Indima Ehlala Njalo Yesikhwama Sobumongameli Esokwethuleni Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wesivumelwano

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singesinye semicikilisho eqashelwa kakhulu nenamandla kakhulu eMelika. Ngaphezu komthetho wesiko, lesi sithembiso esiqotho sisebenza njengehange lomthetho-sisekelo, sibopha umphathi omkhulu kumthetho wesisekelo wezwe. Nakuba isifungo ngokwaso sifingqiwe, incazelo yaso yempilo yeRepublic sikhulu. Siwukuvuma obala ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo, ukubopheka umthetho, nokunxusa okukhulu ukuba kuthathelwe umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi oqondene lé kwesigaba sokumisa. Ukuqonda indima ebanzi yalesifungo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esithinta ngayo kokubili ukuhola kanye nezakhamuzi ekubopheni isibopho sombuso wentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuchaza IOath Yomongameli: Umbhalo, Umlando, Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sikamongameli sihlanganiswe eSiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 1, u-Claus 8 woMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Amazwi aqondile agunyaziwe, avumela ukuhlukahlukana okukodwa: ukukhetha "ukufunga" noma "ukuqinisa". Umbhalo ufundeka kanje: " ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngizoyikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyolisebenzisa kahle kakhulu ikhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.

Lokhu kumiswa kwaphikiswana ngokucophelela noBabi Abasungulwayo. Baqonda ukuthi lesi sifungo asisona nje isiqinisekiso somuntu siqu kodwa sasiyisibopho esingokomthetho nesingokomthetho phakathi kukaMongameli nabantu. Imfuneko "yokuvikela, nokuvikela" uMthetho-sisekelo umisa umsebenzi othatha indawo yokwethembeka, ukuvelela, noma umbono othandwayo. Isifungo siwukuhlolwa ngokumelene nokuphathwa kwesikhulu, isikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla kamongameli athathwe futhi alinganiselwe ngesisekelo esiphezulu somthetho. Nakuba iSifungo silandelwa yiSigqilo esiyinhloko seNkanto eNkantolo Ephakeme kusukela ekugqibeni kukaJohn Adams, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungagunyazi ukuthi lomkhuba oqondile. UGeorge Washington wanezela amazwi adumile "Songa" ngemva kokuthatha isifungo ngo-1789, inqubo elandelwa yizenzikadedawo elandela imfuneko engokomthetho.

Ukufakwa kwesifungo phakathi kweSiphakamiso II(*) isihloko esichaza amandla aphethe (*s) kuyafundisa. Kulandela ngokushesha ukubekwa kwemisho kanye nokuhlelwa kwamandla obumongameli, kuphawula ukuthi igunya liyangena ngesandla esiqinile kanye nokulandisa. Isifungo siyimfuneko yokugcina ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli athathe amandla aphelele nemithwalo yemfanelo yehhovisi. Lomzuzu woshintsho, ofakazelwa izigidi zezakhamuzi nezilaleli zembulunga yonke, uguqula ummeli othatha isikhundla abe ngumongameli wase-United States, ufakaze ukuzimisela kokudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla.

IOwath Njengekhorali Lemithetho Yentando Yeningi

Ekujuleni kwayo, isifungo somongameli siyinqubo yokugunyaza igunya lombuso. Esimisweni sikahulumeni esakhelwe ekubuseni okuthandwayo nasekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo, isifungo sisebenza njengobufakazi obala bokuthi uMongameli uzosebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lesi senzo sokwenza izithembiso zomphakathi sidala ithemba eliqinile. Siguqula amandla ezombangazwe asuka ekuphoqelweni noma ekunqotshweni kweqembu libe umsebenzi ophathiswayo, qha, qha, futhi sisebenza esabelweni esithakazelweni esingcono kakhulu sesizwe njengoba sichazwe nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukumisa Ukubusa KoMthetho

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyisisekelo kakhulu womphakathi oqinisekiswe isifungo siwukuhlonipha umthetho. Uma uMongameli efunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, bayavuma ukuthi akekho umuntu, ngisho nonamandla amakhulu, ongaphezulu komthetho. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sisebenza njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthambekela komthetho-mthetho, ikhumbuza umphathi ukuthi izenzo zakhe zifanelwe ukubukezwa ngokomthetho, ukuqondisa, nokuchazwa kwezehlulelo.

Ukulingisa Ubuqotho Nokwethenjwa Komphakathi

Isifungo sifeza umsebenzi obalulekile futhi wokulingisa. Ngokuzibopha ngokuzithandela esindinganisweni esiqinile sokuziphatha nesomthetho, uMongameli ubeka isibonelo esibonakalayo kuso sonke isizwe. Lokhu kuboniswa komsebenzi kukhuthaza ukuthembeka komsebenzi. Uma abaholi bebonisa ukwethembeka, ukuba sobala, nokuzimisela ukubeka isithakazelo somuntu siqu esingaphansi kwesithakazelo somphakathi sokuhle, baphakamisa izinga lokuziphatha komphakathi. Ngokuphambene, ukuphula umthetho wesifungo kungaqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi nokungathembeki kuhulumeni. Ngakho, isifungo simisa isisekelo sobuholi obusemthethweni obufanele izakhamuzi ukuba zifunela izikhulu zonke isibopho sokufuna hhayi nje kuphela kuMongameli kodwa kuzo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi, futhi nako, ngokukhula, ngokusho kwabo siqu.

Ukuhlobana Okuqondile Phakathi Kwesikhwama Nesibopho Somsebenzi

Isifungo sikamongameli asikho ngaphandle; sikhuthaza ngentshiseko umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlangene eziguqulela isithembiso somholi esenzweni somphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nengxenye Engokwezombangazwe Okukhuthazayo

Ukubuka uMongameli efunga ukufeza uMthetho-sisekelo kungaba umsunguli onamandla wokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Kukhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi izwi lazo ekukhetheni ukuthi uMongameli uphathelene nezindaba nokuthi ukuthembisana kwazo okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka ukuze uhulumeni alandise. Isifungo sifanekisela ukuqala kwesiqephu esisha, ngokuvamile sihambisana nezimemo zobunye, inkonzo, nokubambisana. Amakheli amaningi ahlobanisa isifungo ngokuqondile nesicelo sesizwe senkonzo yokuzithandela, nesizwe esinemisebenzi esebenzayo. Lokhu kungakhuthaza abantu ukuba bavote, bathintane, bahlanganyele ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, bahlanganyele ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, futhi bahlanganyele ngokuthula. Isifungo, ngalomqondo, siwuphawu lwezingxenye eyengeziwe yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuqinisa Ukufunda Nokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo Nolwazi Oluyikho

Ukuvelela kwesifungo sobumongameli enkulumweni yasobala kunikeza iphuzu elingokwemvelo lokungena ezingxoxweni eziphathelene noMthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya, nemithwalo yemfanelo yamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Uma izakhamuzi zizwa isifungo sishiwo ngomlomo, zishukumiseleka ukuba zicabangele incazelo yaso: Kusho ukuthini ukusho "ukukhipha ngokuthembeka" ihhovisi? Kusho ukuthini ukuhlanganisa, ukuvikela, nokuvikela" incwadi ezingase zingazi lutho ngayo? Lokhu kungabangela ukulangazelela ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, i-Bill of Rights, nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izinhlangano zemfundo, iziteshishizi, imithombo yezezindaba, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukusebenzisa ukunikezelwa konyaka ofundisekayo ukuthuthukisa ukufunda komthetho, isici esiyinhloko sesizwe esinezenezentethele nomthwalo.

Ukunikeza Indinganiso Yokulandisa Nokucusumbula

Isifungo sinikeza izakhamuzi nabameleli bazo indinganiso ecacile, enenjongo yokulinganisela ukusebenza komongameli. Uma uMongameli enza ngendlela ebonakala ilulaza uMthetho-sisekelo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokungayinaki imithetho yenkantolo, ngokuphula umthetho wemithetho, noma ngokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu ukuze kuzuze bona siqu) isifungo sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokugxeka, ukuphenya, ngisho nokungagunyazi. Lenqubo yokulandisa iyisisekelo somthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Izakhamuzi azizona abameleli abagculi abakhuthele bobushiqela; zingabameleli abakhuthele bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Izifungo zibanika amandla okufuna ukunamathela emthethweni oyisisekelo futhi zifaka umbuyiselo lwezindinganiso ezifanayo ezisebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi: ukuthembeka ekulawuleni umthetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- [FLD:] Brenan ye-Cent Centers [FFF] eMnyango yezentest ngokomthetho. [1]

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zamandla Nethonya Lesicabucabu

Umlando unikeza izibonelo eziningi zesifungo somongameli esisebenza njengophawu olunamandla lokuqhubeka, ubunye, nokuzinikela phakathi nezikhathi zokucindezeleka kwesizwe.

U-Abraham Lincoln's Wesibili (1865)

Mhlawumbe akukho sifungo esamiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu kuno Abraham Lincoln wesibili. Njengoba iMpi Yomphakathi yayisondela ekupheleni, uLincoln wanikeza ikheli elikhulu elagcizelela ukubuyisana nokuphulukisa kwesizwe. Isifungo sakhe sasiwukuqinisekiswa kabusha komthetho sisekelo we-Union. Sagcizelela ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwesigaba esinobudlova, ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla nokubusa komthetho kwakuyonqoba. Inkulumo kaLincoln yayibizwa ngokuthi "impi ngakungekho" ne"Sifungo sabo bonke," yayihlanganisa ngokuqondile isibopho seSifungo somthetho wokwakhelwa kabusha nobunye.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Wokuqala I-Inaugal (1933)

Ekujuleni kwe-Great Depression, uFranklin D. Roosevelt wafunga isizwe esibhekene nenhlekelele. Isifungo sakhe esidumile sokuthi "ekuphela kwento okumelwe sesatshwe ukuthi" kuhlangene ngokuqondile nesibopho sakhe somthetho-sisekelo sokusingatha isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe. Isifungo sanikeza iqonga le-Roosevelt ukuba ifune ukholo ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi futhi icele izinyathelo ezingavamile zokubuyisela ukuqina kwezomnotho. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe igunya lesifungo sokubuthela uhulumeni wamazwe ahlukene kwabonisa indlela isibopho sokubhekana ngayo "isivikelo, isivikelo, nokuvikela" esingachazwa njengesibopho sesibindi, isenzo sozwela esithakazelayo esithakazelweni.

UJohn F.Kennedy's Inaugrain (1961)

Ikheli lokuvula likaJohn F. Kennedy likhunjulwa kangcono emgqeni: "Buza ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani, funa ukuthi yini ongayenza ezweni lakho." Lesi sifungo sokusebenza sasiyisicelo esiqondile somthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, sibekwe phakathi komongo wesifungo uKennedy ayesanda kusithatha. Wamisa isikhundla sobumongameli njengendawo yenjongo yesizwe futhi wakhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe indima yazo ekwakheni umphakathi ongcono. Isifungo saba ibhodi lokukhuthaza isizukulwane ukuba siphishekele inkonzo yomphakathi, isibopho sokuzithandela, nokusebenza ngentshiseko ezinseleleni zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, amalungelo omphakathi, nokuhlola umkhathi.

Gerald Ford's Oath (1974)

Ngemva kokuyeka kukaRichard Nixon, uGerald Ford wafunga i-White House East House House, ehlose ukubuyisela ukwethemba uhulumeni onyakazayo. Amazwi akhe, "Isabisakalo sethu eside sesizwe sesiphelile," ayehlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nesibopho sakhe somthetho-sisekelo sokusekela umthetho. U-Gerald waqonda ukuthi isifungo sakhe sasingesona nje amandla aphezulu kuphela kodwa sasiphathelene nokuphulukisa irepublic nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho, ngisho noMongameli, ungaphezu koMthetho-sisekelo.

Isifungo Nokudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesifungo sobumongameli yindima yayo ekudluliseleni amandla ngokuthula nokugunyaza ukudluliselwa kombuso ngokuthula. Le nqubo iwuphawu lokubusa kwentando yeningi nesici esiyinhloko sokuzinza kwezombangazwe. Umkhosi wokufunga uphawula ukuphela okungokomthetho kwesimiso esisodwa sokuphatha kanye nokuqala okungokomthetho kwesinye. Inikeza isikhathi lapho umholi ophumayo evuma khona ukuba ngokomthetho komholi ozayo, nomholi ozayo uthembisa ukusekela isimiso somthetho somthetho ofanayo umholi owendayo akhonza kuso.

Lokhu kushintsha okunokuthula akuzenzakaleli; kuyindlela engokwesiko nengokomthetho eqiniswa yisifungo. Ngokufunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli ozayo wenza imithetho efanayo yentando yeningi yomdlalo owavumela owandulelayo ukuba alawule. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuvimbela imijikelezo yempindiselo, ubudlova, noma ukuhlangana kwezendalo. Isifungo sisebenza njengesiqinisekiso somphakathi sokuthi amandla ngeke abanjwe ngamandla kodwa azakudluliselwa ngokwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Izakhamuzi, zifaka ukufakaza lokhu kuguqulwa okunokuthula kuqinisa ukuqina kwesimiso somthetho nendima yazo ekukhetheni abaholi bazo. [FLT] Izinkonzo zobumongameli zeNhlolo zeNhlolo yezonyakazo zeWeseli [FLD [F] ezingenizimu yeWest University [FLD] [FFF] futhi [2] ne-Foservetions provialgialgials] ze-overtiession:[3]

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele: Lapho Isifuba Sivivinywa

Nakuba isifungo siyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, asilona ikhambi. ukuphumelela kwaso ekugcineni kuxhomeke ebuntwini nasebuqothweni bomuntu osithathayo, kanye nasekuqapheni kwezinhlangano nezakhamuzi ezizibheka njengeziyolandisa. Kukhona ukulinganiselwa okuzuzwe njengefa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuchazwa

UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi nqubo ecacile yokuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa kwesifungo ngalé kwenqubo yezombangazwe. Uma uMongameli ephula umoya noma incwadi yesifungo, ikhambi lisekwe ekugunyazweni yiNdlu yabameleli, ukuvunywa yiSigele, noma ukunqotshwa yi-votal. Akukho kuthunywa okuzimele noma inkantolo okuhlola ukuvunyelwa kwesifungo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amazinyo esifungo abukhali kuphela njengokuthanda kwezombangazwe kweSishaya-Hulumeni nokhetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lwalesi sifungo luvuliwe ukuchaza. Ukuthi kuyini okusho "ukwenziwa ngokuthembeka" ukubulala ihhovisi noma "ukulahla uMthetho-sisekelo" kungaphikiswa, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesimo sokhuseleko sesizwe noma lapho kubuzwa imibuzo engokomthetho.

Amandla Obuzenzisi Nawokungakholwa

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi uMongameli wenza ngokuphambene nezimiso zesifungo, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa amandla aphethe ukuze kuzuze izithakazelo zomuntu siqu, ukuhlasela ijaji, noma ukunganaki ukukhohliswa kwe-communionpoenas @it ingabangela ukugxeka nokungathembi nokungalawuleki. Igebe phakathi kwesithembiso semikhosi kanye nokubusa kungalulaza umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi wesifungo ohloselwe ukuthuthukisa inzuzo. Izakhamuzi zamaqhinga zingaba nomuzwa wokuthi isifungo asinanjongo, noma ukuthi isimiso siphoqeshiwe, kuholele ekuhliseni umvoti, kunciphise ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni, futhi kunciphe isibopho sobuswano somphakathi njengenkonzo yejaji noma ukuhileleka emphakathini. Abaholi abalulaza ngenkuthalo imithetho nemithetho abayifuyile ukuvikela impucuko yentando yentando yeningi.

Isihingi Enkathini Yokucwazimula

Enkathini yokuhlanganisa okukhulu kwezombangazwe, ukuhlanganisa isifungo somongameli kungaphazamiseka. Isifungo esifanayo abasekeli bakaMongameli abasibheka njengesibophezelo esingcwele embonweni wabo wezwe singabhekwa abaphikisi njengesifungo esiyize kuhlelo olunamaphutha. Kunokuba sivuse ubunye, ukunikezelwa nesifungo kungaba enye inkundla yokulwa nokulwa kobumongameli. Kulendawo, ikhono lesifungo lokukhuthaza umuzwa ohlangeneyo womthwalo wezwe lixhomeke kubaholi, abezindaba, nezakhamuzi ezikhethele ukugcizelela ngentshiseko incazelo yalo ebunyeni engokomthetho-mthetho-mfantu. [FL:] Cearnee Effective Ement for International Peacep [FOLD:1]] liveza imithombo yezimiso zentando yentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokufuyeza, izinhlangano zezizwe ezihlukene.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Izakhamuzi Ezingasabela Ngazo Esikhamweni Sesifuba

Isifungo sikamongameli asisona nje uphawu olungenamsebenzi; siwukunxusa okunenkuthalo ngezakhamuzi ukuba zamukele imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yomphakathi. Nazi izindlela eziqinile zokusabela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Zifundise wena eMthethweni:[ Ukuqonda incwadi eqinisekiswe uMongameli ukuba ayivikele inyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Funda uMthetho-sisekelo, amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi ufunde ngeBill of Rights. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ sinikeza imithombo engcono kakhulu yemfundo.
  • Ukukhokha kuLuhlu ngalunye: Isifungo sithathwa uMongameli okhethwe abantu. Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekukhetheni abaholi abazakuthatha lesosifungo.
  • Abaphathi abanombuzo: Thinta abameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze baveze ukukhathazeka ngezenzo zesikhulu ezingase zibonakale ziphula isifungo. Yiba khona emahholo edolobha, bhala izincwadi, futhi usekele izinhlangano eziqondisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni.
  • Ukuthatha izintambo ze-advocacy ezinokuthula: Isifungo sivikela ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuhlangana ngokuthula. Sebenzisa lamalungelo ukusekela izimiso ezihambisana nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuhle okuvamile.
  • Seshela iNtlanganiso Yakho:[ Ngalé kokubopha kwezombangazwe, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi uhlanganisa ukuzinikela, ukukhonza emabhodini endawo noma emajajini, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, kanye nokufundisa intsha. Lokhu kuqinisa indwangu yezenhlalo exhomeke ekubusweni ngentando yeningi.
  • Phundisa isizukulwane esilandelayo:[ Hlanganisa incazelo yesifungo sobumongameli nentsha. Xoxa ngomlando wayo, incazelo, nemithwalo yemfanelo esikiselayo kokubili kubaholi nasezakhamuzini. Osemusha ofundile uqinisekisa kangcono ikusasa eliphilile lentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Isigqi Esiwubizo Oluqhubekayo

Isifungo sobumongameli sesikhundla singaphezu kakhulu kombhalo waphansi ongokomlando noma isikhathi esifushane sethelevishini. Siyisifungo sokuphila, esifuthwayo esibunjwe yisimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Amandla aso angekho nje kuphela emagameni ashiwo njalo eminyakeni emine ezinyathelo zeCapitol, kodwa esibophekile esiqhubekayo sibeka kubo bobabili umuntu okhulumayo nezakhamuzi eziwabonayo. Isifungo sikhuthaza ukubekwa komthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi ngokulingisa ubuqotho, ukuqinisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi sinikeze indinganiso yecala.

Nakuba lesifungo sibhekene nezinselele ezibangelwa ukugxeka, ukuhlukanisa, nokuqonda kahle, ikhono laso lokuhlanganisa nokukhuthaza izinto ezisele. Siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo wesibukeli kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo odinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kusona sonke isakhamuzi. Uma uMongameli efunga ukuvikela, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, abazenzeli bona kuphela isithembiso; bacela wonke amaMelika ukuba ahlanganyele nabo ekusekeleni izindinganiso ezichaza isizwe. Ngakho, isifungo sikamongameli simelela kokubili umsebenzi owesibopho nesimemo esihlala njalo sokuzimela, ukuthwala umthwalo wemfanelo, ukuthembisa, nokuba nesabelo somthetho-mthetho.