Umkhosi wokuthatha umongameli umkhosi wokufungisa umongameli ungomunye wemicikilisho enamandla kakhulu ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, uphawula isikhathi sokushintsha okukhulu nokuvuselelwa. Nakuba isenzo esiyinhloko somthetho − ukuphindwa kwesicelo somthetho-sisekelo (_ukugcwaliswa kwemfuneko engokomthetho, imikhosi ebanzi namasiko azungeze wona kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuwo wonke umhlaba, lemicikilisho isebenza ekuqiniseni ukuhola okusha, iqinisekisa ukuqhubekela phambili kukahulumeni, futhi ihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezinkomba ezindaweni ezihlukene. Kusukela ekufunyanisweni okuqondile kwenqhinga kwesiqu segunya, zonke iziciso ziklanywe ukuxhumana nokuqina, umthwalo, nethemba. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlangeneyo yemikhosini engokomcini, ukuhlola imingcele, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa okungokongokomlando, nokuhlala njalo emhlabeni wonke.

Imvelaphi Yomlando Ye - Ceremonial Oath - Ireat

Umkhuba wokufunga ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla somphakathi umdala, umisa izimiso zanamuhla zobumongameli ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Emiphakathini eminingi yakudala, abaholi bafunga izifungo eziqotho phambi konkulunkulu noma kokhokho ukuze bagunyaze ukubusa kwabo. Lemikhosi ngokuvamile yayiyimibukiso yomphakathi eyayiklanyelwe ukubonisa ukuzithoba komholi emyalelweni waphezulu noma wemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisa igunya lakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, abameli bamaRoma bathatha izifungo zesikhundla eCapitoline Hill, bekhomba uJupiter Impliputus Maxim, kuyilapho amakhosi angenkathi ephakathi ayegcotshwa ngamafutha angcwele emkhosini ombuso wenkolo nezwe ohlangeneyo.

Izenzakalo Zasendulo NezangeNkathi Ephakathi

Umqondo wesifungo njengesithembiso esibophekayo phambi kombuso ophakeme unezimpande ezijulile. EGrisi yasendulo, izimantshi ezikhethiwe zafunga ukusekela imithetho nokwenza imisebenzi yazo ngokungakhethi, ngokuvamile phambi kwethempeli likankulunkulu ongumkhulekeli. Ngokufanayo, esikweni lesiHebheru, amakhosi ayegcotshwe futhi avunyelwane phambi koNkulunkulu .Umkhuba owathonya ukugcotshwa kwamaKristu kamuva. Ukusetshenziswa kombhalo ongcwele, njengombhalo onjengombhalo weBhayibheli noma iTorah, njengophawu lobungcwele besifungo kuhlehlela kulezi zikhathi zakuqala. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, umkhosi wokugcotshwa kwase kuphenduke umkhosi ongokomthetho, ophelele, ngokugcotshwa kobukhosi bobukhosi bobukhosi, nokubekwa komqhele, into ngayinye ebonakalisa ingxenye yemisebenzi yombusi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ezikhundleni Zanamuhla

Njengoba kwaphakama amarepublic nombuso olawulwa ngumthetho-sisekelo, lomkhosi wokuthungatha izifungo wathathwa njengenkolo kodwa wagcinwa ukubaluleka kwawo okuwuphawu olunzulu. I-United States yamisa isibonelo esinamandla ngo-1789 lapho uGeorge Washington ebeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini futhi esho isifungo sikamongameli njengoba sibhalwe kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lesisenzo esilula kodwa esiwubunyoninco samisa imfuneko ethathweyo, futhi sasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izici ezinjengekheli lokuqalisa, ukudweba, ukulandisa, nebhola lokuvula kwaba izifungo eziyisisekelo zesiko, ngasinye esinezelwayo. Namuhla, lomkhosi ukwenziwa kuyisicici esingokomthetho nesesenzekaniso esingokwesiko, esisakazwa emhlabeni wonke njengesivumelwano sokuguqula amandla.

Izakhi Eziyinhloko Zendabuko Nophawu Lwazo

Nakuba amasiko akhethekile ehlukahluka kuye ngamazwe, izici eziningana ezingokwesiko zivamile ekunikezelweni komongameli emhlabeni wonke.

Ihlazo Elenzayo

Ngaphakathi kwesivumelwano ngasinye sokunikezelwa kunesifungo esingokomthetho, esivame ukunikezwa ngokoMthetho-sisekelo. Amazwi abhalwe ngamabomu futhi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izithembiso zokusekela umthetho-mthetho, ukuvikela imithetho yesizwe, nokukhonza abantu ngokwethembeka. Isenzo sokusho isifungo singumthetho onamandla ngokwaso: sibopha umholi phambi kofakazi, wenza lesi sithembiso sibe indaba yomlando obala. EUnited States, uMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme ukhipha isifungo, efanekisela ukwahlukana kwemibuso nomthetho. Emazweni amaningi, uMongameli uphethe uphethe isandla phezu kombhalo wenkolo noma umlando ngesikhathi ekhuluma, ehlanganisa isifungo somthetho oqinile.

Izincwadi Nezinto Ezingokomfanekiso

Ukusetshenziswa kwencwadi ethile eqondile noma umbukiso phakathi nophawu olunamandla. E-United States, omongameli abaningi baye basebenzisa iBhayibheli, ngokuvamile indlalifa yomkhaya noma elinye elibalulekile ngokomlando, njengeBhayibheli elasetshenziswa uGeorge Washington. Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo usetshenziswa njengencwadi okuthathwa kuyo isifungo (‘esenza i-apha i-athomo lomthetho phezu komuntu ngamunye.' Abanye abaholi baye bakhetha ukwenezela ukubaluleka komuntu siqu: ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli likaLincoln ngo 2009 nango-2013, edweba umugqa oqondile oya ku-Abraham Lincoln. Ukukhetha kwencwadi kuthumela umyalezo ocacile mayelana nezinganiso zikamongameli kanye nesisekelo sokubusa kwabo.

Ikheli Elivamile

Ngemva kwesifungo, umongameli omusha unikeza inkulumo yokuvula ikheli elibonisa umbono wabo, izinto eziza kuqala, nezwi elididayo legama labo. Lelisiko, elibuyela emuva kuGeorge Washington, lifeza imisebenzi eminingi: liyinkulumo yezimiso, isikhalo sobunye besizwe, kanye nesimemezelo esikhuthazayo sokuthatha isinyathelo. Amakheli amakhulu akhuluma ngo-("a) amakheli wesibili ka-Lincoln, “awufuni ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani,” noma“ i-Reagan ayilona ikhambi lenkinga yethu”. [nezi] Inkulumo ekhunjunjulwayo iyisikhathi lapho umholi exhumanisa khona ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi, ukuchaza isikhashana kanye nokuhlela izinhlelo.

Ukuzihambela, Ifulege Nokuhlanganyela Emphakathini

Ukunikezelwa kwemikhosi emikhulu ehlanganisa udwendwe olukhulu noma udwendwe phakathi kwenhlokodolobha, ngokuvamile olubonisa amabutho empi, amaqembu, kanye nokuntanta. Lombukwane womphakathi ugubha ukuthuthwa ngokuthula kwegunya futhi umema izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ukuphakanyiswa kwefule lesizwe kungomunye uphawu oluvamile, olubonisa ubukhosi bobuzwe nobunye. Kwezinye izizwe, njengaseFrance, umongameli uqhuba udwendwe lwempi ngemva komkhosi. Kunye, njengeNdiya, umongameli omusha uthatha isifungo eHholo lasePhakathi -mpalamende, elilandelwa ukwamukela okungokomthetho. Lezi zenzakalo zikhuthaza umuzwa wobuzwe wobuzwe lonke nokuzidlalisa, uqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi umongameli ungowabantu.

Indima Yokudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngegunya

Enye yomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu womkhosi wokumisa iwukumisa umholi omusha ngokusemthethweni. Kule mibuso yentando yeningi, imiphumela yokukhetha ingase iphikiswane, noma inguquko ingase yenzeke ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Umkhosi wasobala uvumela isizwe (nezwe) ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla avela ekuqondiseni kokuqala kombuso omusha. Lokhu kuvuma komphakathi kubalulekile ekuzinzeni kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Njengoba isazi sezwe Getz saphawula “izibonakaliso ezingcwele (ngisho noma zingagunyazi) zithumela uphawu olunamandla lokuqhubeka nokuhlonipha inqubo. Ukuba khona kwabaholi, izahluleli abakhulu, izintambo, izakhamuzi eziphethe zonke izindlela zokuphila. Njengoba i-Clifford tz izibona zivuma ukuthi ukwamukela umphumela. “impatho olungcwele kuveza“ nakuba izimpawu ezingcwele kubantu, noma bengagunyaziwe, nokuhlonipha inqubo, nohlobo olubonakalayo, nomthetho wokuziphatha, nomthetho wokuziphatha kwezwe elibonakalayo.

Izinguquko Zanamuhla Nokuphikelela

Nakuba izici eziyinhloko zomkhosi wokufunga zihlala zingaguquguquki ngokuphawulekayo, ukunikezelwa kwanamuhla kuye kwazivumelanisa nokubonisa ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nokukhula kokungalawuleki. Lokhu kushintsha akulinciphisi lelisiko; kunalokho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi lisebenza ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuvela kwethelevishini, futhi kamuva i-Internet, kwaguqula ukufinyelelwa kokunikezelwa. Owake waba umcimbi owabonwa amakhulu edolobheni esigcawini manje ubukwa amakhulu ezigidi emhlabeni wonke. Lezilaleli zembulunga yonke ziye zandisa ukubaluleka komkhosi njengamazwi okuzimela kwentando yeningi. Izezobupolitiki ziye zavumela ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile, ngesikhathi sokuthembisana, ngezigxobo, imifula ephilayo, futhi i-hashtags ithuthukisa umyalezo. Izinkulumo ziqoshwe ngabahlazi, futhi ukukhetha okungokomfanekiso (njengebala lentambo noma uhlu lwabavakashi) kuhlolwe ngokwenzuzo. Izenethiwe futhi ikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nonyakazo lwama 201.S. lapho isixuku esinciphile ngenxa yokuhlasela umqedazwe yizilaleli eziningi. Lezi ziqokomisa ikhono lokuguqula inqubo yomkhosi wokulondoloza inqubo.

Ukukhathalelana Nokuhlukahluka

Ukunikezelwa kwanamuhla kuveza ukuhlukahluka kwezizwe abazimelelayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, siye sabona amongameli nabesekela bomongameli bevela ezizindeni ezimbalwa, abesifazane, nabenkolo abambalwa befunga. Ngo-2021, Kamara Harris waba owesifazane wokuqala, omnyama wokuqala, nowokuqala wozalo lwaseNingizimu Asia ukuba afungwe njenge-U.S. uMongameli ophethe. Umkhosi wakhe wafaka izinto eziningi ezingokomfanekiso: wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli likaThurrall, iSigebeqe seNkathi Emnyama, futhi elinye iBhayibheli lomndeni wakubo wakhe siqu. Izinqumo ezinjalo zibonisa ukuzimisela ukumelela okukhulu. Ngokufanayo, emazweni aseNingizimu Afrika anjenge-Afrikha, abaholi bezenzi besizwe, ukudumisa ifa lesizwe. Laba babonisa ukuthi impucuko ayizange yandathakazekile; iqoqo le sizwe liyanda; iqoqo le sizwe liyanda izahluko sezehlakalo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukuvuthwa Komzimba Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukubheka ngokuqhathanisa ukunikezelwa komongameli kwembula ukuhlelwa kwemikhuba eminingi, ngayinye evumelana nomlando oyingqayizivele wezwe nomongo wesiko. Nakuba isenzo esiyisisekelo sokufunga singesendawo yonke, isimo somkhosi nemifanekiso yalo mkhosi sihluka kakhulu.

United States

Ukunikezelwa kweU.S. mhlawumbe kuqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, nesimiso esinemininingwane ehlanganisa inkonzo yokukhulekela kwasekuseni, iphiko lokufunga (ngokuvamile e-Capitol yase-U.S.), ikheli lokuvula, umbukiso, namabhola amaningi angokomthetho). Ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli, ukuqondisa kobulungisa okuyinhloko kwesifungo, kanye “kungisiza kanjalo ngisizwe uNkulunkulu (obekufakwe nguGeorge Washington, nakuba kungeyona imfuneko engokomthetho) kuyizimpawu. Isenzakalo siye sakhula ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa injongo yaso eyinhloko isekhona: ukuphinde siqinisekise izimiso zeRiphabliki kanye nokudluliswa koxolo kwamandla.

i-France

EFrance, uMongameli uthatha isifungo sesikhundla eSigodlweni esikhulu sase-Élysée phambi koMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo. Lomkhosi uhlanganisa ukubukezwa kwamabutho, ukuphakanyiswa kwefulege, nokudlala i-Marseillaise. UMongameli futhi uthola iketanga lesikhundla kunduleli. Ukunikezelwa kwamaFrance kuvinjelwe kakhulu kunabantu baseMelika kodwa kugcizelela isimo sezwe sezwe seRiphabliki negunya lomthetho-mthetho. Umongameli omusha uvakashela i-Tomb of the Soier e-Arc de Trione.

eNdiya

Isifungo sobumongameli waseNdiya, nakuba singesona esivamile kakhulu kunese-U.S. noma iFrance, sicebile ngokwesiko. UMongameli ufungela uMahluleli oyinhloko waseNdiya eHholo lasePhalamende eliPhakathi. Lomkhosi uhlanganisa ingoma yezibhamu ezingu-21, ukudlala ingoma yesizwe, nekheli elingokomthetho. Kamuva uMongameli ugibela inqola yemikhosi ye-Rashtrapati Bhavan. Njengophawu lwentando yentando yeningi yaseNdiya ehlukene, isifungo singathathwa ngesiHindi noma ngesiNgisi, futhi umkhosi uhlanganisa imithandazo eminingi. Isenzakalo siqokomisa isithunzi sehhovisi eliphezulu nesizwe esiphethe umthetho wezomthetho.

Ezinye Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo

[[FLT:] ku-Brazil[FLT:][FLT]], uMongameli uthola ingoma e-palential yengoma yesizwe ngezilimi eziningi, futhi ukufakwa kwabaholi besizwe nemisebenzi yamasiko e-National Congress, okufanekisela ukudluliswa kwamandla. E-Afrika yaseNingizimu[[, ukunikezelwa kuhlanganisa ukugujwa, ukuhlatshelelwa kwengoma yesizwe ngezilimi eziningi, nokufakwa kwabaholi besizwe kanye nemisebenzi yamasiko ekwambuleni kweposi-atherid ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. [[FLT]] , uMongameli uthatha isifungo ezilizweni eziningi, futhi umkhosi uhlanganisa ukubukisa isiko lendabuko, kuhlanganise nale yemibuko, kanye nalensi yezindlela zokudayisa.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwegama Namasiko

Enkathini yoshintsho olusheshayo, imithombo yezindaba ehlukene, nokungaqiniseki okukhulayo ngezinhlangano, umkhosi wokufunga umongameli uhlala uyihange elinamandla. Ikhumbuza izakhamuzi nabaholi izibopho eziyisisekelo ezisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi: ukubusa komthetho, ukuvuma kokubusa, nesinqumo sokuthula sokuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Imikhosi . "‘ukuphakamisa ifulegi, ukufunga umbhalo, noma ukunikeza ikheli elingenamsebenzi.] Bayizenzo zokuqinisekisa, ukubopha umholi kubantu nakubantu. Banikeza isikhashana sokuveza, ukuqhosha, nethemba, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokhetho lwengxabano noma phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe.

Njengoba abaholi abasha befungela emhlabeni wonke, lemikhosi izoqhubeka iguquka. Izohlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ibonise imiphakathi egcwele kakhulu, futhi ithathe inselele yembulunga yonke. Kodwa injongo eyisisekelo izosala: ukuphawula ukuqala kwesiqephu esisha ngokuhlonipheka, isithunzi, nomuzwa ojulile womlando. Isiko lokufunga umongameli aliyona nje inqubo; liyisiqinisekiso esiphilayo sokubhekana nokuqina kwezindinganiso zedemokrasi kanye nokwehluleka kwesimiso sombuso.

Ekuphetheni, indima yemikhosi nesiko enqubweni yokuthatha isifungo sikamongameli ayihlotshisiwe. Lezi zici zibalulekile ekugunyazweni, ubunye, nasemandleni esibonakaliso esikhundla. Zihlanganisa isikhathi samanje nesikhathi esidlule, umholi nesakhamuzi, nesifungo ezimisweni eziphezulu kakhulu zesizwe. Njengoba sibona ukunikezelwa kwesikhathi esizayo, siyokwenza kahle ukwazisa izingqimba zencazelo eziqukethwe yisenzo ngasinye senkonzo yentando yeningi, ngoba zikhuluma nenhliziyo kanye yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando wokunikezelwa, bheka isihloko se-National Archives iziqondiso zeNational Archives zokwethulwa komongameli wase-U.S.. Umbono ongokwemfundo ngendima engokomfanekiso yezifungo ungatholakala Journal of American Academy of Religion "Oaths and Constitution". Ukubheka ngokuqhathaniswa amasiko okunikezelwa embulungeni yonke, [[FLT:] Britannica] ekungeneni ekunikezelweni kunikeza ukucaza okungcono kakhulu.