Isingeniso: Ukuthula Ephepheni, Ukuvukwa

Lapho i-Good Wearth Agreement (GFA) isayiniwe ngo-April 1998, yathembisa ukuqeda izingxabano zamahlelo ezingamashumi eminyaka ezaziwa ngokuthi iNyakatho Ireland. Isivumelwano esingokomlando samisa uhulumeni owehlayo olawula amandla kagesi, owenezelwe, ovikela amalungelo abantu, futhi wamisa uhlelo lokubambisana kwesiphambano se-communiny. Eziningi emadolobheni njengeBelfast ne-Derry/Londrendry, isivumelwano saletha izinguquko ezibonakalayo zezakhiwo ezintsha zezakhiwo zezakhiwo zamaphoyisa, izakhiwo ezihlanganisa izakhiwo ezihlangeneyo, nokuncipha kobudlova. Kodwa emagqumeni aqheke, emapulazini aqheke, emapulazini amancane ase-Northern Ireland, ukusungulwa kweGFA, ukulandelwa kweGFA, nokuncintiswa kwendlela engeziwe, futhi kulandele ukuncintisana.

Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni − ihlangene cishe namaphesenti angama-35 enani labantu base-Northern Ireland − ibhekene nezithiyo ezihlukene ezenza kube nzima ukuletha ukuthula. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Goographic, ukuntengantenga okujulile kwezomnotho, imingcele ephikelelayo yamahlelo, nokulinganiselwa kwemithombo kahulumeni yezimali kuye kwanciphisa ukuguqulwa kwezibopho zezombangazwe zaba izinto ezingokoqobo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele eziningi zokusebenzisa i-Good Wesihlanu Auth Revince e-Nyakatho - Ireland, sihlola indlela lezi zinkinga ezithinta ngayo imiphakathi yendawo, futhi sidwebe amasu aqinile ekufezeni isithembiso sesivumelwano esiphelele esingaphezu kwemingcele yedolobha.

Isizinda Sesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Nezinkinga Zaso Zasemaphandleni

Amalungiselelo E - GFA

I-Good Wearth Agreement (eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement) yayiwumkhiqizo weminyaka yengxoxo phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani no-Irish, kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe ayinhloko eNyakatho Ireland. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwahlanganisa i-Northern Ireland Assembly enesibopho samandla agunyaziwe, i-North - South Service Council yokukhuthaza ukubambisana neRepublic of Ireland, kanye noMkhandlu waseBrithani-Irish uxhumanisa bonke ohulumeni beziqhingi. Ohlangothini lomphakathi, isivumelwano sahloselwe “ukuhlonipheka” emiphakathini emibili emikhulu (ngokuyinhloko yobuProthestani) kanye ne-zwe (impela isonto lamaKatolika) kanye ne-ominye i-Hulumeni Yomphakathi (impela) ne-Hulumeni Yomphakathi.

Okubalulekile, i-GFA ikhuluma futhi ngenguquko yamaphoyisa, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zasekuqaleni zezempi, ukuthuthwa kwezikhali, nokwakhiwa kwesimiso esisha sokusingatha ifa lobudlova. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zaklanyelwa ukuvuselela yonke indawo, ukufinyelela kwazo bekungalingani. Izindawo zasemaphandleni, kanye nezindawo zazo eziphansi, ukuhlola okuncane kwezezezezobubuso, kanye nokuhlangana okuqinile nezakhiwo zezenhlala-ndawo, ngokuvamile zabhekana nalezinguquko ngokungafani nezikhungo zamadolobha. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zahlala ziseBelfast, okusho ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwesimiso kwakudinga ezinye izingqimba zezindawo zokungena nokuthathelwa imiphakathi ekude.

Kungani Kuhlala Asemaphandleni?

Indawo yasemaphandleni asemaphandleni ase-Ireland ayisona isikweleti esingekho lutho. Sinezindonga zokuthula” zesigaba somphakathi .Izintambo ezingabonakali ezihlukanisa amaProthestani namaKatolika angomakhelwane, ngokuvamile zilandela imingcele engokomlando yesifunda sesonto. Emadolobheni amaningi, isikole sendawo, isonto, nehholo lomphakathi kuhlala izindawo ezizimele. Ezomnotho zasemaphandleni zincike kakhulu kwezolimo, ezokuvakasha, kanye nezokukhiqiza okuncane, konke okuye kwahlupheka phakathi nezinkinga futhi kwabhekana nokululama kancane kancane kwangemva konyaka ka-1988. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zokuthutha ngokuvamile zimpofu, ngemisebenzi yomphakathi elinganiselwe yezimoto nemigwaqo ehlukanisa amabhuloshazi emizini. Lezizimo zezindawo zidala indawo lapho iGFA yenkululeko nokuhlangana kwezindawo ezihlukene zikhona.

Izinselele Ekufezeni Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Ezindaweni Zasemaphandleni ENyakatho Ireland

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwendawo Nezihlobo Ezimpofu

Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ezindaweni ezibalwayo njenge-Fermanagh, Tyrone, ne-Armagh ivame ukuthatha amahora amaningi ukusuka eBelfast. Lebanga eliphakathi lidala isithiyo esiqinile sokungenela izinkonzo zikahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa izenzakalo, noma nje ukuhileleka enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amahhovisi e-interern Ireland aphezulu agcwele emadolobheni amakhulu; izakhamuzi zamabhamu aqhelile kumelwe zithathe uhambo olude ukuze zihlangane nabameleli bazo noma zinikeze amaphepha. Phakathi neZinkathazo, imigwaqo eminingi yasemaphandleni yayinezintambo zempi, futhi izindawo zokuhlola ezinye imingcele. Nakuba lezi zizindawo zokuhlola izifunda zinyamalale isikhathi eside kusukela lapho zinyamalala, umuzwa wokuhlala.

I-trandbad ne-metroval ihlala iqinile ezindaweni eziningi ezikude, ilinganisela ukutholakala kwemisebenzi yomphakathi ehlangene nemithombo yokubuyisana nge-inthanethi. I-Northern Ireland Rural Buredius nokucwaninga i-Hub ibhalile ukuthi izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni azinamathuba amancane kakhulu okusebenzisa amatheku kahulumeni angaphakathi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezindawo zokuxhumana. Le nqubo yobuchwepheshe iveza umuzwa wokushiywa ngemuva enqubeni yokuthula, encike kakhulu emapulatifomuni angaphakathi kanye nasemishinini e-genance.

2. Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokukhubazeka

Izinkinga zezomnotho ziyisici esibucayi esilulaza ukwakha ukuthula. EMadolobheni ase-Northern Ireland kunamazinga aphakeme okuntula umsebenzi kunasemadolobheni, imiphakathi eminingi incike emsebenzini wezikhathi ezithile noma ekuhwebeni okubhekene nemingcele ehlukene okwaphazamiseka kakhulu phakathi nempi. I-Pfter-GFA yaqala ukufakwa eBelfast nase Derry/Londonderry, ishiya izindawo zasemaphandleni ezinezinqubo ezimbalwa zokusungula umsebenzi. Ukuvalwa kweziteshi zamaphoyisa namabutho asemaphandleni − ingxenye edingekile yokulondeka okuvamile kwe-octivess.

Ifa leZinkathazo lizwakala ngokwezomnotho: abalimi ezindaweni ezisemngceleni bakhumbula amashumi eminyaka okushushumbisa imingcele enqamule i-odar nokuphanga kwezempi, okwaqeda ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni futhi kwavimbela abanikazi bezimali ngaphandle. Nakuba Internationalern Fund ye-Ireland[[ ne-EUUUP i-EU ihlela izimali zokuthula ziye zafaka imali emaphandleni, igalelo alifani. Isifundo samashumi amabili amashumi amabili eminyaka sokushushumbisa ukukhomba nokuthumbana kwezethemba futhi saphazamisa abanikazi bamazwe. Quen’s Center Belfast Centry for the Parenty [ yathola ukuthi ukuncishwana kwezomnotho kuhlangene kakhulu nokusekela okuphansi kweGFA ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, njengoba izakhamuzi ezibona ukuthi ukuthula azikuyilezi.

3. Ukuhlukana Okujulile Kwezenhlalo Nemininingwane YobuProcenti

Umbono we-GFA womphakathi ohlukene uxhomeke emiphakathini ehamba ngaphandle kobutha obungokomlando. Nokho, ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlelo kusagxilile. Izindawo eziningi zinezimo ezihlukene, zinezindawo zezindlu, izikole, futhi ngisho nemikhosi ehlukene noma imililo ewubala ephawula umehluko wesiko. Ukuhlangana phakathi komakhelwane bamaKatolika nobuProthestani kungase kulinganiselwe ekuhwebelaneni okungokomthetho; ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo akuvamile. Le ngxenye iqiniswa ngezindlela zokuzalanisa: izindawo zasemaphandleni ngokuvamile zinezicindezelo eziqinile ze Orangemuva, kanti izindawo ezihlangene nezindawo zobuzwe zasemaphandleni zithonywe kakhulu iGelic Athletic Association nempucuko.

Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana okuxhumene ezimisweni zasemaphandleni ivinjelwa ukuntuleka kwezindawo ezingathathi hlangothi lapho womabili amaqembu ezizwa elondekile. Izikhungo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zingolunye uhlangothi noma olunye, futhi noma isiphi isenzakalo esihlangene sidinga ukuxoxisana okucophelelayo ngezimpawu, amafulegi, nezimpawu. Umbiko wamashumi amabili22 ovela [ku- I-RFal Communial Network iqokoshe ukuthi amashabhulo okuthula amaningi asemadolobheni asemaphandleni aphumela ekubeni abe khona abakhona abambalwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi babonwa “ngasohlangothininye.” Isivumelwano sesimiso sokuhlonipha” ngokuvamile sincishiswa ekubekeni okunga okungashintshile ekubuyisaneni okuqotho.

4. Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nezikhungo

Imikhandlu yasemaphandleni nezinhlangano zokuzithandela ngokuvamile zisebenza ngezimali ezincane futhi zimbalwa kunezisebenzi zasedolobheni. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa i-GFA--exploring ehlobene ne-GFA, njengezinhlelo zobudlelwane bomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa ukusekela imfundo, noma ifa eliyifa, kuvame ukuwa emaqenjini endawo aseyandisiwe kakade. Izimali ezivela kuhlelo lwe-EUUPA Peace noma eNyakatho Ireland Iphethe i- kungenzeka ukuthi incintisana futhi i-kancane, kuholela ekuhlolweni kwe-prefe. I-prefectionssssionationssss Programmessss yaphawula ukuthi imisebenzi yasemaphandleni cishe ayitholi mali enkulu ngenxa yokuthi ayenayo amandla okuphatha iziphaka noma ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkonzo zempilo nezemfundo, ezisemqoka emalungiselelweni alinganayo esivumelwano, nazo zihlushwa ukuncishiswa kwasemaphandleni. Izikole eziningi zasemaphandleni zihlala zihlukanisiwe ngokwenkolo, futhi ukusekela kweGFA imfundo ehlangeneyo kuye kwathatha kancane emaphandleni. Ukuvaleka kwesibhedlela nokuswelakala kweGP kuye kwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imingcele, kukhubaza umuzwa wezakhamuzi wokuthi ukuthula kuye kwaletha izinkonzo zomphakathi ezingcono.

Ifa Lobudlova Nethonya Lempi

Nakuba i-GFA yaholela ekususweni kwezikhali ezinkulu zamabutho ezempi, isithunzi seZinkathazo sisebonakala sinkulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Amabutho angaphambili nhlangothi zombili alondoloza ithonya lendawo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini eseduze lapho imindeni yomkhaya nobudlelwane obungokomlando bujula khona. Kwezinye izindawo zasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi eningizimu ye-Armagh nenyakatho ye-Tyrone, amaqembu avukelayo ayaqhubeka esebenza, eqhuba izigebengu noma aqale ukuhlasela izikhali zezezokuphepha. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuvimbela ukubambisana nombuso futhi kungasongela labo abazama ukuhlanganyela ekwabelaneni kwesiphambano.

Izisulu zeZinkathazo emiphakathini yasemaphandleni ngokuvamile zinomuzwa wokuthi izinqubo zefa lesivumelwano zihamba kancane futhi zivuleka amanxeba amadala ngaphandle kokuvala. [FOLT]] WAVE Centre, okunikeza ukusekela eNyakatho ne-Ireland, okuthi abasindayo basemaphandleni abafa emigwaqweni ecashayo noma ekuqhunyisweni, kodwa lezi zinqubo azinanwa kakhulu futhi zivuleka amanxeba amadala ngaphandle kokuvala. [FLT:]

Ithonya Emiphakathini Yasendaweni — Isithombe Esixubile

Lapho Ukuthula Kusuké Khona

Naphezu kwezinselele, kunezindaba zempumelelo emaphandleni. Amanye amadolobhana anempumelelo. Njenge-Enniskillen, Banbridge, ne Strabane − aye athuthukisa imikhosi echumayo enqamule i-commony, ahlanganyela amagceke ezitolo, kanye nezindawo zemidlalo ezihlangene. Ukwanda kwezokuvakasha eMacway Coaral Route ne-Wild Atlantic Way kuye kwaveza amathuba ezomnotho aletha amaProtestani kunye namaKatolika njengezivakashi. Inani elandayo lezikole zasemaphandleni lithatha “imfundo ehleliwe”, lapho izingane ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zifunda ndawonye endaweni engathathi hlangothini, ngisho noma isikole sabo esikhulu sihlala sihlukene. Lezi zikhombi zentuthuko yeze ukuthi izimiso zeGFA zingakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwezindawo zamadolobha, izikhulu zezindawo ezinikezwayo nezokuphatha imali.

Lapho Ukwehlukana Kuqhubeka Khona

Kodwa ezinhlalweni eziningi zokuhamba futhi ezinhlalweni zokulima, ukuthula kuhlala kubuthakathaka. Izenzakalo zamahlelo − njengokufakwa kwemidwebo yezindlu, imidwebo ebhalwe phansi, noma ukushiswa kwezithombe zokukhetha − kuyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yokuhamba yasehlobo. Impikiswano ye-parading, ngokuyinhloko esemaphandleni (ngokuhamba kwe-Orange Order edlula ezindaweni zobuzwe), ihlala iyinye yezikhawu ezihlukanisa kakhulu zeGFA. Isinqumo somkhakhakhakha se-parde sivame ukuhlanganelwa nodwengumthetho wendawo, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile i-GQLT [F:0] i-Garyggy Road ePortedman [[FLD:] [FF]] noma [FLD] [FFF] ku-DORGOT] isikhumbuza ukuthi ubudlova obuvelayo.

Izinguquko ze-demographic zibangela futhi ukucindezeleka. Kwezinye izindawo zasemaphandleni, inani labantu abangamaKatolika liye lakhula kancane kancane, kuholela ekushintsheni kwemingcele yezekhethelo kanye nokumelelwa komkhandlu wendawo. Abashisekeli bobunye kulezindawo bangase bazizwe besongelwa, kuyilapho abashisekeli besizwe bebheka ushintsho njengokulungiswa okungokwemvelo kobandlululo olungokomlando. Ilungiselelo leGFA lenhlolo - vo yesikhathi esizayo (ukubuyiselwa kwe-Ireland ehlangene) liveza okunye ukungaqiniseki emiphakathini yasemaphandleni lapho i-GFA iboshelwe kakhulu khona izwe nensimu.

Ukungafani Kwezizukulwane

Intsha ezalwa ngemva kuka-1998 iye yakhulela emphakathini lapho ubudlova bezempi buyivelakancane, kodwa ukuhlukana komphakathi kuhlala kuyinto evamile. Emadolobheni asemaphandleni, intsha eningi iyashiya imisebenzi noma imfundo ephakeme eBelfast, eDublin, noma kwamanye amazwe, ibhebhethekisa inani labantu basemaphandleni. Labo abahlala behlala behlala emaphandleni abazali babo futhi bagcine behlala ezindaweni ezifanayo ezihlukene zokuhlala. Nokho, kunezimpawu ezikhuthazayo: amaqembu entsha ahlanganisa intsha ezizindeni zamaKatolika namaProthestani ngomculo, noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela anezinga eliphakeme lokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo. Inseleleka lemisebenzi ifinyelela ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho izindleko zokuthutha izindlu nezinombolo eziphansi ziwenza abe nzima khona ukuba ahlangane.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa – Ukuletha IGFA Ezindaweni Zasemaphandleni

1. Ukutshala Imali Ekufundiseni Nokubambisana

Izakhiwo ezingcono ezingokwemvelo nezingokwezinombolo ziyimfuneko ukuze kukhiwe ukuthula emaphandleni. I-Northern Ireland Auditive kumele ithuthukiswe umgwaqo, ikakhulukazi emaphasishini ayinhloko anqamleza i-loridi njenge-A1/N1 ne-A5, eyathenjiswa iminyaka eminingi kodwa yangaleso sikhathi. Izinxulumani ezingcono zezokuthutha umphakathi phakathi kwezindawo zasemaphandleni nezindawo ezisemaphandleni ziyokwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba zingene ezinkonzo ezihlangene, zingene ezinqamule izenzakalo ze-communiny, futhi zihlanganyele ekuthintaneni. Ngokungakhombani, ziphumele ngaphandle okugcwele okubanzi kwe-fibrobologobolo yonke izingxoxo yasemaphandleni ingakwazi ukuvala igebe futhi zivumele imiphakathi ukuba izikhulu ezihlanganisanayo, ukuhlanganisa imicimbi yemfundo, kanye nemihlangano ehlangene nezindikimba yohulumeni.

Izinyathelo Zokuthatha Ezindaweni Ezinemibhoshongo

Izindlela ezisezansi azivamile ukusebenza ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Amabhuloho axhasa i-lens esemthethweni, idinga imvume yokuhlanganisa ukufinyelela nokuzivumelanisa nezindawo ezinabantu abambalwa. Imisebenzi ye-social-ocementay (imikhosi enjengemikhosi enqamulene ne-communimunion, imikhosi yokubambisana ekhuthaza amabhuloho amahlelo, noma imikhondo yendawo etshela kokubili ukuhlangana kwesizwe nesizwe, ingenza ukuba kutholakale ukukholeka kwezindawo ezithile. Imikhosi ye-EUNIC sycromeographs [ kakade] isiye yakhandile “iqembu lokuthula” izimpawu ezikhuthaza amaqembu ahlala emaphandleni ukuba asebenzelane; lokhu kufanele kwandiswa.

3. Ukuqinisa Imfundo Ehlaziyiwe Nomsebenzi Wentsha

Ukusekela kweGFA imfundo ehlangeneyo kuye kwancishiswa futhi kwathatha isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho izikole zobuntwana zivamile khona. UMnyango Wemfundo kufanele uhlanganise izikole zasemaphandleni ukuze wakhe amalungiselelo amabili ezindawo eziseduze nezindawo ezihlanganyelayo futhi zihlangane ngamakilasi ahlangeneyo, . Lomklamo uye wasebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinjenge College eBalymena futhi kufanele uphinde uhlaziyiswe.

Ukusingatha Ngokuqondile Ukwaziswa Kwezomnotho

Ukuthula kuhlala kuqinile uma abantu bebona izinzuzo ezingokoqobo zezomnotho. Amasu okuvuselela asemaphandleni kufanele ahlosele izindawo zokuncishwa okukhulu kakhulu ngenhlanganisela yamasu okwakha umsebenzi, ukusekela uhambo lwezentengiselwano, kanye nezindawo zebhizinisi. I-Multural Network NI ihlongoze “izindawo zokuthula” ezisemngceleni, kanye nezisusa zentela emabhizinisini asebenzisa umsebenzi ophambano oluhlanganisa amaqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ifa le-Rodvetic Reaised alikunqandezi ukuvinjelwa kokuvikelwa kwendlela engcono yokuphepha komphakathi nesisekelo sezindawo zokusekela izisulu zendawo.

5. Ukusekela Nokwenqabela Uhulumeni

Ekugcineni, i-Northern Ireland Guide Adminitive kudinga imfuno yasemaphandleni kuzo zonke izinqubo ezihlobene neGFA. Lokhu kusho ukufuna ukuba wonke umnyango ufeze isilinganiso semiphumela yasemaphandleni yezindlela ezithinta ifa, ukulingana, ukulingana, ubudlelwane nomphakathi. IKomiti yezeMibutho yase-Australia eMhlanganweni kufanele ibe nendima ekhethekile ekufezeni ukuthula. Ukubambisana kwesiphambano ngaphansi kwe-North-Southal Service Council kunganikezwa ithuba lokulimaza izimiso zokuthuthukisa amakhaya ezinhlangothini zombili zomngcele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nezokunakekela impilo, ukuthutha, nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo, ezithinta ngokuqondile imiphakathi yasemaphandleni.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili Ezweni

I-Good Wear Agreement yabuthelwa emakamelweni okuhlangana eBelfast, kodwa ikusasa layo lizonqunywa ezindaweni ezihambayo nasezindaweni ezibukisayo zase-Northern Ireland. Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni iye yabhekana nakho kokubili ukudumazeka nokunqoba kwenqubo yokuthula ngezikhathi ezithile enkathini eyikota edlule. Izinselele zokuhlukaniswa kwezwe, ukungahlangani kwezomnotho, amahlelo aqhubekayo, kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kuyinto yangempela futhi kuyamangalisa. Nokho amasu adwebalwelwe [1] kusukela ekusunguleni kwezentengiselwa phambili kwezeko yezemfundo nasemiphakathini ehlanganisa intuthuko yezomnotho futhi angenisa phambili.

Akukho nanye kulokhu kungenela okuyizinhlamvu zesiliva; kudinga ukusekela okuqinile kwentando yezombangazwe, ukusekela imali, nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwabantu bendawo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokunaka ngamabomu ukuma emaphandleni, i-Good Wear Advement iyingozi yokuba isivumelwano sokuthula sasedolobheni, ishiya imiphakathi emincane isavalelekile emafakeni eZinkathazo. Ngokudlulisela isithembiso esigcwele seGFA kuzo zonke izigodi, isigodi, nomgwaqo womngcele, i-Northern Ireland ingasondela eduze kakhulu ekuthuleni okugcwele nokuhlala njalo, okungasayinwanga nje i-inki, kodwa okuhlala enhlabathini.