Sekuyisikhathi eside usizo lwamazwe angaphandle luyithuluzi elibalulekile lokusekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, impilo, imfundo, nesisekelo emazweni angamashumi ayisithupha adlule. Phakathi namashumi ayisithupha eminyaka, izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ziye zashintshelwa kumazwe anikeleyo nakumaqembu ahlukene e-Australia, i-Asia, i-Latin America, ne-Middle East. Nakuba kunjalo naphezu kwalokhu kugeleza okukhulu, imiphumela ehloselweyo ngokuvamile ihluleka. Izizathu eziqhubekayo ziwukonakala. Uma izimali zosizo zincishwa, imisebenzi, izikole ziyaphela, imithi iyanyamalala, futhi ukukhohlakazeka. Izindawo ezingenela phakathi kwemizamo yokusiza abantu bangaphandle nezokulwa nokonakala ngenxa yezemfundo ayiyona nje into ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kosizo nokonakala buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buphindeka. Ukonakala kunganciphisa ukuphumelela kosizo, futhi usizo olungaphumeleli lungadala indawo lapho inkohlakalo ichuma khona. Ukunqanda lomjikelezo kudinga indlela yamabomu, ehlanganisa ukubonakala, inguquko, imibandela, nokuqondisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele, amasu abonise isithembiso, nendima yabadlali abayinhloko bamazwe ngamazwe, ukudweba izibonelo ezingokoqobo ezibonisa ukuthi yini esebenzayo, futhi yini engenziwa.

Inselele Yokonakala Osizoni Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Ukonakala emongweni wosizo lwakwamanye amazwe akuyona inkinga eyodwa, engokohlobo olulodwa. Kubonakala njengokufumbathisa, ukuphamba, ukuphamba, ukuphambanisa, nokuthumba kwezombangazwe. Emazweni amaningi, amapulani angenamandla angokomthetho nangaphansi kwemikhakha yokwabelwa kwenza kube lula ngezikhulu ukuba ziphambukise imali. Umbiko ka-2020 kahulumeni we-akhawunti ulinganisela ukuthi ukonakala kunganciphisa ithonya losizo lwamazwe angaphandle ngamaphesenti angama-25 kwezinye izingxenye. I-World Bank, engenisa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemisebenzi yentuthuko, ithole ukuthi ukugxazululwa kuyisici esiphambili sokwehluleka kwemisebenzi.

Umonakalo udlulela ngalé kokulahlekelwa ngokwezimali. Uma usizo lwebiwa esimisweni sokugoma, izingane ziyafafa. Lapho izivumelwano zokwakha zixhonywa, imigwaqo iwohloka. Uma izimali zemfundo zinyamalala, amakilasi aba izakhiwo zokuphonsa izikhundla. Lokhu kubangela ukugxeka umphakathi futhi kungaphazamisa imibuso enciphileyo enciphileyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkohlakalo idala umjikelezo wokuzishintsha: abanikelayo bangase bangathandi ukuxhasa imisebenzi eqhubekayo, ohulumeni abasweli ukunikeza izinkonzo, futhi izakhamuzi ziphelelwa ukholo ezivumelwaneni zezenhlalo, zizenze zibe yizisulu kakhulu ze-populist ne-athorist.

Inkohlakalo futhi ihlanekezela ukusakazwa kosizo emazweni atholakele. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi imali ehloselwe izindawo ezimpofu kakhulu igcina isendaweni elawulwa abantu abaphezulu abahlangene nezombangazwe. Le ndawo ayihluleki ukunciphisa ubumpofu kuphela kodwa ingathuthukisa ukungalingani kwezifunda kanye nempi kaphethiloli. Inselele, khona - ke, ayikhona ukuthumela imali eningi, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imali ihamba ngezimiso ezimelana nokuxhashazwa kwezombangazwe.

Indlela Ukonakala Okubangela Ngayo Imiphumela

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani imizamo yokulwa nokonakala ihambisana nosizo oluphumelelayo lwakwamanye amazwe, kuwusizo ukulandelela izindlela lapho ukonakala kululaza khona imiphumela. Okokuqala, ukonakala kukhuphula izindleko zokunikeza usizo. Uma kudingeka ukufumbathisa ukuze kulungiswe amasiko noma imvume elondekile, izindleko zeqiniso zomsebenzi zinganyuka, ziphoqelele ukuba kuncishiswe izakhiwo noma izinga. Okwesibili, ukonakala kuphazamisa ukukhetha kwemisebenzi: imisebenzi ethandwayo kwezombangazwe ingaxhaswa ngemiphumela eyengeziwe, ichithe imithombo yezindlovu ezimhlophe. Okwesithathu, ukonakala kudumaza ukutshala imali ngasese, kokubili isekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ngokudala indawo engalindelekile. Ekugcineni, imboni iqeda inhlokonhloko nhloko mlando ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yentuthuko engokwesikhathi eside, futhi izakhamuzi ezihluliwe zishiya izisebenzi ezihlala emphakathini, nezakhamuzi ezihlala kuwo.

Ukuhlolwa kuka-2018 kwe-International Monetary Fund kwathola ukuthi amazwe anamazinga aphakeme enkohlakalo athambekele ekukhuleni, ukungalingani kwenzuzo ephakeme, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezibuthakathaka. Ukuze usizo lwakwamanye amazwe lufezeke imigomo yalo, kumelwe kube yingxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokuqinisa ukubusa. Lokhu kuqapheleke kususa izindlela zokusiza ezisekelweni ezilula zezentengiselwano ezihloselwe ukuvala izingozi ezivumela ukonakala ukuba kuchume.

Izinyathelo Zokulwa Nokonakala

Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, abanikelayo nohulumeni abamukela inzuzo baye basungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokunqanda inkohlakalo.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ukukhanya kwelanga kubhekwa kabanzi njengezibulala magciwane ezingcono kakhulu. Ukuthola, ukulandelela izindleko zomphakathi, nokuzihlola okuzimele kwenza umzila wephepha owenza ukonakala kube nzima ukufihla. Izinhlangano eziningi ezinikelayo manje zifuna ukuba ohulumeni abamukelayo banyathelise ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngemisebenzi ehlotshisiwe, kuhlanganise nohlelo lokuhlela, izinqumo, nezinhlelo zokuhambisa. Amaqophande amanani anjengawo [[FLT: 0] Ashicelele ukuthi Yini Imali Yakho futhi i-International Aid Translarection Incopection yenza kwaba lula ngezakhamuzi nezindawo ukuba zilandele imali. Uma kuhlangene nezinhlelo zokunyathelisa ngesihle futhi zisebenza emphakathini, ukugqamisa okukhulu izindleko zezombangazwe zokuxhumana.

Ukuqinisa Izinhlangano

Inkohlakalo ichuma lapho izinhlangano zibuthakathaka. Ukwakha izindikimba eziqinile, ezizimele ukuze zengamele ukusakaza nokusetshenziswa kuwukutshala inzuzo yesikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakhomishane amelene nokonakala, amahhovisi okuhlola, izinhlangano zobuphici, nenhlangano yokuhlola engenamkhethe. Inhlangano engcono e-United States efuna intuthuko yomhlaba wonke (USAID) ne-European Union ifaka imali eningi ekwakheni isikhundla esiphezulu, kusukela ekuqeqesheni abahluleli ukuhlomisa amaqoqo olwazi. Nokho, inguquko yezezomthetho idinga intando engokwezombangazwe eqhubekayo; inkampani esemthethweni emelene nokungagunyazi izigelekeqe zayo ingasebenzi izikhulu.

Usizo Olunemibandela Nokusekela Imali

Ukususa usizo ezindaweni ezithile ezimelene nokunganyaniseki kungadala izisusa ezinamandla zokuguqula. I-Millennium Challenge Corporation, inhlangano yosizo yakwamanye amazwe yase-U.S. isebenzisa ngokudume kakhulu inqubo yokukhetha esekelwe ezikhombini zokubusa. Amazwe kumelwe abonise intuthuko ezindaweni ezinjengokulawula inkohlakalo, umthetho, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho ngaphambi kokuba athole imvume enkulu. Nakuba imibandela ingangenisi impikiswano, ingaba ne-schemential ````irsicritis''' iphikisa ukuthi ingaba nobukhodayo obusekela ubukhomabhaku bendawo] futhi ibangele ukuthuthukiswa okungalawuleka okungalawuleki kakhulu emazweni anjengeGhana ne-Senegalgal.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokulandisa Komphakathi

Mhlawumbe ukuhlola okuphumelela kakhulu kwenkohlakalo kuwukugada izinkonzo zomphakathi. Okufana nokuhlela amaqembu afundisayo alandela izinhlelo zesikole noma amakomiti ezempilo omphakathi ahlola amasheya emithi, kuboniswe ukuthi kunciphisa ukuvuza. IBhange Lomhlaba linciphisa ukuvuza. ukulandisa komphakathi [ izinhlelo zinikeza amathuluzi nokuqeqesha amaqembu endawo ukuba agcine izikhulu zinecala. E-Uganda, ukuhlola okungahleliwe ngokuhlelwa kwezenziwa kwathola ukuthi imiphumela engokwempilo ethuthukisiwe kakhulu ngokunciphisa ukwebiwa kwezidakamizwa. Ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwemali ezindaweni ezisuka e-Rolegtrago Alegres ukuya eNairobi, kunikeza izakhamuzi ukulawulwa ngokuqondile kwengxenye yemali, ukunciphisa amathuba okuhlelwa kwezindawo zokugqeshwa kweminyango.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zisendaweni ekhethekile ekuxhumaneni kosizo nokonakala. Zibeka izimiso, zinikeza ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, izimali zeziteshi, futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza njengabameli phakathi kwabanikeli nabamukelayo. World Bank[[, ngokwesibonelo, zisungule indlela yokubusa ebanzi nezokungalungi ehlanganisa amathuluzi okuhlola, ukuhlola kobuqotho, nezijeziso zezentengiselwano ezihilelekile ekukhwabaniseni. I-Stole Asbese Recovery (STAR), ihamba kanye ne-United Nations Office on Drugtion and Crimetic, zisiza amazwe ukuba athole futhi athole izinto eziphangwa izikhulu ezonakele.

I-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) isekela imizamo yokulwa nokonakala ngesimiso sayo sembulunga yonke sokuthuthukisa intuthuko eqinile, isebenza nohulumeni ukuqinisa izimiso zomthetho futhi ikhuthaze ukubonakala. Amabhange entuthuko esizwe, njenge-African Development Bank ne-Asian Development Bank, abuye ahlanganise izingxenye ezilwa nokunganyanisi ezikwebelweni zazo. I-On Organization for Economic Co - auperation and Development (OECD) inikeza indawo yokulwa kwamazwe anikeleyo ukuze ahlanganyele imikhuba emihle kakhulu kanye nokuhlola izivumelwano zemihlangano elwa ne-bribery.

Lezinhlangano futhi zinendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni ukuphumelela kosizo. I-Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) kanye ne-Accra Agenda ye-Action yalandela yagcizelela ukulandisa kobuphini nokuhleleka kokusekela kosizo emazweni azimele afuna ukulungiswa kwenguquko. Nakuba intuthuko ingalingani, lezi zici ziye zasiza ekushintsheni ingxoxo ekuthumeleni imali ekwakheni izimiso ezimelana nenkohlakalo.

Ukuhlola Icala Nezibonelo

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela ezweni kubonisa kokubili amathuba nokulinganiselwa kokuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokulwa nokonakala nosizo lwakwamanye amazwe.

EGhana: Izinguquko Zeziqu Nokubona Izindawo

IGhana sekuyisikhathi eside isebenzisa i-Ghana ukuba inikeze usizo ngenxa yentando yeningi eqinile nentuthuko yokulawula kwayo. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yosizo ihamba ihambe ifuna intela, uhulumeni wasekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000 wamisa iKhomishane yamalungelo abantu ne-Administrative Justice futhi kamuva i-UK's Department for International Development (manje FCDO), inikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe nokusekela kwemibandela. Ukusungulwa komthetho womphakathi wokuthola izimali ngo 2003, kuhlangene nokuvula amachweba, kwanciphisa amathuba okufumbathisa ezivumelwano zikahulumeni. Nakuba izinselele zisala cishe ezimbonini ezikhiqini ezikhiqini zokukhishwa kwemindezi. [1] Izinselele zikhona ezimbonini ezisezingenisweni zokuzimbonisweni, ezisekelwa ngosizo oluhlangene, zingaveza intuthuko.

E - Indonesia: Ukuhlanzwa Kwezindawo Nokugadiswa Komphakathi

Ngemva kokuwa kweSuharto, i-Indonesia yaqala uhlelo lokuhlanganisa i-Elm Bank ne-USAID olwadlulisela imithwalo yemfanelo ephawulekayo kohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kwaqala ukubangela ukwanda kwenkohlakalo yendawo njengoba izikhulu zendawo zazisanda kunikwa amandla zingenabungameli. Ekuphenduleni, uhulumeni wadala iSivumelwano sobuHlolo (KPK) sobuKhomisha (KPK) ngo-2002. Abameli abanjengeWorld Bank ne-USAID baxhasa imisebenzi ye-KK futhi basekela iqoqo elikhulu lezobucukumbelela umphakathi. I-KPK's's ukumangalelwa konya konyano kwezikhulu eziphakeme, kuhlangene nemali yokuhlukanisa izigaba ezisesilinganisweni somphakathi, kwasiza ukunciphisa ukuvuza kwesikole nezimali zempilo. Unyaka ka-2016 wathola ukuthi i-Indonesia izinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala kwemali eziyizigidi zezigidi zemali ngaphandle kwalokho kwalahlekelwa yimali.

IRwanda: Izinhlangano Zokwakha Zisuka Ezweni Eliphansi

Ukululama kweRwanda ngemva konyaka ka-1994 wokuqothulwa kohlanga kuvame ukuvezwa njengendaba yempumelelo ekulawuleni inguquko. Uhulumeni, ngokusekela okukhulu kokunikela, wakha isimiso somphakathi esiphumelelayo sokuphatha ngokwezimali, ihhovisi lokuzihlola, negunya elinamandla lokulwa nokonakala (iHhovisi le-Ombudsman). I-U.Imali yasetshenziswa ngemishini yokuhlela imali edinga imibiko yokusebenza kabanzi. IRwanda ngokuqhubekayo iphumelela kahle kakhulu ekuhleleni i-Transparency International Poration Perceptions Index uma iqhathaniswa nomakhelwane bayo. Nakuba abanye abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi i-politiki ivimbela ukungavumelani kwezentengo, ikhono lezwe lokuhambisa izinkonzo nokunciphisa ubumpofu livezwe ngokwengxenye ekusekeleni imibiko yayo eqinile evimbela ukubola. Isifundo siwukuthi ngisho nasezindaweni ezinqunywe ngokunciphekayo, ukuhola abanikelayo kungaveza imiphumela.

Ukulinganisela Usizo Nokulawula: Indlela Efanele

Naphezu kwalokhu kuphumelela, ukuhlangana kosizo lwakwamanye amazwe nokonakala kuhlala kugcwele izingxabano. Abanikazi kumelwe balinganisele ukuphuthuma kokunikeza usizo lokusiza abantu ngejubane eliphansi lokulawula. Usizo lwezenhlekelele, ikakhulukazi, lusengozini yokukhohlakala ngoba ukuwohloka okusheshayo kuvame ukudlula emizileni evamile yokuqondisa. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID udalula lezinto eziwubulongwe, ngemibiko yemishini yokuvikela yomuntu siqu eyebiwe kanye nezivumelwano ezikhuphukayo emazweni athola imvumelwa kakhulu.

Njengoba siqhubeka, izimiso eziningana kufanele ziqondise isizukulwane esilandelayo sesimiso sosizo:

  • Ukumelana nokonakala kwasekuqaleni. Kunokuba baphathe ukubusa njengengxenye ehlukile, abanikelayo kufanele bafake ukubonakala nokuziphendulela kunoma iliphi iprojekthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ligxile kangakanani.
  • Ingene ekwazini nasebuchwephesheni njengebreckchain ukuze ithole iketango, i-Al yokuthola i-anomalie, kanye namapulatifomu ahambayo okubika kwezakhamuzi. Lamathuluzi angaphelelisa ukuqondisa kwendabuko.
  • Ithumela umphakathi wendawo nemithombo yezindaba ezimele, ngokuvamile eyisivikelo sokuqala ekungcoleni. Abanikazi kufanele bavikele futhi banike amandla amagidu, ngisho nalapho begxeka izinhlelo zosizo.
  • Ukushintsha kombono wesikhathi eside. Ushintsho lweziqu luthatha isizukulwane. Imijikelezo emifushane yokuxhasa imali kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ezinika umniniyo zilulaza umzamo oqhubekayo odingekayo wokwakha izimiso eziqinile, ezithembekile.
  • [ ukulandisana. Ohulumeni abamamukeli kufanele babeke iminikelo enecala ngokubona kwayo siqu futhi nokuhlonipha izibopho zokuhlela usizo ngezinto eziza kuqala zendawo.

Isiphetho

Usizo lwangaphandle nemizamo yokulwa nokonakala ayihlukani; iyizinhlangothi ezimbili zemali efanayo. Ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo esinesizathu sokuhlola ukonakala, usizo lungahluleka ukufezeka isithembiso salo, futhi kwezinye izimo, lungabangela ngisho nokuhlanganisa izinkinga ezifunwayo. Amasu adwetshwe lapha ```imparamentation, ukuqinisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlangana kwemibandela, nokuhlangana komphakathi ("ayikho i-panacanacas, kodwa akha uhlelo olucacile lokuthuthukisa imiphumela. Izifundo zecala ezivela eGhana, e-Indonesia, nase Rwanda zibonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka uma abanikeleyo nabamukeli besebenza ndawonye ngokuqondisisa okusobala. Njengoba umphakathi wembulunga yonke ulungiselela inkathi elandelayo yokuthuthuka kwemali, ukuhlangana kwezindawo zangaphandle nohlobo olumelene nokungaphili. Izifundo ezidinga ukufinyelelana kakhulu kwemali, kodwa izinhlangano ezidinga ukukhokhwazwana nje kuphela, izinhlangano zomhlaba, kodwa izinhlangano zezizwe zomhlaba ezizongabekelelene.