Indima Yemikhosi Yesifunda Enqubweni Yesizwe Yomthetho WaseJapane: Ukuhlaziya Okukhulisiwe

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane sivame ukubhekwa ngelens yamaqembu aso avelele esizwe, ngokuyinhloko iLiberal Democratic Party ende (LDP) ne-Constitutional Democratic Party yaseJapan (CDP) ephikisa kakhulu. Nokho, lombono awuwuboni ububanzi obunzima bokubusa kweJapane: indima ephikelelayo nebalulekile yamaqembu engokobuzwe. Le zinhlangano, ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezithile ezihlukene noma ezindaweni ezibanzi, zisebenza njengemibhoshoshoshoshoshosholo ebalulekile yezithakazelo zezezwe phakathi kwenqubo ye-mthetho yesizwe. Nakuba zingaba nezihlalo ezimbalwa kuphela zezihlalo zesizwe (iKokkami), ithonya lazo linweba ngaphezu kwamandla azo. Ngokuveza izinhlelo eziphambili, izinhlangano zamaqhinga, izinhlangano ezihlukene emakamelweni, nezinhlanganweni eziphambili zezindawo ezingokozwe eliphansi, ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zezwe, izinhlangano zezindawo eziphambili, izinhlangano zezindawo eziphambili, ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zezwe, izinhlangano zezwe, izinhlangano zezwe eliphansi, izinhlangano, izinhlangano, i

Izindawo Ezinhle Eziyizifunda EJapane

Amaqembu ezifunda eJapane achazwa ngokugxila kwawo ekuzinzeni kwendawo kanye nokuzimisela kwawo ezindabeni ezithinta indawo ethile, njengendawo ebanzi, idolobha, noma indawo yedolobha. Ngokungafani namaqembu esizwe aqala amapulatifomu avulekile ukuze afake isicelo kubantu kulo lonke izwe, amaqembu ezifunda agxila ezintweni ezinjengemisebenzi yezezisekelo zendawo, ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho ezindaweni eziwohlokayo, ukulondolozwa kwempucuko, nokubhekana nezinselele ezihlukile zezenhlalo noma zendawo ezungezile eziyingqayizivele ezitholakala endaweni yawo.

Izibonelo Ezinkulu Zeqembu Lesifunda

Amaqembu amaningi esifunda aye afinyelela ukuvelela nokuthonya okuphawulekayo ezweni. [[FLT: 0] i-Osaka Renation Party (Osaka Ishin u-Kai) iyiqembu lesifunda elivelele neliphumelelayo eJapane yanamuhla. Liye latholwa yi-Osaka yangaphambili umphathi we-meya nomphathi-makharanti, igxile ngokuqhubekayo ekulungiseni i-Osaka Prefec, isunduze i-"Osaka polis Plan" ukuhlela kabusha i-testry yegumbi elikhethekile elifana neTokyo. Impumelelo yayo ezindaweni zokhethoni zombili zendlu yoMkhandlu yoMkhandlu nezindawo zempi, lapho ivame ukusebenza njengekhekhelo lenkosi ezindaweni ezithile. [i-Fokinvoicen) ngokwezinye izindawo zezindawo zesifundazwe, iqoqo elikhulu kakhulu, iqoqo lezifundazwe noma iqoqo lezifunda.[Fokine][3]

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Indima yamaqembu ezifunda iye yaqala kusukela enkathini yangemva kwempi. Phakathi nenkathi ye-1955 System, lapho i-LDP elawulwayo ne-Socialist Party inikeza ukuphikiswa okukhulu, amaqembu ezifunda abekwa eqeleni. Nokho, izinguquko zezombangazwe ngo-1990, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwesimiso sokhetho oluxubile esihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwesimiso esisodwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-ontathene, kwaveza amathuba amasha amasha amancane. Impumelelo yesigaba se-Ocreastrist ngokusekela kwezifunda ezinhlangothini eziqinile ukuba zizuze izihlalo ngisho noma zingami ezindaweni ezinezingxenye eyodwa. I- 2000 no-2010 yabona ukunyuka komzwelonye, isholo ukuvela kwezomnotho ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nakukhungathekisa i-Tokyo. Impumelelo ye-Ocreastructionism ne-jounity yaveza le nqubo yesigaba sesizwe sesizwe sezenzwe sesizwe esiqinile, kunokuba iqhandandamande i-ognognog.

Imishini Yokuthola Ithonya Ekudleni Kwesizwe

Naphezu kwemingcele yazo elinganiselwe yezihlalo, amaqembu ezifunda zendawo athonya ngezinqubo eziningana eziyinhloko ezifakwe esimweni sesimiso sephalamende laseJapane esingokwemvelo nesihlangene.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Nokuhlanganiswa Kwazo

Umzila obaluleke kakhulu wethonya yizombangazwe ezihlangene. Epalamende lapho umfelandawonye obusayo uncike khona kancane engxenyeni enciphileyo noma kumelwe uxoxe namaqembu aphikisayo, amaqembu ezifunda agcina edingana kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-LDP-lectivemsyn ngokuvamile iye yafuna ukusekela [i-Oclect:0] [[FLT]] [[1] [iqembu] (iqembu elinesimiso sezenkolo nesimiso somphakathi), kodwa uma leso sivumelwano sesivumelwano singanele, noma lapho umthetho othile ufuna izikhundla ezinkulu, izigaba zesifunda ezinjengeSivumelwano sokuVuselela i-Osaka ziboshwe. Ngezingxoxo zesivumelwano somfantu, amaqembu akhipha izivumelwano emikhankambisweni yendawo, iziteko, noma izinguquko zokuphatha ezizuzisa ngokuqondile isisekelo se-Ocessiscialstion phakathi ne-ocestration phakathi nezinquisi zezivumelwano zesivumelwano sesizwe, izimemezelo ezisekela eziqinile ezisekela izivumelwano zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo eziqinile ezingokomthetho zezindawo ze

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemithetho Nokukhishwa Kwezohwebo

Ngaphandle kwemifelandawo, amaqembu ezifunda athonya inqubo yomthetho ngokusebenzisa amandla abo okuvota njengendawo yokuvota emakomitini nasemahholweni. Emakomitini nasesitezi, bangasongela ukugodla noma ukuvota ngokumelene nesicelo sikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba kuhlanganiswe izinguquko ezithile ezivumayo zendawo yabo. Lokhu kuhweba okugunyaziwe kwemithetho kuphumelela kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ebhekene nokwehlukana phakathi komthetho wakhe siqu noma lapho amaqembu aphikisayo eveza inseleleko yokusekela. Amalungu esifunda sikaDiet Dieote aba ochwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezempikiswayo, ukukwazi ukuvuselela inhlekelele, noma imfundo ehlobene nendawo yawo, futhi asebenzisa lelikhono phakathi kwekomiti yezomthetho yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeleli we-Okina angaveza inseleleka yemali yokulawula noma ukulawula izinhlangano kwezentengo yezentengo yeze yesizwe, imithetho yesizwe ehlangene.

Ukuhlanganyela Nekomiti Nokuthutha

Isimiso sekomiti eNational Diet sinikeza imicimbi yesifunda enye indlela yokuthonya. Ngisho noma zinezihlalo ezilinganiselwe, amalungu eqembu lesifunda avame ukukhosela izikhundla emakomitini ayinhloko − njengeKomiti yezwe, i-Infraclaracture, i-Fourism, noma iKomiti yezempilo, i-Labour and Welfare . Lapho zingalungisa khona izikweletu nemibuzo yabefundisi. Ubuchwepheshe bawo bubenza babe abaphathi abawusizo ekuqondiseni nasekuzimiseni isimiso somthetho. Ngokubuza ngokuphikelela nokusungulwa kwezokulungisa, bangabumba umthetho owenakele imingcele yezwe lonke kodwa uthinte indawo yabo ngokukhethekile. Le misuka etshalweni yotshani isebenza, nakuba ingekho imibazwe engabonakali, lapho amalungu ezindaweni ezihlala kuyo asekela khona ithonya inqubo yabo ende yesimiso sesizwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zeqembu Lesifunda

Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile kucacisa indlela amaqembu esifunda aye athinta ngayo umthetho wezwe nesiqondiso sesimiso.

Iqembu Lokubuyiselwa E - Osaka

I-Osaka Reformation Party ibhekwa njengendaba ephumelela kakhulu yenhlangano yesifunda ephethe ithonya lesizwe. Yasungulwa ngo-2010, yazuza izihlalo e-Diet ngokufaka ingcuphezeko yomphakathi ngokukhungatheka kombuso ngokungakhokhi nokungakhokhi kwentela e-Osaka. Isiphakamisi sayo sokusayinwa kwe-(Osaka Metropolis Plan) /aimed ukuhlela kabusha i-Osaka ne-Osaka City eyodwa egunjini ewuhulumeni okhethekile. Iqembu lasebenzisa ukubuswa kwalo ukunciphisa nokuphohloba okusobala kokukhokha intela okungavumela ukuhlelwa kwentela okunjalo. Phakathi nenkathi ka-2014, i-2017, iqembu laba nesigaba sesizwe esilandelanayo seze inqubo yokunciphisa ukudla okuvamile kwesizwe. I-LDP, idinga ukusekela kwe-Redrumeoced, ukumiswa kwesivumelwano somthetho wendawo sendawo yesizwe, nakuba isekela sesizwe singekho esikhona esikhona esingokomthetho somphakathi sezwe sasendaweni yasendaweni yasekhaya.

Iqembu LeMidlalo YaseOkinawa

I-Okinawa Social Mass Party (OSMP) ibilokhu iwumsindo wokuphikisana nemithetho ka-Okinawa ngokuphathelene nezindawo zempi zase-U.S. i-Okinawa iphethe izihlalo ezinkulu zempi yase-U.S. i-Okinawa isebenzisa izihlalo zayo ezinkulu ukuze ikhulise imfuno ye-Okinawa. Ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo bekuwukufakwa kolimi olukhethekile emalini ebhalisweni ehlelweni lemalini ekhona kanye nasemithethweni ekhethekile enikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali kwezentengiselwano engokomnotho nezokulungisa indawo ezungezile yase-Okinas, ngokuvamile okuye kwavunyelwa ukubuyiswa kweminye imibango yezindawo eziphansi. Ngezikhathi zezingxoxo ze-U. i-OS.U.G.U.SProme ephawulekayo yayikhona ngokusemthethweni elungiselelwe kakhulu kuhulumeni ukuba kuvinjelwe i-OMP ukuze kuvinywe izikhali zezindawo ezisem.

Abanye Abameli Besifunda Abaphawulekayo

Amaqembu amancane esifunda kanye nezishaya-mthetho ezizimele ezihlangene nezinhlangano zesifunda nazo ziye zabangela imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu ase Hokkaido aye agxila ekuncipheni kwezomnotho kwemiphakathi yasemaphandleni yokudoba, esekela ngokuphumelelayo ukuxhasa inzuzo yemboni yokudoba nokutshala izimali ngemisebenzi yamandla evuselelwe kulendawo. ETohoku, amaqembu amelela izindawo ezithintelwe ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-2011 ne-tsunami aye aqhubekisela phambili imithetho eqinile futhi athuthukisa inhlekelele yokuxhasa umthetho wesizwe. Le mizamo igcizelela ukuthi ngisho nelungu elilodwa loDiod elivela eqenjini lesifunda lingaletha i-mendementations eziyingxenye yomthetho wesizwe, uma nje bengasekela ukuphambazanyaniswa kwezizathu zabo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezifunda

Naphezu kwempumelelo yazo, amaqembu endawo asebenza ngaphansi kwezithiyo ezinkulu ezilinganisela izinga lawo nokuhlala kwawo isikhathi eside.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izifunda zezifunda zinemali elinganiselwe, izisebenzi ezincane, nezakhiwo eziphansi kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlangano ezinkulu zezwe. Azikwazi ukulingana nomshini we-LDP wesizwe sonke noma ukukwazi kwe CDP ukuxhasa izinhlangano zezisebenzi ngokwezimali. Le mishini ithinta ikhono lazo lokuqhuba ukucwaninga ngezimiso, ukuveza imikhankaso yezezindaba ephumelelayo, nokugcina izinhlangano zezindawo eziqinile eziphethe amapulani amaningi. Amalungu amaningi esifunda uDiet asebenza ngama-omacallat amancane, asebenza kakhulu, awaphoqelele ukuba afake iqoqo elincane lezindaba. Lokhu kuwenza alula ukudlula amaqembu amakhulu ahlola amaqembu okucwaninga aphezulu nezokuqoqa imithombo yezomthetho.

Ukubonakala Kobuzwe Nokunakwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Izifunda ezilwela ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Imithombo yezindaba esekelwe eTokyo ithambekele ekugxileni ezimpini zobuholi ze-LDP, amaqhinga eCDP, kanye nezinyathelo ezinkulu zokuzihlela ezisuka phakathi. Izimemezelo zesifunda sesifunda, ngisho noma zihilela iziphakamiso ezinkulu zezwe, ngokuvamile zithola kuphela imibiko yezindaba yendawo. Lokhu kukwenza kube nzima ngalamaqembu ukwakha uhlobo lwesizwe noma ukwandisa ukusekela kwawo ngaphezu kwesisekelo sawo sokuqala sezwe. Ngakho ukuxhumana kwawo kumelwe kuthembele kakhulu ekuthembekeni kwezindawo eziphezulu kakhulu nakunezimpande zotshani eziphezulu zotshani kuncikelele ekutholeni imibiko yezindaba endaweni yokudayisa imithombo yezindaba.

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Zendawo Nezesizwe

Impi eyinhloko yanoma yimuphi umkhakha wesifunda ilinganisela ukukhathalela okukhethekile kwabantu abasekelanayo nesidingo sokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwesizwe. Uma iqembu lesifunda lingenela umfelandawo neqembu elikhulu lesizwe, libhekene nengozi yokuncintisana. Ukusekela kwalo ukuhlelwa kwemali yesizwe noma ukuvikelwa kwemali ephikiswayo kungabonwa njengokukhashelwa abashisekeli bendawo abalindele ukuba iqembu limelane nohulumeni ophakathi ngokungenamibandela. I-Osaka i-Osaka Reconstriation Party izimisele ukuxoxa ne-LDP on the Metropolis Plan kuholela ekumangalelweni abagxeki bendawo ukuthi ishiye intshiseko yayo yokulungisa inguquko. Ngokuhlukene, uma iqembu lesifunda lilindele ukumelana okunzima kuzo zonke izindaba zezwe, lingase lingakwazi ukuvikela noma yisiphi isiphi isenzo esingokomthetho sokwayo. Lesigaba sokuphatha isigaba esine esine esinelisayo, nalenzeke yalenze isigaba esine.

Ukuvuvukala Kwesisisindo Nokuphumelela

Izinhlangano zezifunda ngokuvamile zakhiwe ngabaholi abanamandla noma izinhlangano ezithile zendawo, zizenza zibe sengozini yokushintsha kobuholi nokushintshashintsha kwemizwelo yomphakathi. Ukufa noma umhlala-phansi womholi osungulayo kungabangela ukuncipha kokusekelwa ngemishini ekhethiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ukunxusa kwazo kuhlangene nezikhalo ezithile zendawo (umz., ukuphikisa okuyisisekelo e-Okinawa noma inguquko yokuqondisa e-Osaka, uma leyo mpikiswano ixazululwa ngo--ke-kahhhhhhhh uma ukunakaliswa komphakathi, i-ison d’être kuncipha. Ukusekela iqembu lesifunda emijikelezweni eminingi yokhetho kudinga ukumiswa kwenhlangano yenhlangano kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso esibanzi, inselele ukuba amaqembu amaningi ezindaweni ahluleke ukuhlangabezana nayo.

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo Emikhosi Yesifunda

Ikusasa lamaqembu ezifunda zesifunda enqubeni yesizwe yezezinyuko zesizwe eJapane lixhomeke ezicini eziningana zokwakha nezezombangazwe. Ukuthambekela okuqhubekayo kokuncishiswa kwenani labantu basemaphandleni kanye nokugxilwa emadolobheni kungasiza noma kuvimbele amaqembu ezindawo. Kwesinye isandla, njengoba izindawo zasemaphandleni zilahlekelwa inani labantu, ithonya lazo lezombangazwe lilula, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amaqembu ezifunda ukuba athole izihlalo. Kwesinye isandla, ukunganeliseki ngemithetho ye-Tokyo ephakathi kwezindawo ezingase-impondolo, ukuswela imfuno ye-ontathe ye-ocential. Inguquko efuna ukumeleka i-projectiveotary syntial systemsss ihlala iyizinkile ehlukene; izihlalo zezihlalo ezihlukene ezihlukene ezihambelanayo ezihambelanayo.

Esinye isici ukuthi amalungu ezifunda angakha imifelandawonye ebanzi noma ukuhlangana. i-Osaka Renation Party ihlole izivumelwano ze-projectism ngokufana namaqembu anezimo eziguqulwayo kwamanye amaqembu, kodwa uxhaxha lwezifunda ahlala ngokuhluleka. Uma i-synomstyle enjalo ingavela, ingaba amandla abalulekile ezombangazwe zesizwe, ishintshela eqoqweni le-isholomkhakhakhakhaba elihlangene kakhulu lokuthonya inqubo ehlangene kakhulu kwemikhankanyeni eminingi. Ukuphakama komkhankaso wezehlaka nomphakathi kungasiza futhi izigaba zezindawo ukuba zinqobe imingcele engokweze masiko, ivumele ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nezindawo zezwe lonke, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukuhwebelana kwezindawo ezihlukene ezingokwezingxenye eziningi zezifunda manje.

Ekugcineni, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezwe lezezombangazwe eJapane (16) kuhlanganise nokungathola inqubo ehlukene kakhulu yeqembu noma ukushintshela kohulumeni abahlangene njengendlela ejwayelekile . kungathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaqembu ezifunda. Njengoba ukubusa kwe-LDP kubhekene nokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokubhudla kwezomnotho, futhi njengoba amaqembu aphikisayo ehlala ngokuhlukana, indima yamaqembu amancane asekelwa kakhulu ingakhula. Esimweni esinjalo, amaqembu esifunda awasoze abe yizisekelo zendawo kodwa abalulekile kunoma yiliphi ilungiselelo eliqinile, awanike indima ehlala njalo futhi enethonya emiphumelweni yesizwe yezemithetho yesizwe.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezifunda eJapane anezici ezingaphezulu kakhulu kunabadlali abaphansi kakhulu esikhungweni sombuso wezwe; bayisici esinamandla nesinemiphumela yenqubo yentando yeningi. Ngezingxoxo ze-computer, ukuhweba ngemithetho, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, nokugxila okungapheli ezindabeni zendawo, bakha imithetho yesizwe ngezindlela lapho amaqembu amakhulu, kanye nezici ezibanzi, ngokuvamile zinganakwa. Ukuphishekela kwe-Osakazeli yenguquko yezwe, i-Ochazi yeSizwanacle yeSizwana, ukuvikela kwe-Social Massko yezithakazelo, nokuvikela izifunda zezifunda, nomsebenzi wezindawo ezincane ezibonisa ukuthi ukumeleka kwemithetho esobala yesizwe. Nokho, lemibambatho enzima kakhulu: izinselele zemithombo yezindaba, ukuvumelana kwezimiso, ukushukuma kwesizwe, ukushukukukuku kwesizwe esivamile phakathi kwezimiso zomphakathi nezimiso zesizwe, kanye nokusongela kwezinkinga zezindawo eziphambili zezindawo ezingokozwezwe elizimele. Izindawo zezindawo eziphambili zezindawo eziphambili zezindawo ezihlukeneyo.