwe futhi zincintisanwe. Indinganiso yokuthi izimiso zemithetho yemithetho ihluleka ukuhlangabezana. Imithetho kanye nezinkantolo zimane nje ziqala ukuphikisana nendlela yokulungisa izimiso ezifaneleyo ekwenzeni izinqumo ze-athom.

Inqubo Elindelekile Ezweni Elishintshayo

Inqubo ayiyona insalela ehleliwe; iyisimiso esiphilayo okumelwe sisetshenziswe ezimweni ezintsha. Ukuvikela inqubo efanele kudinga ukuqapha kuwo womathathu amagatsha kahulumeni nakuwo wonke amaqembu ezakhamuzi anolwazi. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibukeze ngokuzikhandla izenzo zezikhulu ezithi zikhululekile, izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zibhale imithetho ecacisa izinqubo ezicacile neziqinisekisiwe, futhi abantu kumelwe bazimisele ukubekela inselele ukuthatha izinyathelo zikahulumeni.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokuhlola ihlanganisa: i-Constitution Anonoted composition yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu sesizinda esingokomlando nesomthetho; kanye iSivumelwano somphakathi saseMelika sobuzwe seSivumelwano sokhuseleko [ senqubo efanele yamanje enkambisweni yokuhlola nokuvalelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:]]Cornell Law School’s Legial Information Institute [ inikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi kwenqubo efanelekile ye-jurisprunce.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko kuyodala ukushuba njalo, kodwa inqubo efanele inikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula lokho kushukuma komcimbi ngokucabangela kunokuyala okungokomthetho. Njengoba amandla kahulumeni ekhula ngobungako nokuyinkimbinkimbi, isibopho esenzeka ngokufanele kumelwe sikhule ngokulinganayo emandleni. Ukuzinikela enqubweni enqubo efanelekile kuphela ngokuphikelela ezinqubweni ezilungile nangokuhlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo kungavimbela ukuphambana okungalawuleki okungaguqula izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe amazwi ayize.