Izimbangela Zomthetho - sisekelo Zesihlwathi

Isifungo sobumongameli sehhovisi asisona nje inqubo engokomthetho kodwa umthetho-sisekelo ogunyaza ukuba kuvikelwe isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, uClaus 8, we-U.S. unikeza amagama aqondile: "Ngiyafunga (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyoyifeza ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizoyifeza ngokungcono kakhulu i-Anvolution, ivikele futhi ivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States." Lolimi oluqondile lwahlelwa oFata abaFundiweyo ukuba bamise isibopho phakathi kukamongameli ozayo nesizwe abazokhonza kuso. [[FLT:] [FLT] [0]

Ukufakwa kwesifungo kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo kubonisa ukubaluleka kwaso okuyisisekelo. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi lapho izifungo zehhovisi ziwumthetho noma zingokwesiko, i-United States yafaka lemfuneko ngokuqondile emthethweni wayo ophakeme. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa ukukhathalela okujulile kwezikhulu eziphethe. Uma nje isanda kulwa impi yokubalekela ukubusa kobumbusi, ayeqonda ukuthi umongameli angaba yimoto yokufuna intando yesikhundla noma i-athoracracy. Isifungo saso sakhiwe njengesivikelo, isithembiso somphakathi esiyosenza umongameli abhekane nesimiso somthetho-mthetho esilawula wonke amagatsha ohulumeni.

Izazi mlando ziphawula ukuthi lesifungo safeza injongo ewusizo eRepublic yakuqala: sasiza ekugunyazeni uhulumeni omusha kahulumeni emehlweni omphakathi ongabazayo. Lapho uGeorge Washington ebeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli eFederal Hall eDolobheni laseNew York ngoApril 30, 1789, wayengafezi nje imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo. Wayesungula umkhuba ozochaza ukuthula, ukuthutha ngokuhlelekile, umkhuba osele ungowezici ezivelele kakhulu zentando yeningi yaseMelika. I-Library of Congressbery igcina igcwele [[FLT: 0]] i-ortles of Washington [, kuhlanganise nokulandisa kwamanje kwalesi sikhathi esinesidingo.

Isifuba seoth: Izwi ngezwi

"Ngiyafunga Isambatho Esiyimfihlo"

Lamazwi okuvula aveza amandla alesi sikhathi. Igama "isithembiso" liyinhloso, lihlukanisa lesi sithembiso ezithembisweni ezivamile noma ezivumelwaneni zansuku zonke. Libonisa ukuthi isikhulumi singena esibophweni esibophayo, esinesibopho esiqinile, esingokomthetho, nesingokomlando. Ukukhetha "ukuqinisa" kunokuthi "ifungo" kuvumela labo abazinkolelo zabo zenkolo noma ezingokomthetho zibavimbela ukuba benze isifungo, kubonise inhlonipho yoMthetho wezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuvumelana kwakungavamile ngesikhathi saso, futhi kubonakalisa ukuzimisela kwabaholi beFrealm ukuba bahlalise umphakathi womphakathi wobuningi.

“Ukuze Ngisebenzise Ihhovisi Likamongameli wase-United States ”

Lenkulumo ikhuluma ngobukhulu nomoya wamandla obumongameli. "Ukwenza imisebenzi ngokwethembeka" kusho okungaphezu kokwenza nje imisebenzi; kusho ukwethembeka ehhovisi ngokwalo, imithwalo yalo, nemingcele yalo. Umongameli akayena umbusi kodwa umphathi womthetho-sisekelo, obophekile ukwenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho nesiko. Lengxenye yesifungo iphikisana ngokuqondile nomqondo wokuthi umongameli angathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle komthetho egameni lobuqotho noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

“Uyakuwulondoloza, Uwuvikele, Uwuvikele uMthetho - sisekelo wase-United States, ” kusho ukuthi:“ Ufuna Kakhulu Ekhonweni Lami, Uwulondoloze, Uwuvikele

Lapha isifungo sifinyelela umvuthwandaba waso. Izenzo ezintathu zilondoloza, zivikela futhi zivikela uthathu owenziwe owehlelayo ohlukene wobuphathi bomthetho-mthetho. "Umthetho" usikisela ukugcina uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba unikezwa, ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zawo zakuqala nezimiso. "Devil" isho ukuqapha usongo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. "Defend" idinga ukumelana nokuphikelela okuqinile kunoma yimuphi umzamo wokwenza umthetho umthetho uhleleke.

Inkulumo ethi "kungcono kakhulu kwekhono lami" iveza indinganiso yomuntu siqu yomzamo nobuqotho. Iyavuma ukuthi amongameli bangabantu futhi bazokwenza amaphutha, kodwa ifuna ukuba banikeze isilinganiso esigcwele sokukhuthala nokholo oluhle. Lenkulumo ibekwe ezimpikiswaneni ezingekho emthethweni nasezinseleleni ezingokomthetho, ngokuvamile njengesibonakaliso sokuhlola ukuthi umongameli uye wawukhonza ngempela uMthendeleko noma uye wenza ngokungawunaki ngamabomu imiyalo yawo.

Izenzakalo Ezivelele Ezingokomlando Nezifundo Zazo Ezihlala Njalo

George Washington, 1789: Ukumisa Isiqalo

I-Washington ukuthatha isifungo sokuqala kwakuyisifungo sendlela ebanzi. Wanezela inkulumo ethi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" ngemva kokuphindaphinda amagama omthetho-sisekelo, isenezelo esesilokhu siyindabhhayo kodwa ilokhu iyinto ephikisanayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kunesibonelo esiqondile se-Washington: wafika emcimbini egqoke ngendlela enesizotha, wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli, futhi wanikeza inkulumo emfushane egcizelela ukuthobeka, ubunye, nobuhle be-parpablian. Umongameli ngamunye kusukela ngaleso sikhathi walinganiswa nalendisho ehloniphekile.

U - Abraham Lincoln, Ngo - 1861 No - 1865: Isihlwathi Ngesikhathi Sokuhlubuka

Ukwamiswa kukaLincoln kokuqala kwenzeka ngoMatshi 1861 njengoba amazwe ayisikhombisa aseNingizimu ayesehlukene kakade. ICapitol dome yayingakapheli, yayibonakalisa isimo esingokomfanekiso sezwe eliphukile. ULincoln wasebenzisa ikheli lakhe lokumisa hhayi nje ukuthatha isifungo kodwa ukudlulisela isikhalo esiqondile emazweni aseNingizimu, ebiza "izingelosi ezingcono zemvelo yethu" impela i-Gamfas'. Ukwethulwa kwakhe kwesibili ngo-1865, kudluliswe amasonto ambalwa nje ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, kubhekwa njengekheli elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ukukhuluma nge "mace ngakunga kuwe" futhi "ukudlulisa isifungo sawo wonke", uLincoln waguqula isifungo sokuzindla sesono sesizwe, umhlatshelo, nokubuyisana. [FLDalsonson]

I - Oath During Economic Collapse, UFranklin Roosevelt, 1933:

Lapho uRoosevelt efunga ngo-March 1933, isizwe sasisesimweni esiphansi kakhulu sokwehla Kwezomnotho. Amabhange ayehluleka, ukungasebenzi kwakunenhlekelele, futhi ukuqiniseka komphakathi kwakunciphile. Ikheli lokuvula isango, nomgca waso odumile ngokuthi "akunakwesatshwa kodwa yesabe," kwakuyindima eqondile yesifungo ngokwaso. Wayengafungathi nje ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo; wayefunga ukubuyisela ithemba nokusebenza kuhulumeni okhubazekile. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe isifungo njengephuzu lokuqala le-New Faial ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kuka-Pucester no-American, yayiyindima ebanzi yohulumeni wezomnotho ngesikhathi esasebenza ngaphakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho.

UJohn Kennedy, 1961: IOath njengesicelo Senkonzo

Kennedy uhlala engolunye lwezifungo eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Umongameli osemusha wanikeza ikheli lakhe ngaphandle kwejazi naphezu komkhuhlane oshubile, isenzo sobungqabavu nokukhuthazela. Isimemezelo sakhe sokuba "ngakuceli lokho izwe lakini elingakwenzela khona, buza ukuthi yini ongayenza ezweni lakini" wafaka isifungo esivela esivumelwaneni sikamongameli esisenseleleni sesizwe. UKennedy wahlanganisa ngokuqondile umsebenzi wakhe womthetho nesibopho somphakathi, esikisela ukuthi lesifungo sasingesona isenzo esisodwa kodwa sasiyisibopho sokuhlanganyela kwesakhamuzi sonke ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nomhlatshelo.

UBarack Obama, 2009: I - oath Iwubudlwangudlwangu Noshintsho

U-Obama wamisa izixuku zokuqala futhi waphawula ingqophamlando emlandweni wobuhlanga baseMelika. Nokho, lomkhosi waphazanyiswa okwesikhashana ukuphindaphinda isifungo, esaholela uMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Roberts no-Obama ukuba basiphinde ngosuku olulandelayo ngenxa yesixwayiso esikhulu. Lomzuzu omncane wagcizelela iqiniso elikhulu: isifungo siqinisile futhi kumelwe sithathwe ngokungathi sína. Noma isiphi isifungo, ngisho nesincane, siphakamisa imibuzo ngokubaluleka komthetho-mthethwe. Isimiso sokusifungela ngokucophelela sabonisa ukufaneleka okunzulu kwesizwe esikhuluma ngalokhu kusiko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikhuluma ngasiphi isiko sezombangazwe noma ngomzuzu.

Isigodlo Nokudukiswa Kokuthi Umuntu Ongokombangazwe WaseMelika

Ukuzichaza kwezombangazwe eUnited States akusekelwe ebuhlangani, enkolweni, noma ezweni kuphela. Ingxenye yayo enkulu, i-prigin, i-producence, umthetho, nenqubo yokuzibusa kwentando yeningi. Isifungo sobumongameli singenye yemicikilisho eyinhloko eqinisa lokhu kubizwa. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, isizwe sibona ukuhlobana okuphilayo nencwadi yaso esunguliwe, isikhumbuzo esibonakalayo sokuthi umongameli ukhonza uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi enye indlela.

Lomcimbi unamandla ohlanganisa. Ezweni elikhulu nelihlukene njenge-United States, imicikilisho ehlanganyelwayo ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umuzwa wobungane besizwe. Isifungo sinikeza isikhathi sokunaka komphakathi, ukuma emsindweni ohlanganyelwayo lapho izakhamuzi zingabona ukudluliswa kombuso ngokuthula. Ngisho nalabo abavota ngokumelene nomongameli ozayo bangabona imikhosi futhi baqaphele ukufaneleka koshintsho. Lena akuyona into encane ezweni lapho izizwe eziningi zibhekana khona nokugumbuqelwa, izimpi zombano, noma ukuphikisana.

Isifungo sibuye silololonga futhi ukuthi obani amongameli ngokwabo. Omongameli abaningi bangaphambili baye babhala noma bakhuluma ngesikhathi sokuthatha isifungo njengesiguqulayo, iphuzu lapho isisifungo siba yiqiniso khona. Amazwi abawakhulumayo ayaqhubeka ephindaphindwa ngezikhulu zabo, asebenza njengesibonakaliso lapho izenzo zabo zahlulelwa khona. Uma omongameli bemangalelwa ngokuziphatha okubi, isifungo ngokuvamile sibizwa njengendinganiso abaye badelela kuyo. Lokhu kulandisa okuqhubekayo kusemsebenzini ohlala njalo.

Isiko, Izimpawu Nenkolo Yesibili

Izazi zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe ziye zachaza ukunikezelwa komongameli, kuhlanganise nesifungo, njengohlobo "lwenkolo yenkolo yesizwe" njengesembozo sezinkolelo, imicikilisho, nezimpawu isizwe esizibheka ngazo njengomphakathi wokuziphatha. Isifungo siboleka ulimi lwesizotha olungokwenkolo ("Ngiyafunga) futhi ngokuvamile sihilela iBhayibheli, kodwa sibhekiswe ekuhleleni umthetho wezwe. Lokhu kuxubana kwezinkolelo ezingcwele nezwe kudala okuhlangenwe nakho okunamandla okungokomzwelo okudlula izombangazwe ezivamile.

Indawo yokufunga futhi izindaba. Kusukela ngo 1981, lomkhosi uye wenziwa eNtshonalanga Front yeCapitol, iNational Mall inweba ngasentshonalanga ngasemibusweni yesikhumbuzo seWashington, iLincoln, neJefferson. Lesisimo somzimba sihlanganisa umongameli ozayo nesazi se-riphabhuliki esingokomlando. ICapitol ngokwayo iyisibonakaliso sikahulumeni omelele, kuyilapho iMall isebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana yezakhamuzi. Ukubona kukamongameli othatha isifungo phambi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi, neWashington Monument ebangeni elikude, kuklanyelwe ngamabomu ukuveza ukuthobeka nokuqhubeka komlando.

Ngisho nezinto zobuciko ezihlobene nesifungo zinesilinganiso. Omongameli abaningi basebenzisa amaBhayibheli omkhaya noma imiqulu engokomlando ebalulekile. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibheli manje eliphethwe yi-Library of Congress. Barack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elifanayo nelodwa elasetshenziswa uLincoln ekunikezeleni kwakhe ngo-1861. Lezi zinto ziba izinsalela zenkolo yesizwe yaseMelika, zihlanganisa umongameli ngamunye omusha nohlu lozalo lwalabo abavela ngaphambili. INhlangano ye-Smithsonian ihlanganisa izinto eziningi ezihlobene nomboniso wobumongameli

Izinselele Nezindawo Ezifuze I - Oyath

Naphezu kokuma kwayo okungcwele, isifungo somongameli asigonyiwe ekuxabaniseni. Enye impikiswano ephikelelayo igxile emazwini athi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" okuthiwa iWashington yanezelwa, nakuba ubufakazi obungokomlando buphelele. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwenezelwa kwento ewuphawu lwemithetho evimbela ukuhlolwa kwenkolo. Abanye bagomela ukuthi iyisiko elingenangozi lokukhuluma komuntu siqu. Le ngxoxo iveza ukungavumelani okukhulu emphakathini waseMelika ngendima yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ngokunganaki kakhulu, isifungo siye saba isici esiyinhloko ekumangalelweni. Isihloko sokujezisa u-Andrew Johnson sahlanganisa ukumangalelwa kokuthi wayephule isifungo sakhe ngokuzama ukususa unobhala weMpi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano. Muva nje, ukujezisa kukaDonald Trump kuhilela iziphakamiso zokuthi wayewasebenzise kabi amandla akhe neSishaya-Mkhandlu esiphazamisayo, izenzo abagxeki ababeziphikisa ngesifungo sakhe sokuphula imithetho ngokwethembeka. Lamacala abonisa ukuthi lesifungo asisona nje imikhosi yenkolo kodwa sinamandla angempela angokomthetho nezombangazwe njengendinganiso yokuziphatha.

Enye inselele ingumqondo wokuthi isifungo sesiyinqubo noma siyize, ikakhulukazi enkathini yokuthatha isigaba esiphezulu kakhulu. Abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi umongameli wabo bobabili abahlukene baye banweba imingcele yamandla okulawula ngezindlela ezilulaza injongo yasekuqaleni yesifungo. Ukukhula kwemithetho yezikhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi okusayinwa, nokukhula kwesenzo somthetho kungazenziwa lutho, konke kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi isifungo sisasebenza yini njengeselulekwa amandla kamongameli. Izazi ezikoleni ezifana ne- Brenan Center yeJaji ziyaqhubeka zihlola indlela umthetho ozoqhubeka ngayo ukwakhiwa kwezwe lanamuhla.

Isihlahla Esiqhathaniswa Nesokuqhathaniswa

Ukuqonda isifungo sobumongameli waseMelika kucetshiswa ngokusifanisa nemikhuba yezinye izizwe. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, inhloko kahulumeni noma umphathi kahulumeni uthatha isifungo esigxila ekuthembekeni enkosini noma esizweni sisonke. Isifungo saseMelika sigxile ngokuphelele kuMthetho-sisekelo sihlukile. Sibonisa inkolelo yamaMelika yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthombo oyinhloko wegunya lezombangazwe, hhayi umuntu, inhlangano, noma inkolelo.

Amanye amazwe adinga izifungo ezihlanganisa izithembiso zokusekela isosha, ubukhomanisi, noma isiko elithile elingokwenkolo. Isifungo saseMelika sokungathathi hlangothi kuyo yonke imibuzo engaphansi kwezombangazwe sivumela ukuba ihlalise amongameli banoma yiliphi iqembu, inkolo, noma umbono wezwe. Lokhu ukungathathi hlangothi kunamandla, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi isifungo asinikezi siqondiso esitheni ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengempi, isimiso sezomnotho, noma amalungelo omphakathi. Siyisiqinisekiso sendabuko kunokuba sivunyelwe ukuthatha isikhulu, sishiye amongameli bekhululekile ukuphishekela uhlu olubanzi lwemithetho uma nje behlonipha izinqubo zomthetho.

Emazweni lapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi zilula khona, isifungo singaba indawo yokuncintisana. Izifungo ngokuvamile ziqala ngokunqanyulwa komthetho-sisekelo nokuqedwa kwezifungo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintsha kwentando yeningi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwezifungo zomthetho-sisekelo njengophawu lokubuyela ekubuseni okungokomthetho. Okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nochungechunge lwawo oluqinile lokushintsha okunokuthula, kuvela njengesibonelo sokuzinza komthetho-mthetho, nakuba kungenakho ukuguquguquka kwawo siqu nezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Ukulondoloza Amandla Omthofu Ezizukulwane Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba i-United States isondela enkathini yayo yeminyaka engu-250, isifungo somongameli siseyisiko elibalulekile, kodwa amandla ayo axhomeke ekuhlonipheni okuqhubekayo nasekuthembiseni umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda umlando wesifungo nencazelo yaso, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zigcine abaholi bazo benobuthakazelo. Izikole, imithombo yezindaba, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zonke zinendima ezizozifeza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isifungo asisona iphicobelo kodwa isibophezelo esiphilayo.

Okunye ukusikisela okuwusizo yimfundo ekhuliswe kakhulu yomphakathi ngokuphathelene nokufushaniswa kwesifungo nokubaluleka. Ukuhlola njalo kubonisa ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awakwazi ukuqamba amagama amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ingasaphathwa eyokukhumbula amagama aqondile esifungo sikamongameli. Ukuqinisa ukufunda nokubhala komphakathi kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi abaholi bazo baphila ngokuvumelana nendinganiso yomthetho-sisekelo. Iminyuziyamu enjenge- uMthetho-Constitution Center [ unikeza imithombo nezinhlelo ezenza imfundo yemithetho-mthetho ifinyeleleke kuzo zonke izizukulwane, isiza ukulondoloza incazelo yezifungo zezizukulwane ezizayo.

Okunye ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana. Kulenkathi yokungena nokungena kwezenhlalo, ukunikezelwa nezifungo kufinyelela izilaleli zembulunga yonke. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba lokuchaza ukubaluleka kwesifungo kumazwe ngamazwe angase angajwayelene namasiko omthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Kuvumela nokuhlola kwangempela nencazelo, okungajulisa ukuqonda kodwa futhi okungase kubangele ukujikeleza komjikelezo. Inselele iwukusebenzisa lamathuluzi ukuze akhanyise, hhayi ukululaza ukubaluleka kwesifungo.

Isiphetho: I-oath njengesithembiso saseMelika ku-Imelika qobo

Isifungo sikamongameli sehhovisi singaphezu kakhulu kokusho ikhanda elibhalwe phansi okwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine. Siyisikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuthi i-creatensive iwumthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yobunye, indinganiso engokomthetho yokulandisa, nokuhlobana nezimiso ezimisiwe zerepublic. Ngezikhathi zokuthula nokuchuma, impi nokucindezeleka, ukuhlukana nokubuyisana, isifungo siye sasebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuthi i-presesteria iwukholo, hhayi umklomelo. Sibopha isigqebhezana ngasinye seHhosi esingu-Oval somthetho owenzile wonke umuntu, siqinisa isimiso sesisekelo sesisekelo saseMelika sokuthi akukho muntu ongaphezu komthetho.

Isifungo silolonga ukubonakala kwezombangazwe zaseMelika ngokugxilisa lokho kuchazwa eMthethweni. Sikhumbuza isizwe ukuthi lokho okuhlanganisa amaMelika akulona igazi noma ukuzalwa kodwa ukubopha okuhlangeneyo ekubuseni umthetho kanye nokuzilawula kwentando yeningi. Kulesi sikhathi sokushintsha ngokushesha nokuzihlukanisa okuphikelelayo, leso sikhumbuzo sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Isifungo saseMelika siyisithembiso sokwakhela sona ngokwaso isithembiso sokuhlala isizwe semithetho, sokushintsha ngokuthula, nesokulandisa kukahulumeni kubantu. Uma nje leso sithembiso sisahlonishwa ekwakhiweni nokubekwa, i-ripablic iyoba nesisekelo sokusakha ikusasa laso.