Isingeniso: Uphawu Lokuthula Nobubusi

I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement, yasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998 futhi ime njengenye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu ekufezekeni kwempi yanamuhla. Yaqeda izimpi zamahlelo ezintathu ezithathelwana ezaziwa ngokuthi amaNyakatho, ezazibulale abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 futhi zashiya izibazi ezijulile zezezezezezepolitiki, zinikeza kokubili izibaziso zokuzinzisa, isivumelwano samisa uhlelo oluqinile lwe-ase-Northern Ireland esekelwe ekulawuleni amandla, ekuxhumaneni okunqamulene, nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. Iminyaka engu-20-5, iyaqhubeka ilungisa isimo sezentethelelo yezelo yezentengiselwano eqhubekayo.

Isizinda Nomo

Umsuka Wezinkinga

I-Northern Ireland yasungulwa ngo-1921 ngaphansi komthetho we-Government of Ireland Act, ihlukanisa lesi siqhingi sibe yisifunda esinezinyunyana ezihlangene zobuProthestani esisenyakatho-mpumalanga nasesifundazweni samaKatolika eningizimu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, isifunda sase-Northern Ireland sasinekhethelwa amaKatolika ambalwa ahlala ezindlini, asebenza, futhi amelelwe kwezombangazwe. Umzabalazo wamalungelo owesizwe wamuva ka-1960, ogqugquzelwa umzabalazo wembulunga yonke wokulwela ukulingana, ukubhekana nokuphikiswa okunobudlova kwamaqembu athembekile kanye nokusabela okukhulu okuvela eRoyal Ulster Consallary. Lokhu kwabangela ukugqashuka kwezehlakalo lweziNyakazo, izimpi zamazwe azimele (ikhombanobuswa i-IRA), ibutho elithembekile, ibutho elithembekile, nebutho lamabutho empini laseBrithani, izikhali zombano ezidunyazwe, ngaphandle komthetho womphakathi, nokuvinjwa kwempi, futhi impono yombano.

Indlela Yokuthola Injabulo

Ngo-1990, izindleko zabantu nezezomnotho zalempi zase zingalawuleki. Izinkulumo eziyimfihlo phakathi kukahulumeni waseBrithani ne-IRA, kanye nomholi we-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) umholi uJohn Hume noSin Féin Gerry Adams, zavula indlela yokuyeka ukushisa ngo-1994. Nokho, inqubo yokuthula eyanqamuka ngenxa yokususa izikhali. Impumelelo yafika ngokukhetha kukahulumeni kaTony Blair ngo-1997, okwathi kwaqala ukuvela ezingxoxweni eziphelele. Izingxoxo zokuthula, ezabekwa isihlalo yi-UStenator George Mitchell, yahlanganisa zonke izigaba ezinkulu ngaphandle kwe-DDUP [ii.] inqubo eyavela ekuqaleni [uPt.] [0]

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esivumelwano

I-Good Wear Agreement iyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi ekhuluma ngemicu emithathu ehlobene yokubusa, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukulinganisela izimpawu ezincintisanayo nezinhloso zemiphakathi emibili eyinhloko. Izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa ukuvuma (isimiso sokuthi isimo somthetho sisekelo wasenyakatho Ireland singashintsha kuphela ngokuvunyelwa kwabantu bayo), ukusekela amandla, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu.

UStrand 1: IziNhloko Zentando Yeningi eNyakatho Ireland

Lolu cingo lwamisa i-assembly encid of Northern Ireland and Guide. Umhlangano ukhethwa ngokulinganayo (ivoti eyodwa edluliselwa kwenye) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umelwa ngokulunga. Umlawuli usebenza ngesisekelo samandla, noNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela leNgqongqo Yokuqala imelela izinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu ze-mibutho yesizwe, futhi uvimbela noma umphakathi owodwa ukuba ulawule. Isivumelwano sifaka ne-CCOMFUMFURFE esisekwe kuhlangane nomphakathi ngamunye. Isinqumo esiyinhloko sidinga ukusekelana kweqembu elihlangene kanye nelobuzwe — nakuba kamuva sabekwa sisengxenyeni enkulu yamalungu angamashumi ama-60% nangu-40% eqembu elivela emphakathini ngamunye. Le nqubo ivimbela noma yimuphi umphakathi ukuba uhulumeni ophethe.

Isitembu 2: Inyakatho/UMkhandlu Wenkonzo waseNingizimu

Ukuze kusekelwe ukubambisana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland, i-Accounting Council yase-North/South Inkonzo Council. Le ndikimba ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela kuzo zombili izifunda zombuso ukuze ixoxe ngezindawo ezinesithakazelo esifanayo, njengezolimo, ezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha, nendawo ezungezile. Isekelwa izindikimba eziyisithupha ezisebenzayo, kuhlanganise i-Waterways Ireland ne-Food Saty Protection Board. I-Council isebenza ngokuvumelana, futhi izinqumo zayo zingaphansi kokuqondisa i-Northern Ireland Assembly ne-al. Lomfalseant [Irlanda] yayibalulekile ekunikezeni abashisekeli besizwe ukuxhumana okuqinisekile ne-Ireland ngesikhathi i-Rreland i-odterraces statives i-oty Trectionation Board i-board i-corison ardention.

UStrand 3: Izinkonzo zeNtshonalanga-Mpumalanga

I-British-Irish Council ne-International Stateorn Conference yaseBrithani imelela umcu wesithathu. UMkhandlu waseBrithani-Irish uhlanganisa abameleli abavela kuhulumeni base-UK nase-Irish, abaphathi abahluzekile baseScotland, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland, kanye neSiqithi soMantaka neSiQhingi se-Iray. Isiza ukubambisana ezindaweni zemithetho. Izinhlangano zaseBrithani-Irish Interbacy zisebenzelana nezindaba ezingahliswanga ngokuphepha eNyakatho ye-Ireland, njengokhuseleko nobulungisa, futhi zinikeza uhulumeni wase-Ireland i-Ireland ukuba uphakamise amalungelo esizwe eNyakatho ne-Ireland. Lezi zikhungo zamazwe ziqaphela ubuhlobo phakathi kweziqhingi.

Amalungelo Abantu, Ukulingana, Nenhlonipho

Ngalé kwemicu emithathu, isivumelwano sahlanganisa ukumiswa kwamalungelo abantu nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokulingana. Saholela ekusungulweni kweKhomishane yamaLungu Yamalungelo Abantu yase-Northern Ireland ne-Expacutial Commission. Isivumelwano futhi sagunyaza ukushintshwa kwe-Royal Ulster Consabulally, okwaholela ekuthatheleni kwayo indawo yeNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland (PSNI), kanye nokusungulwa kwe-Profese Ombudsman ukuba ihlole izikhalo. Ilungiselelo eliphawulekayo laliwukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa zempi, okwakudide kakhulu kodwa okwakudingeka ukuba kuthelwe kuzo zombili izinhlangano zeRepublican nezokuthembeka. Isivumelwano futhi sasihlanganisa izifungo zokukhipha izikhali, ukukhipha izikhali, ukukhipha izikhali, ukuvikela, nokuvikela izikhali okuvamile.

Umphumela Wokubusa Nokuthula

Ukuncishiswa Kobudlova Nokungaguquguquki Kwezombangazwe

Ithonya elishesha kakhulu le-Good Wear Advement laliwukwehla okukhulu kobudlova bezombangazwe. Inani labafa ngempi ehlobene nesilinganiso sabangaphezu kwekhulu ngonyaka ekuqaleni ko-1990 kuya cishe neqanda phakathi kwama-2000. Umbuso wamandla olawulayo wabuswa kusukela ngo 1999 kuya ku-2002, futhi kusukela ngo-2003 kuqhubeke, wanikeza izinga lokuzinza kwezombangazwe okungaziwa emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ikhono langaphambili labathayo lokuhlala kuhulumeni ofanayo laliyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokubuyisana. Isivumelwano futhi sasiza u-Devolution wePropolation negunya lobulungisa eMhlanganweni ngo-2010, okwakuphawula ukuqedwa kokuhlaliswa kwesivumelwano sezombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Ukwahlukana koxolo kwakukukhulu. Ukutshala izakhiwo zamazwe angaphandle kwanda, ukuvakasha kwachuma, futhi imboni yokwakha yachuma. Isikhungo sedolobha laseBelfast saphinde sathuthukiswa, futhi imisebenzi yemikhumbi ehamba phambili njenge-Titanic Quarter yaphawula izimpawu ezintsha, ezingaphandle. Ngokwezenhlalo, izindawo zokuhlala ezixubene nezindawo zezikole ezixubene nezindawo ezihlangene zaba zivame kakhulu, nakuba intuthuko iye yangalingani. Umthetho wesivumelwano wasiza ekunciphiseni ukucwasa, futhi ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zenhlonipho — i-recognicess evumelana kokubili iBrithani ne-Irish Incodificity — yaqala ekuphileni komphakathi.

Indima Yenhlangano YaseYurophu

I-EU yafeza indima ebucayi yokusekela, ikakhulukazi nge- Programmes ze-PEACE [ ezaxhaswe ngezimali zemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa iziphambano. Amalungu avamile ayo womabili i-UK ne-Ireland e-EU futhi enza ukuba ukubambisana kwe-North/South okwahlolwa nguStrand 2. I-Good Wearth Accounciption e-EU yenze iqophe i-EU yenze ibe yiqophelo elikhulu lokunga ngemva konyaka ka-2016 i-Breaxit.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Eziqhubekayo

Ukungezwani Nezombangazwe Nokuqothulwa

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, izinhlangano zamandla ezisizana namandla ziye zamiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukukhishwa komthetho kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-2002 ngenxa yokumangalelwa kokuqoqa kwe-IRA ukuhlakanipha phakathi koMhlangano. Izinhlangano zabuyiselwa ngo- 2007 ngemva kwe-St Andrews Recovement, eyadinga iSinn Féin ukwamukela izakhiwo ezintsha zamaphoyisa. Muva nje, isikhulu seSignier sawa kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020 ku-2020 ehla ngehlazo elivuselelekayo nempikiswano elungelweni lolimi lwase-Irlandsland. Yawa futhi ngo-2022 ngenxa yokuphikisa kwe-DUP kumthetho we-CUP [ eNyakatho ye-Ireland [[FLT]]. Lemijikelelo yenhlekelele nokulungisa ilulaza ukuthemba komphakathi futhi yenza izinqumo ezibucayi zezelelwe ezibucayi zempilo, nezemfundo.

IBrexit Nemithetho Yesivumelwano YaseNyakatho Ireland

Ukusuka kwe-UK e-European Union kwabangela usongo olukhulu kakhulu eSivumelwaneni esilungile sangoLwesihlanu kusukela sasungulwa. Isivumelwano saseNyakatho Ireland , saxoxwa njengengxenye ye-UK-Eaflyavel Aguegation, sagcina i-Northern Ireland ingumphakelele emakethe ye-EURY yezentest yempahla eyodwa yezentengiselwano eqinile esiqhingini. Lokhu kwadala umngcele wezohwebo e-Irrish Sea, inyuk-irrish, i-intelliatry ewubhiyo ewuthathela phansi indawo ye-UK. I-DP yavala i-palpide ekwayo eqhutshweni le-guevent, futhi imiphakathi ethembekile yabonisa intukuthelo. [FLD:] I-Foctal [FFT] [2] [2] [FTB] [20]) i-20]

Ifa Lesikhathi Esidlule Nokuhlukana Okuqhubekayo

Isivumelwano sathembisa indlela ebanzi yokusingatha ifa leZinkathazo — kuhlanganise nophengululo, ukukhunjulwa, nokusekelwa izisulu. Nokho, intuthuko iye yahamba kancane futhi yaphikisana ngokwezombangazwe. Imikhaya eminingi yezisulu inomuzwa wokuthi iziboshwa zokuqala zidedelwe futhi zididelwe izinhlangano zezempi. Lempikiswano iqokomisa ukuthi umbono wesivumelwano sokubuyisana usuka kuphele ngasekupheleni kwamakhulu angamashumi amabili. Umphakathi uhlala uvalile kakhulu ezinkingeni eziningi ezihlobene nezindawo zokulwa uma abaphulimthetho bebambisana neKhomisha emisha ye-Intellion and Information Rereation Revolution, i-aseqed ngokomthetho ye-Irish.

Umsebenzi Wempi Oyinqaba Nobugebengu Obuhlelwe

Naphezu kokuphela kwesivumelwano, amaqembu avukelayo erepublic (umz., amaIRA) kanye namanye amaqembu athembekile ayaqhubeka ehlanganyela ebudloveni, ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, nokwesabisa. Lamaqembu alahla i-Good Wesihlanu Avumelwano futhi afuna ukuqeda izinhlangano zezombangazwe. Nakuba izinga lobudlova liphansi uma liqhathaniswa neziNkimbinkimbi, lilokhu liwusongo olungathi sína ekulondekeni komphakathi nasekwethenjelwa kwenqubo yokuthula. I-Police Serviers of Northern Ireland nayo iye yabhekana nezinselele ekujoliseni nasekulondolozeni izikhulu zamaKatolika, okwakuyinhloso eyinhloko yezinguquko zePatten.

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

Ukuvumelanisa Isivumelwano Namaqiniso Amasha

I-Good Wear Agreement yaklanywa njengesimiso esiphilayo, ekwazi ukulungiswa ngesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zingadingeka ukuze kulungiswe isimo sokushintsha kwenani labantu nezombangazwe. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2021 kwabonisa ukuthi inani labantu abangamaKatolika (45,7%) manje lingaphezu kwenani lamaProtestani (43,5%) ngokokuqala, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwenhlangano iveto nethuba lokuhlola umngcele. Noma isiphi isimo somthetho wemithetho-simenze singadinga ukumiswa kwesivumelwano, kodwa izimo zokuhlola okunjalo zingakacaciswe.

Ukuvuselela Amandla Nenhlangano Yomphakathi

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa koguquko, abaholi bezombangazwe kumelwe badlule ngalé kokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele ze-Ireland futhi babhekane nezimbangela eziyisisekelo zokungahleleki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcwalisa ngokugcwele izibopho ezivelele zesivumelwano, njenge-Ireland Language Act (ngokuvumelana emashumini eminyaka amasha, i-New Approch ka-2020) neBill of Rights for Northern Ireland. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, ezafeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuthula, ziyaqhubeka zisekela ukubuyisana nokunqamule izingxoxo. Izifundo ezivela eNyakatho ye-Ireland ziye zafundwa futhi zasetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda, njengase-South Africa nase Colombia, zifaka i-galelo mhlaba wonke lesivumelwano.

Indima Yabasizi Bangaphandle

Ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland, njengabaxhasi abahambisana nesivumelwano, kumelwe baqhubeke behlanganyela ngentshiseko ekusekeleni lezinhlangano. I-United States, ngokulandelana kwezimiso, iye yenza indima ebalulekile, i-US Special Envoys ivame ukusakaza izinhlekelele. Ukusekela kwezezimali okuqhubekayo nge-PUS PUS (U.0,1 biliyoni yezigidi ezingu-201 kusemqoka ekuvulweni kotshani. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezisezathubeni zeBreti kumele zihloniphe i- Good Frigion Frinth Agreement “ezingxenye zayo zonke” — imfuneko ekhona e-UK-EU Trade and Cooperation.

Ukuthula Nokubuyisana Okuhlala Isikhathi Eside

Ekugcineni, impumelelo ye-Good Wear Agreement ngeke ilinganiswe ngokungabikho kobudlova kuphela kodwa nangokudalwa komphakathi ohlangene, ohlanganisa umphakathi. Lokhu kudinga inguquko yemfundo ukuze kulungiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngokwezigaba, ukutshala izimali ezindaweni eziswele, nokukhuluma kwasobala ngokwethembeka ngesikhathi esidlule. Isivumelwano sinikeza izakhiwo zemisebenzi yalemizamo, kodwa sifuna intando eqhubekayo yezombangazwe kanye nesibopho somphakathi. Njengoba i-Northern Ireland isondela engxenyeni yesine yokuthula, isivumelwano sihlala singumphumela ophawulekayo nongapheli lutho — esinikeza ibalazwe lesikhathi esizayo kodwa sidinga ukunakekelwa nokuvusenelisa.

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