Indima Yeziphakamiso Ezingaxhumani Nezindawo Ezizungezile

I-PUCCs ehlangene nenhlangano ethile yezezimali (PACs) iyisisekelo sezimali zezezimali zaseMelika, ithumela amadollar azimele esimisweni sezombangazwe ukuze amise isimiso kanye nabavoti. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zama-PAC, ezingangeniwayo, ama-PAC avelele ngenxa yokuzimela kwawo: awahlangene nenhlangano, ukuhlangana kwezisebenzi, ukuhlangana kwezentengiselwano, noma umkhankaso wezezimali. Kunalokho, akhiwa abantu ngabanye, amaqembu ahloniswe, noma izinhlangano zemibono ukuze aqhubekisele phambili imbangela ethile. Eminyakeni yamuva, ama-PAC angenayo aye avelela kakhulu ekulweni kwesivikelo semvelo esiqinile, ukubambisana kwawo nokubambisana komzabalazo, abenzi bomthetho abamukela umthetho, kanye nokuqoqa izikhungozo zawo. Ikhono lawo lokuzisebenzela izinhlangano zezentengo yombuso, ukuvuselelwa kwezelelwe futhi kuvuselelwe kakhulu kwezombangazwe.

I - pacc Ehlukile

Ukuze uqonde indima yama-PAC angekho e-pacs axhunyaniswe endaweni ezungezile, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza i-PACS [[FL: 1] yakhiwe yinhlangano, inyuswa inhlangano, noma inhlangano yamalungu kuphela yiminikelo yesigaba esivinjelwe (eg., izikhulu, izabelo, noma amalungu). [FLT:] Nov [FLT] [NN] exhunyiwe [[FLT] i-PAC] imiswe yinhlangano, inyuswa yinhlangano, noma inhlangano yamalungu, futhi ingenze iminikelo ephuma kuleyo sigaba esilinganiselwe (eg.g., izikhulu, inikela ngemikhawulo ye-$C], noma amalungu ahlukene. [FLT:][FLT][F2][FFFFF:3] [3], ngokwenani elizimele, iminikelo ephakathi kweminyango, ingabalwa yiminikelo efanayo, futhi inganikela ku-RC5000, futhi i-R2]

Lenkululeko yokwakha inikeza i-PACs engaxhunyaniswe nenzuzo ekhethekile. Ababheki phambili entweni ephansi yenhlangano eyodwa noma inyunyana, ngakho bangathatha izimo eziqinile ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengekharbon crimpting noma ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi kaphethiloli. Bangaguqula futhi ngokushesha amathuba amasha amasha, kubekelwe inselele enkulu emalini ebhaliwe ebhandeni eliphansi, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle kokukhathalela ukuqhuma kwezezombangazwe. INhlangano yeNhlangano yeNkaniso yokulondoloza i Voters (LC) Ukunqoba i-Victory, i-shald Cluement yezepolitiki ye-S, ne-Whivilement Working’s Action Fund. Inye yalezi zinkontineze esendaweni ezungezile isebenza njengendawo ehlukene, ngokwezikhungokwasobala, i-PColi ehlolwayo ezindaweni eziphakathi kwezindawo ezisebenzela abantu kanye nezindawo zayo ezihlangene kanye nempilweni ezihlangene.

UNonpangoc oxhunyaniswe futhi unomngcele ekuboneni. Ngoba kumelwe abhalise ne-FEC kanye namafayela imibiko enikeza imibiko elandelanayo enikeza iminikelo engaphezulu kuka-R360, banikeza umlando obala womuntu oxhasa indawo ezungezile . Lokhu kungafaniswa ne-palasethiwe “izinhlangano ezimnyama” njenga 501(c)(4) amaqembu enhlalakahle, angasebenzisa ekukhangiseni kwezezombangazwe ngaphandle kwembula abani abanikeli bawo. Kubantu abaningi abasekela indawo ezungezile, ukubonakala okulinganiselwe kwe-PACs okungaxhunyiwe yindawo yokuthengisa, ukuthembana nabase abafuna ukulandisa.

Indlela Engcono Yokusingatha Isimiso Sendawo Ezungezile

Ama-PAC axhumene asebenzisa amasu amaningi ahlukahlukene okuthuthukisa izimiso zendawo ezungezile. Ukuzimela kwawo kuwenza akwazi ukuhlanganisa amasu angokwesiko omkhankaso wezezimali nezindlela zobuphekula zobutshani, ukucindezela okungokomthetho, kanye nokuphuma kwemithombo yezindaba.

Ukusekela Nokusekela Umkhankaso

Ithonya eliqondile kakhulu lama-PAC angekho ku-1969 eliyiminikelo yezimali kwabameleli abasekela izimbangela zendawo ezungezile. Ama-PAC anjenge-LCV Victory Fund avumelana njalo futhi anikele kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni abavoti abanamarekhodi aqinile okuvota esimweni sezulu, umoya ohlanzekile, kanye nesivikelo samanzi. Leminikelo ngokuvamile iwukufakwa kwemali yokuqala emkhankasweni wemali, ibasiza ukuba bazuze ukubonakala nokuthembeka. Kusukela ku-2022, amaPC angekho ekhona angenza futhi izindleko ezizimele zokwenza izindleko ezingalinganiselwe ezikhangisweni zokukhangisa eziveza obala noma ezimelene nombhaliseki, uma nje bengahlangani nomkhankaso. Lokhu “ngaphandle” kuye kwaba yithuluzi elinamandla: phakathi kokhetho olungu-2022, phakathi nendawo ezungezile, ezingancishisiwe ngezigidi ezingu-2006, ezikhangiselwa ezikhangisweni zezelelwa ngemikhankani zezeli, njengezikhasi, njengezihlu, i-Orkirki, kanye ne-Orki, njenge-Orkine.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le minikelo ivame ukunqwabelana iminikelo evela kwabanikeli bayo − iqoqa imishini eminingi yokuhlola nokuyithumela njengesigaxa kumntwana — okuyenza ithonya layo libe namandla futhi ikwazi ukudlulisela izimpawu eziqinile zotshani. I-Bounding iphumelela kakhulu kuma-PAC angaxhunyiwe angu-36 ngoba ifaka intshiseko yabanikelayo abaningi abancane kunokuba ithembele kumasheke amancane.

Ukuzibandakanya Ngokungagunci Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ngaphandle kokhetho, ama-PAC axhunyaniswe angenela ekufuneni umthetho wendawo ezungezile ngokuqondile. Nakuba engenakuthola usizo njengamaqembu ezentengiselwano noma izinkampani ezinikezelwe, ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe alondoloza izindaba zikahulumeni amaqembu ahlangana namalungu e-Congress kanye nezisebenzi zawo, anikeza ubufakazi ezindlebeni, futhi afaka iziphakamiso zezimiso zokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nvironmental Group Act Fund ivame ukuthatha izikhundla zokukhuphula i-Toxic Plassionssions Control Act nemithetho eqinile encikelweni ye-PFAS. Ngokungafani nama-PCC angenza ukuba intela noma intela i-ogroublecle, lamaqembu angena-Greault axhumanisayo amaqembu azimele empilweni yomphakathi kanye ne-ongongongongongo, ngokuvamile aphikisana nezimboni zezemboni.

Imisebenzi yokuphanga ibikwa ngaphansi kweLobbing Dislosure Act, futhi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe achitha imali engaphezu kwemali encincane ekungeniseni imibiko ye-oda kufanele ibhaliswe futhi ibhalwe ngekota yemibiko. Lokhu kubonakala kuvumela izinhlangano ezigade i-PCs ukuba zilandele ithonya lama-paC emvelo kanye nezinhlangano zazo.

Izimpande Ezigcwele Izixuku Nemfundo Yomphakathi

Ama-PAC axhumene aphambili ekuqoqeni abavoti nasekuphakamiseni umphakathi ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile. Ngezikhangiso zezemishini, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, neposi eliqondile, afundisa izakhamuzi ngemibhalo yendawo ezungezile yezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezigxobo zomthetho ozayo. Abaningi baqhuba futhi imikhankaso “yokwenza”, becela abazofuna ukwenza imikhankaso ekhethekile efana nesilinganiso esingu-100% samandla ahlanzekile noma ukuphikisa u-oyela omusha ne-gascredi. Lezi zibo zomphakathi zenza amabhandekisi acacile.

Phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha, abaqondisi bezindawo ezizungezile abangaxhunyaniswe bavame ukuhlela abahleli bezindawo ezizungezile ukuze bangqongqoze eminyango, babhange locingo, futhi bakhiphe abasekeli babafuna ukufika kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ikomiti yezombangazwe ye-Sierra Club, inomlando omude wokubopha izibopho zotshani, ukusekela isisekelo sawo sonke isizwe ukuze kubangele ukucindezela kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Lomdlalo wezwe ubucayi kakhulu ezinhlalweni zesigaba sezwe, isishaya-panothi, ikhomishane yesifunda, nomkhankanti wedolobha (hmple yesimiso sendawo ezungezile) lapho ivame ukumiswa.

Izinselele Zokukhuluma Ngecala Nezomthetho

Nakuba kungewona umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko, abanye abaxhunyiwe basebenzisa i-PAC njengethuluzi lokuqinisekisa imithetho yendawo ezungezile noma ukuvimbela imisebenzi eyingozi. Ngenxa yokuthi bayizinhlangano ezihlukene ezingokomthetho, bangamangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma izinhlangano ngaphandle kokudonsela inhlangano yazo ewumzali ekulweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCentre for Biological Diversity’s PaC isekele ukugawulwa kwemithetho okunzima yokugawulwa kwemithi kanye nokuvunyelwa kwemibhobho engekho projeni. Nakuba ukubhalisa izimali kuxhaswe ngezikhali ezihlukene ezingakhi (njenge-501(c)(3), izinhlangano ze-PAC zinganikeza amaqembu axhaswa ngemali angawamukela amaqembu adinga izimali ezimele ukuvalwa kweminyango ende.[6]

Ithonya Elilinganiswayo Emithethweni Yendawo Ezungezile

Umphumela oqhubekayo wama - PAC angewona axhunywe enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile unamandla, nakuba kunzima ukuhlukanisa emizamweni ebanzi yokufuna ukuzuza imvelo.

I-Wins Win eClimal for Climate Champions. Emijikelezweni ka-2018 no-2020, i-PACC esendaweni ezungezile engaxhunyiwe yasiza ekusekeleni iNdlu yendlu eyinhloko nesihlalo seSihlalo esiphezulu ngokuxhasa phambili kwekhulukhulu lesigaba sabazo esenzela abathatha isinyathelo sesimo sezulu. Abameleli abanjengo-Ocasiosécortez (DHANY) kanye no-Senator Mark Kelly (DÍAZ) bathola ukusekela okuphawulekayo kwasekuqaleni emaqenjini anjengeJaji Democrans PC (atrunet kunoma yiliphi ikomiti) neLC Victory Fund yabo e-Reddioxtiox 20222) engcono kakhulu esimo sezulu nakwengeziwe.

I-Statental à Progatical Wins. I-PaC iye yasebenza kakhulu kakhulu kuma-octive kahulumeni. Ngo-2020, iNhlangano yeSivumelwano Sokuvikela Izwe eColorado yachitha imali eshicilelwe kakhulu ukusekela iProposition 112, eyayizokuba nesithiyo sezehlakalo esiphezulu semithombo kawoyela negesi. Nakuba isilinganiso sehluleka ekugcineni, ukuqaphela umphakathi futhi sacindezela umthetho ukuba udlulise iziqondiso eziqinile ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngokufanayo, abantu abangaxhunyiwe eWashington basiza ekuxhaseni umkhankaso wemali ephumelelayo yecarbonbon (Initive 1631), nakuba kamuva sagumbuqelwa yinkantolo; i-PAC yendima yenkulumo ehambisana nenkulumo yokukhokhwakhwawa ye-parti ye-ptic proced proceds (ence) ye-prese proced proced proced proced).

ngokusekela i-Overton Window. Ngokusekela ngokuqhubekayo izimali kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo ezungeze isimo sezulu, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye asiza ekususeni isikhungo sezombangazwe esinamandla adonsela phansi. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, amaRepublican ambalwa eCongress angavuma ngisho nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu; namuhla, inani elandayo lamaRepublicans lisekela ukukhokha intela nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamandla. Nakuba izici eziningi ziye zanezela kule nguquko, ukucindezela okuqinile kwemvelo ye-PACs /combine nezindawo ezihlala kuzo utshani kungenza ushintsho lwesimo sezulu esisezingeni lokusebenza esinguququlweni sombili.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwempumelelo yawo, ama - PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekana nezinselele ezinkulu nokugxekwa okunengqondo okulinganisela ukuphumelela kwawo noma okubangela ukukhathazeka okungokokuziphatha.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezimali

U-Nonmbɛc u-PAC oxhumene nama-PAC ancike kakhulu eminikelweni ewu $5 000 (R1 000) ngonyaka, okwenza ancike kakhulu esisekelweni esikhulu sabanikelayo abancane. Ngokungafani ne-Super PACS, engamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela ezinhlanganweni nakwabacebile, i-PACC ehlangeneyo, i-PUCCs engohlanganisayo ayinakuqongelela ngokushesha amabhokisi amakhulu empi. Le-skompani ishosho ukuthi ngokuvamile ishiye ama-PAC kanye namaqembu ebhizinisi emali emali emalini. Ngokwesibonelo, kumjikelezo ohamba phambili wezemvelo e-palaC (LCC Fundy) engenisa i-R1, kanti i-Kochquenet i-Melikansts (501) nge-PC) echinegidiwe i-PC esetshenziswa kakhulu i-PC esamba ngokuncibilisa kakhulu.

Ukubona kude kanye “nemali engathandeki”

Nakuba ama-PAC angaxhunyanisiwe embula abanikeli bawo, ngokuvamile athola iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye kanye nakuma-aquor anika amaqembu amnyama emali. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sivumela abanikeli abacebile ukuba bafake imali ngezindlela eziningi − ukunikeza ama-PAC angu-R35 000 (R1 000) futhi bese kuba izigidi ku-501 (c) (4) ezikhangisa izikhangiso ezidumisa lowo mfundi () ozidumisayo) ulwembukwane lwethonya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abangaxhunyiwe ngezindlela eziningi abakhangi i-PAC abakhangiswe ngokwemithetho esobala njengoba besho. I-FEFEC'C's chaption ifuna kuphela ukudluliswa kweminikelo yabanikeli abangaphezu kuka-R20000; iminikelo emincane ihlala ingaziwa.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Ngokuvumelana

U-Nonngavezikane no-PAC kumelwe anyathele ngokucophelela ukuze agweme ukusebenzelana okungekho emthethweni nabazohlolwa noma amadili. I-FEC inqabela izindleko ezizimele ezithi qhaqha ukuxoxa ngamasu abo okusebenzisa imali ngemikhankaso. Lokhu kwenza “uthango lomlilo” olungavimbela ukuhleleka okukahle. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC esendaweni ezungezile ingaqala i-active active blitz enhlant esifundeni lapho ukuhlola kwangaphakathi kombhacekisi kuveza khona ukuthi kudingeka bagxile esigijimini esihlukile. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa, i-PAC ingaba yingxeba engaphumeleli, ihoshoshoshozela ukuchitha imithombo yemali noma ngisho nokulimaza umkhakhathi. [FLT:] Inkantolo ephakeme] i-Citable inhle yokuzimela ngaphandle kwe-octive, ukuvingcunsulight esebenzayo.[[FLB: 1]

Umncintiswano Nokuhlukana

I-NRDC Action Fund ayiwona umzabalazo wokwemvelo; i-PACs eningi engaxhumenelwanga i-parzine yethafa elifanayo elinikelayo namathuba omkhankaso. Amaqembu anjenge-Sierra Club, LCV, Clean Water Action, ne-NRDC Action Fund ngalinye linezinto eziza kuqala nezimiso zokulinganisela indawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuhlukana kunganciphisa ithonya elihlangene. Kunye i-PCCCs, ama-Pices amaningi asekela abaphilidi abaphili benkonzo ehlukene, ukuhlukanisa isisekelo nedidanisa. Ukuhlola okungu 2021 okwenziwa yi-OpenSACrets kwathola ukuthi indawo ezungezile i-PaC kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kuchitha i-60% yalokho okuchithwa yimboni esetshenziswayo ngenkampani yayo ye-PC kanye nezohwebo. Ukuhlukanisa kwezindawo eziningi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ekulweni kwemicimbini.

Ikusasa Lokulawulwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Ngezinhlamvana Ezingaxhunyiwe

Uma ubheka phambili, amaPaC angaxhunyiwe cishe ayozivumelanisa nesimo sezombangazwe nesezobuchwepheshe esishintsha ngokushesha.

Amandla Akhulayo Ezakhi Zofuzo (nawabanikazi Abancane)

Ukuvela kwamaplatifomu afaka i-Intanethi e-cranshing enjengo-Act Blue kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ukwakha izisekelo ezinkulu ezinikelayo. Iminikelo yamaPixprodollar ivame ukufakwa ngaphansi kuka-R950 (R94) manje ngenxa yokunikela okukhulayo kweminikelo yezemvelo. Ngo-2020, i-LCV Victory Fund yabika ukuthi iminikelo yayo engaphezu kuka-70% yayingaphansi kuka-200. Lokhu kuvikela le PAC ngenxa yokuncika ebhandekweni elicebile elimbalwa futhi kuhlanganisa ukusekela kwayo umphakathi obanzi. Njengoba ukukhathazeka kwesimo sezulu kwanda, ikakhulukazi ezizukulwaneni ezisencane, ichibini labanikela ngeminikelo evumayo ukunikela i-PC kunakho ukunwetshwa.

Ukuxhumana Nemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe Nezenhlalo

Ama-PAC angenakho ukuxhumana okusingisele ku-ccula amathuluzi e-minute. Asebenzisa ukwaziswa okunemida ukuze afake abavoti ngokuthumela imiyalezo ngokunembe, asebenzise i-micropronations e-cronation ukuze athole ukusekela okuzenzekelayo, futhi aqhube imikhankaso yamagciwane ecindezelayo ngegama. Ukhetho lwaphakathi kwenkathi yama 2022 lwabona isikhonkwane esiseTik Tok ne Instagram. Izikhangiso zokuqala ezikhiqizwa amaqembu anjengo-Sunrise Movement (e esebenza i-PAC engekho e-amfashonini). Lawo mapulatifomu avumela ukuba kusungulwe, inte ethinta i-meotantina, i-meontantary ngokomzwelo ekhuluma ngezindaba ezweyo engokwesiko.

Impi Yokuqondisa Engaphambili

Umthetho we-PACs ongekho oxhunyanisiweyo awukhona owengeziwe. Imizamo yomphakathi yokulungisa izimali zezezimali .Njengoba uMthetho we-DISCLOSE, ongaziqinisa imithetho emnyama yemali , [1] ingandisa ukubonakala kwawo wonke ama-PAC, kuhlanganise nalawo angaxhunyiwe. Ngokuphambene, izinselele zeNkantolo Ephakeme zingase zinciphe kakhulu imali esetshenziswayo, zingavumela ama-PACC angaxhunyiwe ngokukhululekile kakhulu ngemikhankaso. Ukuma kwe-moomzansi kuyodinga ukuqapha ukuvikela i-projectal nemithetho enikeza iminikelo yazo manje. Noma iziphi izinguquko eziveza imingcele yokuzimela imali engosini ezimele zingaqhubeka zinciphe amazwi aphansi aphansi e-PACC.

Gxila Ekuphuthumani Kwesimo Sezulu

Njengoba imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ikhula ngemililo yequbula, izikhukhula, nokushisa okukhulu kwezombangazwe kuzokhula. Ama-PAC ahlangeneyo amiswa ngokukhethekile ukuze aqhubele phambili lowo mkhosi ophuthumayo emiphumeleni ekhethekile. Angavuza abenzi bemithetho abavotela ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwe-octal effects nejekeza labo abaphazamisa intuthuko. I-Inflatiation Reduction of 2022tic Act yaba ukunqoba okuphawulekayo, kodwa abasekeli beqaphela ukuthi kudingeka okwengeziwe. I-PACC cishe iyakusuka ekuzivikeleni (ukuvikela i-Aemper, ukuvimbela amafutha) ukuya eqhwebeni (ukuzama ukuqhumisa i-carbonbon, ukusekela i-oct, ukusekela kwe-octive internation, ukuxhasa izimali emhlabeni wonke.) Ukuzimela kwabo i-palcedword ingaba i-ka i-pane.

Isiphetho

I-Non ­ Cc exhunyaniswe isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile phakathi kwengxenye yemali yezakhamuzi ezikhathalela indawo ezungezile kanye namahholo alawulayo. Inkululeko yazo zokwakha, ukubonakala okulinganiselwe, futhi igxile empikiswaneni esekelwe kuyi-(producedism) izenza zihluke kuwo womabili amaqembu enkampani i-PACs kanye namaqembu angenayo amaphepha amnyama emali. Ngeminikelo, ukukhuthaza, ukuqoqa, ukuhlanganisa izinyunyana zotshani zotshani, nokucathula ngezikhathi ezithile, le-PAC iye yasiza ekuthuthukiseni isimo sezulu nesivikelo sendawo eMelika njengokunqoba imicimbi yezempikiswano eMelika. Ziye zasekela imikhankani yabathaze kamuva abaqali bezincwadi futhi badlulisa umthetho ongokomlando wesimo, futhi baye babheka abakhi bemithetho bevotela ukulwa kwezwe elimelene nesilinganiso sikahulumeni nesilinganiso sikahulumeni.

Kodwa akuyona ikhambi. Ukunqanda ukulinganiselwa kwemali, imingcele engokomthetho, nokuhlukana kwenhlangano yendawo ezungezile kucindezela ithonya labo bonke. Abagxeki baveza ngokufanelekile ukuthi ngisho ne-PACs ebonakala ngale esebenzayo esimisweni esivumela inqwaba yemali ukuba ithonye ezombangazwe(nenxa yokuthi isimiso ngokwaso singadinga ukushintshwa ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya layo yonke imali kwezombangazwe. Noma kunjalo, kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi izimiso zemvelo eziqinile zixhomeke ekukhetheni abasekeli abaqinile, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe alokhu elokhu ekhona asebenza ngenye yamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu. Njengoba isimo sezulu siwohloka, indima yabo iyobaluleka kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ekhonweni elingokomthetho le-PACs exhunyiwe kanye nemiphumela yayo yendawo ezungezile, bheka i-FEC iziqondiso zokubhalisa i-PAC[FLT, i- i-League of Conservation Voters Victory Fund[[, futhi inikeza izibonelo zokuhlola [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ama-octivesting Pareat [[FLT]]. [[FLT] Izenzo zomsebenzi zomsebenzi][FLT] Iqembu [FLT][FLT][FLT][7]