Indlela Eyingqayizivele YaseJapane Yokusiza Ezemfundo Engokomthetho

Izimiso zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, eziyaziwa ngokomthetho ngokuthi i-Opagal Development Ahelp (ODA), ziyisisekelo sesimiso sayo sangaphandle seMpi Yezwe II. Ngokungafani nabanikeli abaningi baseNtshonalanga, uhlelo losizo lwaseJapane luye lwahlotshaniswa kakhulu nezithakazelo zalo zezezombangazwe, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, kanye nokuthambekela kwemibono kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziye zabusa izwe. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane aye abumba ngayo − futhi aqhubeka eveza i-rape($* DA) enikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendima yesizwe ethinta isigaba sembulunga yonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo ongoko wosizo lwamazwe angaphandle, ithonya elikhulu le-Liberal Democratic Party (LDLDDP), ithonya eliyiphethule eshumini elifushane kodwa eligcwele le-DDDDP (DP), ibutho lezombangazwe elisanda ukuvela.

IZisekelo Ezingokomlando: Ukusuka Ekuvuselweni Kwangemva Kwempi Kuya Ezezimali

Uhlelo lwe-ODA lwaqala ngokulinganisela ngawo-1950 njengempi ephinde yaphinde yabekwa emazweni aseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia. Ifilosofi eqondisayo yayiyingxube ye- yezomnotho udwebo lwe-pragmat [ kanye no-[FLT] picif's sholor [ ukuxhumana kwempi [. Phakathi nale nkathi, i-LDP yaqinisa amandla ayo futhi yachaza iJapanendlela yokuvikela imithombo yemvelo, izimakethengiso ezivulekileyo, nokuvuselela ukuthembana kwezentengiselwano. Iqembu lezentengiselwano zamazwe labona usizo njengokwenza amathuba okuthunyelwa kwezinhlangano zamaJapan, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezinkulu.

Ngawo 1970, iJapane yayisibe umninindlu omkhulu, iphakeme phakathi kwabaxhasi be-ODA abaphezulu embulungeni yonke. Uhulumeni we-LDP wasebenzisa usizo ekusekeleni izinjongo zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi yase-United States e-Asia, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo iqhubekisela phambili izinzuzo zezomnotho zaseJapane. Lenkambiso yahlelwa ngokusemthethweni [isekelwe ku-OD]" ukusondela [[, lapho amazwe ayezosungula khona izakhiwo futhi amafemu amaJapane ayezowasebenzisa, ngokuvamile ebopha usizo ekutholeni izimpahla nezinkonzo zamaJapane. Lendlela yagxekwa emhlabeni wonke kodwa yahlala iqinile kumapulatifomu ade ango ango 1990.

ILDP’s Golden Era of Aid (1955-2009)

I-LDP ecishe ingaphuki kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku- 2009 yavumela ukuba ihlanganise ifilosofi yayo yosizo yangaphandle nomthetho nenqubo yokuhlela. Izici eziyinhloko zazihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhleleka kobuStrategic ne-US-Japan Treaty System: Usizo lwasetshenziswa ekuqiniseni izihlobo ezikanye e-Southeast Asia, njengeThailand, i-Indonesia, ne-Philippines, ukunqanda ithonya lamakhomanisi.
  • Izivumelwano zezomnotho: INkonzo ye-Economy, Treaty ne-Industry (METI) neNkonzo yezindaba zamazwe angaphandle (MOFA) zihlangene ukuqinisekisa izakhiwo ze-ODA ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Izakhiwo zezakhiwo ezinjengetheku, izikhungo zamandla, nemigwaqo ngokuvamile zazidinga imishini yeJapane nezivumelwano zobunjiniyela.
  • Imibandela yokusiza abantu: Ngokungafani neminikelo yase-Nordic, i-LDP ngokuvamile yayigwema usizo oluxhumanisa ukubusa noma ukusebenza kwamalungelo abantu, ikhetha imibuso eqinile, yempoqo evumelana nezithakazelo zokulondeka kwaseJapane.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo kwakuyi ODA eMyanmar (Burma) yaseJapane. Naphezu kokukhalaza kwezizwe zonke ngenxa yamalungelo empi, i-LDP yaqhubeka inikeza usizo, iphikisa ngokuthi ukuthembisana kwakuphumelela kakhulu kunokuzehlukanisa. Lokhu kuvumelana kwashintshwa ngemva koshintsho luka-2011 lokubusa kwesizwe ngaphansi kukaMongameli Thein Sein, kodwa ngisho nangalesosikhathi, indlela ye-LDP yahlala iqaphile.

I - DPJ Interregnum: I - Renatoous of Humanitudential Relations

I-DPJ Party yeDemocratic yokunqoba kwezwe laseJapane kukhetho luka-2009 yaphawula ukuqhuma komlando kusukela ngo-19555, i-LDP yalahlekelwa ukulawula indlu ephansi. I-DPJ, eyakhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amaningana aphikisayo, yathembisa isimiso esizimele ngokwengeziwe sangaphandle kanye nokugxila kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu [ kanye [FLT] nokwehla ukunciphisa [[FLT]].

Ngaphansi kweDPJ Izikhulu ZobuProfethi Yukio Hatoyama, Naoto Kan, noYoshihiko Noda, kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana ze - ODA:

  • [ Usizo lokuxhuma: I-DPJ yasunduza ukususa imfuneko yemisebenzi ye-ODA-eyindisiwe kumele isebenzise ama-ikhampani aseJapane, ihlose ukwandisa ukuncintisana nokunciphisa izindleko.
  • Indlela esukela kubantu:[ Ukugcizelela okusha kwabekwa kwezempilo, imfundo, nokubusa, ngokuvumelana neMillennium Development Zomgomo (MDGs).
  • [[QUT:0] Ukuhlanganisa umphakathi: I-DPJ ivula ingxoxo nezinhlangano (NGO) ezingezona ezohulumeni futhi ibakhuthaza ukuba bahlanganyele ekuhleleni izimiso(ukusuka esimweni esivaliwe se-LDP', i-boreaucratic.

Nokho, i-DPJ’s tenure yahlala isikhathi esifushane. Inhlekelele yenuzi ka-2011 eMpuma Japan futhi eyalandela i-Fukushima yaqeda ukunaka nohlelo lukahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kolwazi lwe-DPJ kwenkambiso yakwamanye amazwe kwaholela ekushintsheni ukuthumelelana imiyalezo. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba i-DPJ yagxeka i-LDP ngenxa yokuzithoba kakhulu e-US, uhulumeni wase-Hatoyama wazama ukubuyisela i-Futenma esekeni yesisekelo sezempi, futhi isiza izizwe ezabekwa phansi akuzange kunciphe njengoba amalungu athile e-US ayelwe.

Ngo-2012, i-LDP yaphinde yabusa ngaphansi kwe-Shinzo Abe, futhi izinguquko eziningi ze-DPJ'S zenzakalela ngokuthula. Uhlelo losizo lwaphinde lwagcizelela kakhulu isakhiwo sezakhiwo zemvelo [ kanye ne[FLT]] "izakhiwo ezilinganayo”[[ [i]], ngokuhambisana nombono ka-Abebayo we-“Sikhulu no-Open Indo-Pacie.”

Amandla Amasha Naxubile Ezombangazwe

Isimiso samaqembu aseJapane siye sahlukana emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi amaqembu amaningana amancane aye athola ithonya. ithonya lawo e - ODA liye labonakala ezindaweni ezithile, nakuba kungekho noyedwa oye wakwazi ukubekela inselele ukubusa kwe - LDP ngosizo lwakwamanye amazwe.

Komeito: Umngane Wemali Kahulumeni noMnumzane Wezisebenzi

Komeito, umbuthano onomsuka enhlanganweni yamaBuddha uSoka Gakkai, uye waba umngane we-LDP omncinci kusukela ngo 1999. i-Komeito’s platform igcizelela [ ukwakhiwa kokuthula , u-distaster [ ukukhululeka [, [[FLT]], ] izimpande zokuvikela abantu ekulondekeni [. Nakuba i-LDP igxile ekwakhelikeni okuqinileyo, iKomeito iphumele ngempumelelo ngenxa yokwanda kwezinhlelo zempilo, ukwakhiwa kwesikole, nokusekela ababaleki. Isibonelo, i-Kometo yayiyithuluzi lokuthuthukisa i-UN ekulondolozeni ukuthula i-UN ekusizeni i-Romieven.

Nipton Ishin (Iqembu lokulungisa laseJapane): I-Pragmatic and Eusectuble-Focud

IQembu lokuTshamisa laseJapan (ngaphambili i-Ishin no Kai) iyiqembu elilungile elilungisayo elisekela ukuphumelela kanye ] ne-fiscal qnophering[sssscal shopy]. Liye lagxeka lokho elikubheka njengokuchitha imali i-ODA, ikakhulukazi emikhankankasweni emikhulu efuna inzuzo engokwezomnotho. Amalungu ka-Ishin aye abiza i-erbenefitry enzima yemisebenzi ye-ODA etfatting. Nakuba iqembu lingakaze libe selenze inguquko encane embonini ye-JICA.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP) NamaDemocrates Ezenhlalo: Amazwi Empi Yokulwa NeMilitari

Amaqembu asemanxele ahambayo njenge-JCP aphikisa njalo noma yiziphi izinjongo ze-ODA ezisekela izikhali noma izinhlelo ezisemthethweni. Asekela usizo ukuze luthunyelwe ngezinhlangano zeZizwe Ezihlangene kuphela futhi iJapane ihlele amazwe athuthukisiwe kancane (i-LDC) angenazintambo zezezombangazwe ezihlangeneyo ezixhunyiwe. Nakuba lamaqembu engathinteki kakhulu ngenqubo yangempela, ama-critique awo anikeza indawo yokuhlola ukuthi i-MOFA ne-JICA kumelwe kukhululwe futhi kubekwe imibiko, asunduze ngolimi olubanzi olunenzuzo ezincwadini ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala: Indlela Ezombangazwe Zeqembu Ezathonya Ngayo Izinqumo Eziqondile Zosizo

Umshicileli oyisijeqezi e-Afrika (LDP-Dominited, 2013-2020)

I-LDP ngaphansi kwe-ABB yamisa isinyathelo esikhulu e-Afrika, i-Tokyo International Conference on African Development (AD), eyaba isikhulu sezosizo lwaseJapane. i-TICAD V (20133) ne-TICTIC VI (20) yabona izibopho zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamadolarlara (amadollar angu-R3) zemigwaqo, izikhumu zamandla. I-calculus esobala: i-Afrika yanikeza amathuba acebile nethonya elikhulayo ezindaweni ze-ums. I-LDP yasebenzisa i-OD njengethuluzi lokulwa ne-Fraffinter (BRI) ngokuthuthukisa “izingalo eziphezulu” ngokulawula nezikwele ezingcono. I-Kometo izimali zanikezwa nangokwempilo ezindaweni ezithile zezezezentene, inzuzo, i-Extived .

IMyanmar: Ikhasi Lohulumeni Ababili

I-Myanmar inikeza isibonelo esiqinile sokushintshana kwe-partine yosizo. Phakathi neminyaka engu-2021 ngaphansi kwe-Abe (2021), iJapane yanikeza i-ODA eMyanmar, kuhlanganise ne-ODA ebanzi, kuhlanganise ne-R2 000 000 000 ze-Thilawa Special Economic Zone, , iproject eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuba khona kwenkampani yaseJapane nethonya elilinganayo le-Shayina endaweni. Nokho, ngemva kokuba umbuso wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ulahle i-junta. Uhulumeni we-LDP, manje ngaphansi kweNgqongqongameli we-P uKishida, ekuqaleni ubekelwe usizo olusha kodwa luqhubeke lubonisa usizo olungokwesiko lweqembu elizinzelayo olugwema i-pgmatton. Ngokungafani, i-DP J (ibe ihlala esemandleni) cishe wawuyo futhi wasekela kakhulu wonke amandla alo lonke usizo lwawomuntu, ngokusekelwe elunge ngokulunga kosizo lwakuqala.

ICOVID-19 kanye ne-Vaccine Diplomacy (LDP-Komeito Coalition, 2020-2022)

Phakathi nalesifo, i-ODA yaseJapane yathatha inguquko enkulu engokobuntu. I-LDP, ngesikhuthazo esinamandla sikaKomeito, yabelwa ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 3,5 zempilo yembulunga yonke, kuhlanganise nemijovo ebandayo nezakhiwo ezisekelanayo. Lokhu kwakuwukusuka kwe-LDP evamile yezesisekelo sezezemisebenzi yezemfundo. Isinqumo saqhutshwa futhi umncintiswano wezombangazwe eChina, owawuqhuba “izivumelwano ezicacile..” Uhulumeni wesigebengu waqonda ukuthi ukusabela kokusiza abantu ababonakalayo kwakuzosekela amandla aphansi eJapan. Inguquko yayingokomzuzwana kodwa ibonisa indlela amandla ezisebenzi ezivamile ezibusayo angazidlula ngayo izingathakazelo ezimisiwe zeqembu elibusayo.

Imikhuba Yamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo (Ngalé Kwawo - 2020)

Ukubuya Kwe - ODA Engaphansi KweKisida

UNdunankulu uFumio Kishida, owalandela u-Abe ngo-2021, wakhipha i-“ Inkululeko ne-Open Indo-Pacific” (FOP) imbonakalo ye- njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sesimiso sangaphandle senqubo yaseJapane. I-ODA manje ihlangene ngokucacile nokulondeka nokunqanda. Ngo-20222, uhulumeni wamemezela ukuthi le nqubo izoqhubeka, nakuba iqembu le-partment ye-“Devolument Cooperation Charter".[ i-ocelthss arectiverivenetic syst, isakhiwo sokhuseleko, nokuzinziswa kwezomnotho. I-LDP iqinisekisa ukuthi le nqubo ehleliwe hlelo liyaqhubeka, nakuba iqembu lengxoxo yosizo lweqembu lempi.

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Nomphakathi

Umbono womphakathi waseJapane nge-ODA uxubene. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abakhokhi bentela abaningi babheka usizo njengosaphazayo, ikakhulukazi belunike intela enkulu eJapane. Amaqembu evoti, kuhlanganise ne- Rewa Shinsengumi ngakwesobunxele nangamanye ama-odwa, baye babheka lolu sizo njengoluthiwa ngokusemthethweni, becela usizo ukuze bahlolwe futhi bathunyelwe ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo. Nokho, i-LDP ne-Komeito ngokuvamile iye yavikela i-ODA njengesheshicilentelo ekulondekeni kwesizwe nakwezomnotho. Ukuvela kwemikhankani yezentengiselwano yezenhlala-somiphakathi kuye kwaphoqelela izazi zezombangazwe ukuba zithethelele i-A ngokusobala, kuholele ekuthuthukiseni kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo zezenhlalakahle nempumelelo ze-JA.

Amandla Okushintsha Kwesikhathi Esizayo

Uma i-DPJ noma iqembu elifana nayo lenguquko belingabuyela embusweni, iJapane ingabona ukuvuselelwa okusha kokufuna usizo lokukhulula nokuluhlanganisa neSistainable Development Zomgomo (SDGs). Isivumelwano esikhulu kakhulu sobunxele singanciphisa usizo lwezempi futhi sikhulise iminikelo yezimali eziningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni othatha imingcele eqinile kakhulu (noma umfelandawo yesivumelwano) owenzelwe ukukhipha i-Refective Party Janyut .[mlight Conficivection Parces [icity]] Iqoqo le-Revisionation isssssssss ePacific ne-South African Asia, ngokubhekisa amehlo kakhulu ethonyeni lamaShayina.

ISiphakamiso se-9 soMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane esilahla impi, ngokomlando siye sanqanda i-ODA ukuba isetshenziswe ezinjongweni zempi kuphela. Nokho, ukuchazwa kabusha kwamuva ngaphansi kwe-LDP kuye kwafiphaza umehluko phakathi kwentuthuko nokulondeka, okuholela ekugxekweni kwamaqembu aphikisayo. Ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kwesikhathi esizayo kuyonquma ukuthi lokuthambekela kuyashesha yini noma kuyahlehlisa.

Isiphetho: Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Njengemiklamo Yokwakheka Konyawo Lwembulunga Yonke LwaseJapane

Izimiso zosizo zangaphandle zaseJapane aziwona nje amaphepha aphezulu aphezulu ahlelwe yi-bureaucrates; awumkhiqizo wamashumi eminyaka entengantengayo yezombangazwe, imibono, ne-votoral calculus. ILiberal Democratic Party, ngethonya layo elide, iye yaguqula i-ODA yaba ithuluzi elisebenzayo elisekela izithakazelo zezezomnotho nezokulondeka zaseJapane kuyilapho igcina imbonakalo efiphele yezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Inkathi ye-DPJ ibonisa ukuthi iqembu elibusayo elihlukile lingabuyisela usizo ekuthuthukiseni kwenhluzelo yabantu nelenzwe i-US. Izigaba ze-Clander njengeKomeito, i-In, ne-JCP inezela i-reefvolution, ikhuthaza izinguquko ezithile ezikhona ngezinye izikhathi naphezu kwenqubo ye-LDP.

Njengoba iJapane ilwisana nenani labantu asebegugile, ukuphikisana okukhulayo kwezifunda neChina, kanye nemiphumela yobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, uhlelo lwayo lwe-ODA luyohlala luyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuveza ithonya. Abafundi nezingqapheli zezombangazwe zaseJapane kufanele baqaphele ukuthi yimiphi imibono kulezindawo ezuza inzuzo okhethweni lwesikhathi esizayo. Indima yezwe ekuthuthukeni kwembulunga yonke iyoqhubeka ilolongwa ngemibango ephakathi kwamabutho ezombangazwe namazwe ahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohlola indawo yaseJapane emhlabeni.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe nge-ODA yaseJapane kanye namathonya ayo ezombangazwe, bheka isikhulu [[FLT: 0] sezindaba zangaphandle i-ODA ikhasi, i-International Cooperation Agency (JAHA)[FLT] , futhi uhlaziywe ku- Inhlangano ye-Econy, Trade kanye ne-ICT (RIETY).