Kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu baye balwa ngokomlando ukuze bathole ukuncintiswano nokusekelwa okudingekayo ngokwezimali ukuze bancintisane nemishini eqoqwe kahle ye-Democratic ne-Republican. Indlela eyinhloko esiza ekuhleleni inkundla yokudlala yiKomiti yokuthatha imidlalo yezombangazwe engaxhumene ne-PUSC. Lezinhlangano ezizimele zinikeza umkhondo obalulekile wezimali, ukuvota, ngokuvamile zenza umehluko phakathi komkhankaso wezehlakazo hlangothi nenselele ethembekile esimisweni sezesigaba ezimbili.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe angamakomiti ezombangazwe aphakamisa futhi achithe imali ethonya okhethweni lukahulumeni kodwa angahlangene nanoma iyiphi inhlangano, inyunyana yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezohwebo, noma ikomiti yokuhlomela. Ngokungafani ne-PACs ehlanganiswe futhi exhaswe yizinhlangano ezithile ezinjengezisebenzi zenhlangano i-PAC noma isikhwama sezimali senhlangano sezombangazwe . /azingakhiwa ngabantu ngabanye, amaqembu amaqembu azimele, noma izivumelwano ezikhululekile zezisebenzi zenhlangano ezihlanganyela umgomo wezombangazwe.

Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Ecommution Campaign Act (FECA), i-PAC kumelwe ibhalise ne-Federal Ecomment Commission (FEC) uma nje ithola imali engaphezu kuka-R1000 (R1 000) eminikelweni noma yenza izindleko ezingaphezu kukaR1 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda. I-PC engaxhunyiwe ingaphansi kwemingcele efanayo yeminikelo kanye nezimfuneko zokuveza okufanayo njengenye i-PAC kodwa engenayo inhlangano yomzali yokukhokha izindleko zokuphatha. Lokhu kuzinika imvume yokukhokha imali kodwa futhi ibeka umthwalo wokukhokha imali ngokuphelele emizamweni yabo.

Umehluko obucayi uwukuthi ama-PAC anganikela ngokuqondile kumakomiti acela ukuvotelwa (afinyelela kuma-dollar angu-5 000 kukhetho) futhi angenza izindleko ezizimele ezichithwayo ezikhangiswayo (ukusukela kwezikhangiso noma izingcingo ezibonisa ukuthi zisekela noma zimelene nomfundi, uma nje kungekho ukubambisana nomkhankaso walowo mfundazeli. Le khono embaxa izenza zibe izinxulumani ezikhangayo zabathathi-ngxenye yesithathu abaswele izinhlangano ezinikelayo.

Ngokwe-[QL:0] 'FEC' ku-PACS, ama-PAC amelela isigaba esikhulu esihlanganisa i-PAC, i-PC ebizwa nge-code, ne-PACs (inkokhelo yecala yecala ihlangene ne-paC, hhayi nesigaba sesithathu). Isici esibucayi ukungekho kwenkampani noma isixhasi senyunyana sezisebenzi.

Okwenza Ababesezingxenyeni Zesithathu Bathembele Ezinhlamvwini Ezingaxhunyiwe

Isigaba sesithathu sibhekene nobunzima bokwakha esimisweni sokhetho lwase-U.S. abanaso isisekelo esimisiwe sokuqoqa izakhiwo zamaqembu amabili amakhulu, ngokuvamile akhishwa ezimpikiswaneni zokukhetha ezivamile, futhi athole izihloko zemithombo yezindaba ezicushwa kakhulu. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asiza ibhuloho lezi zikhala ngokunikeza:

  • Imithombo yezezimali: iminikelo eqondile kumkhankaso nezindleko ezizimele zokukhangisa, ukuvoca, nokusebenza kwensimu.
  • Ukuqoqa i-voter:[ imizamo engaphezulu hlanganisa ukungqongqoza emnyango, ukubhalisa ucingo, kanye neposi ezikhulisa umyalezo womfundi ezifundeni ezinkulu.
  • I-Issue advocation: imikhankaso yemfundo esunduza izikhundla zenkambiso ezihlangene nesigaba sesithathu seqophelo ngaphandle kokubiza ngokuqondile ivoti.
  • [ I-active:[ Ukuba khona kwe-PAC esekela izimpawu ezizonikezwa abanikeli nabavoti ukuthi lomkhankaso uyasebenza futhi uhlelekile.

Kubantu abathatha ingxenye yesithathu abafana nalabo abavela eLubetarian Party, Green Party, nase-Constitution Party, ama-PAC angekho axhumana ngokuvamile awumthombo oyinhloko wokusekela ngaphandle. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kusekela, ngisho nodwebi olunamandla kakhulu lokufuna ukuthenga amathikithi, izisebenzi eziqashayo, noma ukuhambela ezindaweni zokuqala.

Indlela I - paC Engaxhunyiwe Esekela Ngayo Imikhankaso Yesithathu Yezigaba

Iminikelo Yezimali Eqondile

Ama-PAC angangenisela ku-R2 000 kukhetho ngalunye (ukhetho olungahlanganiswe nonke). Nakuba lesisembozo silula uma siqhathaniswa nezigidi ezichithwa emijahweni yobumongameli, kungaba inhlalo esindisayo eMzini nasengxenyeni yesithathu evame ukunyusa ingqikithi engaphansi kuka-R250 000. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016, i-Green Party ka Jill Stein yathola iminikelo eqondile ye-PAC eyasiza ekuqoqeni i-a izimoto neholo lezisebenzi.

Abazothatha ingxenye yesithathu bayazuza futhi eminikelweni efika emasontweni okugcina omkhankaso, bethenga izikhangiso ezinezinhlayiya ezimfushane noma behlanganisa izindleko ze-GOTV. Ngenxa yokuthi leminikelo ilinganiselwe, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile inezela ngezindleko ezizimele, ezingakhokhwa umthetho kahulumeni.

Iziphetho Ezizimele

Izindleko ezizimele ziyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu kuma-PAC angekho ezixhunyiwe. Angasebenzisa imali engapheli ethengisweni, eposini, ekukhangiseni ngemishini, ngisho nasekukhangiseni izinhlelo zemishini (ngoba nje izindleko zingahambisani nomkhankaso wombhalisa. Kubantu abathatha i-paccom yesithathu, i-PAC ephambili ingakhankasa umkhankaso ofanayo ongenisa umvoti ongeke ulalele umyalezo wabo.

Ngo-2012, i-Libertarian Party kaGary Johnson yaba yindlalifa yezindleko ezizimele ze-pac yesizwe ye-libertarian Party kanye nezi-paissee-ussue-onsce zigxile ekuqanjweni ngokomthetho kwensangu kanye nokugcinwa kwemali yemali. Lezi zikhangiso zathuthukisa ukuqashelwa kwegama lakhe ezifundeni lapho ayehlola khona eduze nomnyango ka-5% odingekayo ukuze asungule izimali ezihambelanayo kukhetho lwesikhathi esizayo.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumanisa kwe-PAC kuyanqatshelwa, i-PAC kumelwe isebenze ngokuzimela. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaba yinkemba ebambene kabili: i-PAC inquma umyalezo kanye nesikhathi, okungase kungavumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi necebo lomfundi. Kodwa izindleko ezizimele zinikeza ithonya eliphindaphindekayo okungekho enye imoto enikeza ingxenye yesithathu yemikhankaso yemali.

Ukuqapha Nokukhipha Izincwadi

Ngaphandle kwemali, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aqhuba ukukhokha kakhulu kwezemfundo kanye nokuvota. Bahlela imibuthano, amahholo edolobha, nezenzakalo ze-inthanethi ezandisa i-platfomu yabavoti. Ama-PAC amaningi abekwa kuma-PC. njengalawo agxile ekushintshweni kwenqubo yezidakamizwa, ekuguquleni kwemithetho elawulayo, noma ubulungisa bendawo (‘align ngokuseduze nezikhundla zesithathu.) Le PaC iveza izinto zokufundisa, izinkampani ze-injini, futhi iqhube imikhankatho yezencuba efundisayo eyazisa abavoti bezelela inguquko yemidathalo yezeli ethile.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-PAC kungahlanganisa futhi nemizamo engaxhunyiwe engekho eqenjini ebizwa ngokuthi i-FEC, ivame ukubalekela ukuhlolwa kwe-PAC ebhaliswe yizikhangiso ze-corace ezisemthethweni, okungasekela abaxhasi beposi abasekela leyo nguquko abasekeli abasekela leyo nguquko, ngokungeyikho ukuthuthukisa umphikisi wesithathu. Nakuba lemisebenzi kumelwe ikhulunywe ku-FEC, ngokuvamile bayaphunyuka ekuhlolweni okunikezwa izikhangiso ezihambisana nomphakathi ngoba i-PAC ayixhunyiwe ngokomthetho emkhankasweni.

Inzuzo enkulu yokufinyelela kwe-PAC e-pac exhunyiwe ukuthi ingahlasela ama-vota asendaweni ezungezile `intsha evotayo, abavoti, abahlali be-indawo ezungezile, noma abahlukumezelwe yi-odars' (i-athonsiwe). Ngokugxilisa imithombo ephezulu noma amaqembu akholisayo, i-PACs indisa ithonya lemali yabo elinganiselwe.

Ukusekela Imisebenzi Nemisebenzi Yokunikela

Izisekelo Zokunikela

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asekela abaxhasi besithathu abaneziqeshana zeminikelo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: abantu abazizwa behlukanisiwe yiqembu elikhulu, abanikeli abancane abasebenzisa i-inthanethi ye-inthanethi, abanikela nge-apply, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, abanikeli bezimali abacebile abazimele. Ngokungafani ne-PACs exhunywe encike entekweni yemali evela ezisebenzini zenhlangano, ama-PAC ama-paC ama-ircolone azimele athuthukisa isisekelo sazo ngeposi eqondile, i-imeyili, izikhwama zezimali ze-imeyili, nemithombo yezenhlalo.

Izimpawu zomnikazi zihlukahluka ngokomqondo. Ama-Libertarian-leaning PAC adonsa iminikelo evela kubasekeli be-PAC elinganiselwe nohulumeni nezimakethe ezikhululekile, kuyilapho i-Green Party-alignient PACs ithola ukusekela kwabashisekeli bendawo ezungezile nabameleli bezenhlalakahle. Ngokwe- i-opensecrets memory on PACs, isilinganiso somnikelo we-PAC owe-paC oxhunyiwe sivame ukusekelwa abashisekeli benkampani ye-PACs, ebonisa isimo sotshani lwesithathu semali ehambisana nengxenye.

Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Imali

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenzisa amasu amaningi okuqoqa imali. Lawa ahlanganisa amapulatifomu kuyi-inthanethi anjenge-Act Blue noma i-Win Red (nakuba ngokuyinhloko asetshenziselwa abanikeli abakhulu abathatha isigaba), imikhankaso yokuthumela iposi eqonde ngqo ezinhlabeni zemibono, futhi izenzakalo ezinikelwayo ezibekwe ezizweni ezinezithiyo eziphansi ukuze zingene ngokwengxenye yesithathu yemali. Abanye ama-PAC asebenzisa izinselele ezifanayo ekubekeni abani abancane abanikele ngezipho.

Elinye iqhinga yile: umhleli ukhuthaza abanikeli abaningi ukuba banikele bese eveza ingqikithi njengokusekela. Nakuba ukubhalisa kuvame kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezinkulu, kungaphumelela kumaPaC ayingxenye yesithathu angabonisa ijubane ngenani labanikelayo abayingqayizivele. I-FEC ifuna ukuba abanikeli abanikelayo banikele ngo-R120 ngonyaka, ngakho ukukhanya kwakhiwe esimisweni.

Ukuqoqa imali kuyi-panter ye-producter. I-Platform efana ne-GoFoundMe futhi ngisho namathuluzi okunikela avumela ama-PAC esithathu ukuba athole imiphakathi ethanda inguquko kodwa esakazekile ngokwezwe. Naphezu kobunkimbinkimbi ngokomthetho, ama-PC angahlanganisiwe akhokhelwayo angakwazi ukusebenza ngezimali ezinciphile kakhulu kuyilapho enza ithonya elikhulu.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nowokuqondisa

Imithetho Ye - FEC

Zonke i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe zibhalise ne-FEC kanye namafayili imibiko evamile eveza iminikelo nezindleko. Ibekelwe imingcele: umuntu anganikela imali engaphezu kuka-R35 000 ngonyaka e-PAC, futhi i-PAC ingathola u-R35 000 ngonyaka kwenye i-PAC. Nokho, akukho mkhawulo wokuthi i-PAC ingachitha malini ekuzikhokheleni okuzimele, noma ukuthi inganyusa kangakanani kubantu ngabanye ngenxa yaleyonjongo (uma nje abantu benamathela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka).

Abasekeli bengxenye yesithathu kumelwe baqaphele ukuba bangaxhumani nabazobhapathizwa ababasekela. Ukubambisana kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela imininingwane yokuvota, ukuxoxa ngesu lokuhlola, noma ukunikeza umkhankaso nohlu lwabanikeli. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekuhlawulisweni kwe-FEC noma ukukhomba eMnyangweni wobulungisa. I-FEC's ikhasi lokugunyaza imininingwane yangaphambili ehilela izindaba zokubambisana.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

Ukubona bhakade kuyisisekelo somthetho wezezimali wezezimali. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kumelwe abike igama, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi wanoma imuphi onikelayo onikeza imali engaphezu kuka-R250 ngonyaka wekhalenda. Kumelwe futhi adalule izindleko ezizimele ezingaphezu kukaR250 ngokwemininingwane. Lokhu kuvezwa komphakathi kuvumela izintatheli nezinja ukuba zilandelele ukugeleza kwemali kwabazodwa abathatha inxenye yesithathu, kodwa futhi futhi kuchaya abanikeli abangase bafake engozini yokubuya emuva kwe-a ngemuva /a iminikelo engapholisa iminikelo esabalele emikhankamweni yesithathu ephikisanayo.

I-dismure i-PCC iphoqelela ukuba isebenze neqembu elithobelayo noma umgcini-masheya oqonda imithetho ye-FEC. Ama-PAC amaningi amancane angaxhunyiwe alwa nomthwalo wokuphatha, ongadla ngemali yawo. Noma kunjalo, indawo elawulayo iklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukukhulumisana okukhululekile nokubona bhabha, futhi ama-PAC esithathu alandela imithetho azuza ukuthembeka.

Imingcele Yengxenye

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, abantu ngabanye banganikela ku-R150 ngonyaka kuyi-PAC. Lo mngcele ukhonjiwe ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali kodwa uhlala uphansi uma kuqhathaniswa neminikelo elinganiselwe evunyelwe kuma-PAC amakhulu (okungakho ukunikela ngokuqondile kwabazokufaka i-PAC). Abazothatha inxenye yesithathu abamukela iminikelo eqondile ye-PAC, lelisephu lisho ukuthi abanakuthembela e-PAC eyodwa ukuze bathole ingxenye enkulu yemali yabo. Kunalokho, kumelwe bahlanganise iqoqo lama-PAC kanye nabantu abaningi abanikela ngayo.

I-paC ingazimela ngokungenamkhawulo izindleko kodwa futhi inikele ngama-R250 000 anele kulowo ozohlolwa. Lenhlanganisela iyindlela eyinhloko ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anikeza ngayo ukusekela okungagunyaziwe ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho yokubambisana.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando ZamaPaccol namaCandida Esithathu

URoss Perot Nobunye Simi EMelika

Nakuba uRoss Perot aziqhayisa ngodumo ngo-1992 nango1996 umongameli, inhlangano yakhe iUnited We Stand America (UWSA) yasebenza njenge-PAC. UWSA yaphakamisa imali kumalungu, yasakaza abaqondisi, futhi yakhipha izikhangiso ezazisekela ngokungaqondile ubufundamentali buka-Perot. Ngo-1996, inhlangano yachitha izigidi zabantu ezikwenzelwa ukuzisebenzela, isiza uPerot ukuba alondeke cishe ku 8% wevoti ethandwayo, angawutholi u-Eltal College.

Isibonelo sika-Perot sibonisa indlela isakhiwo esinjenge-PAC esingasekela ngayo isakhiwo sesithathu somkhankaso ngisho noma ozohlolwa engayilawuli ngokuqondile imali yeqembu.

I-PAC yezakhamuzi zomphakathi uRalph Nader

Imikhankaso ka-Ralph Nader ka 2000 no-2004 yeGreen Party yazuza emsebenzini wezincwadi ezihlukahlukene ze-PACs, kuhlanganise nalabo ababehlangene neSintu somphakathi kanye namanye amaqembu abathengi abakhokhelwayo. La ma-PAC awazange avume ukuthi uNader uqobo lwawo, kodwa ukukhangisa kwawo ngezohwebo, indawo ezungezile, kanye nokuziphendulela kwezinhlangano kuhambisana eduze nepulatifomu yakhe. Ngonyaka ka 2000, izindleko zokuzimela ze-PACs ezingezona ezixhunyiwe zasiza uNader ukufinyelela 2,7% wevoti yesizwe evoti - − i-pace yakholelwa ukuthi i-Democrates ibiza u-Al Gore i-Price.

UGary Johnson no - Libertarian PaCs

Ngo-2012 nangonyaka ka-2016, uGary Johnson wasebenza njenge-Libertarian Party nominee. Inethiyethi ye-PACs, njenge-Libertrian Party ye-United States uqobo ye-PAC kanye namaqembu azimele njenge-"Gary Johnson 2012" (eyasebenza njenge-PAC), yaphakamisa izimali zokukhangisa nokungena kwe-lipha. Ngo-2016, uJohnson wathola i-3% yevoti yokhetho lwesithathu kusukela kuRoss Perot. Ngokwemininingwane yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ye-, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemali zachithwa yi-RONC esekela i-DYNC, ezikhangiso eziningi ezisemisweni nasemisweni.

I - Jill Stein Ne - paCs Eluhlaza

Jill Stein's ngo-2012 nangonyaka ka-2016 kwancike futhi kuma-PAC, ikakhulukazi e-pacs e-Green Party yesizwe ye-Green PaC kanye ne-"Stein for Preadent" komiti (eyayinezelwa kamuva yikomiti ye-PACs ezimeleyo). Ngo-2016, iqembu elalibizwa ngokuthi "Jill Stein for Victory Fund" (ikomiti ehlangene exhasa isikhwama) lafaka imali ezinkokhelweni ezizimele, kodwa elingaxhunyiwe njenge-PAC "Inguquko Yethu" (kungangobuphini obungahlangeneyo) ne-PaCs ehlukile ezuza isigijimi sikaMeganieter.

Esinye isenzakalo esiphawulekayo: izindleko ezizimele 2016 ezihambisana ne-Green Party yathenga izikhangiso zomsakazo ezisezifundeni ezishintshwayo, inxusa abavoti ukuba "banike unembeza wakho" kanye ne-stein. Umkhankaso waxhaswe i-PAC engaxhunyiwe eyathola imali kubantu abambalwa abanikelayo.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Okubhekene Nezinhlayiya Ezingaxhunyiwe

Iziphazamiso Ezingokomthetho

Inselele ebaluleke kakhulu yilena enqabela ukubambisana. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe ithuthukise eyayo imiyalezo, ngezinye izikhathi engaphikisana nephimbo lomfundi noma izinto eziza kuqala. Kubantu abathatha isigaba sesithathu abalwa nokuyala ngemiyalezo, i-PAC ad yomthetho ingalimaza ngaphezu kosizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ccc enikeza ngokuqondile i-apper enganikeza umngcele olinganayo womkhankaso wemali.

Esinye isithiyo esingokomthetho ukufinyelela kokhetho. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ayinakuqoqa ngokuqondile i-aspect collet ehamba ngokubambisana nomkhankaso, kodwa ingasebenzisa imizamo ezimele yokuqoqa izignesha. Nokho, akumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi akwenzeki ukuxhumanisa, okwenza ukuba izinto zibe nzima.

Ukuntengantenga Kwezimali

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukusebenza ezimalini ezincane kakhulu kunezisebenzi ezisekela isigaba esikhulu. Isisekelo esinikelwe kwezezombangazwe zesithathu sincane futhi ngokuvamile sinentshiseko kodwa hhayi njengejuni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-PAC angaphoqeleka ukuba akhethe phakathi kokuxhasa ngezimali izikhangiso ezimbalwa ezibizayo ze-TV noma umkhankaso wezemishini osakazekayo. Ukuntula kwezimali ezigciniwe ezisezinkampanini noma ezisekela inyunyana kwenza kube nzima ukuhlela isikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi abanikelayo bayanqikaza ukunikeza i-PAC yesithathu ngoba babheka ukusekela umuntu wesithathu njenge- "ovtive" ukunqoba le mibono kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo nobufakazi bokukwazi ukuvota (ukungahambi kwenkukhu ne-egg okumelwe kulandele.)

Ukukhishwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nokuvikelwa Kwayo

Imithombo yezindaba enkulu ivame ukungazinaki izikhangiso zesithathu kuze kube yilapho zifinyelela emnyango othile wokuhlola (ngokuvamile ohhawulwa ka-15% ekuvoteni). I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingazama ukuphoqelela ukunaka kwezokuxhumana ngokufaka izikhangiso ezivusa inkanuko noma ngokufaka imicimbi ephakeme ye-profile, kodwa ngaphandle kokuyihlanganisa, ithonya liyafinyezwa. Ngisho nalapho i-PACs iveza izindaba, imibiko yezindaba ivame ukugxila ekutheni "siler" umphumela kuneziteshi ezingenzeka kuneziteshi ezizo zesikhulumi.

Umphumela Weziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Empumelelweni Yesithathu

Nakuba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe engakwazi ukukhetha inxenye yesithathu yendlu kaWhite House, aye aphumelela ekusizeni abazobhapathizwa abayingxenye yesithathu ukuba bafinyelele imigomo ethile:

  • [[NT:0] Ukufinyelela kobubone: Imishini yokucela edluliselwe isiza abacelayo njengo-Evan McMullin (206 ngokwayo) kanye noJorgensen (2020 Libertarian) ekutholeni ibhola lomnxeba ezifundeni eziningi.
  • [ Izimali ezihambelanayo: kubavoti besithathu abaphakamisa imali eyanele, iminikelo yePAC ingabalwa ngakumnyango wokuthola imali yokukhetha jikelele (nakuba imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi).
  • Intengo ezimele ezimakethe eziyinhloko zezindaba ikhuthaze ukuqashelwa kwegama kwabazohlolwa abangasakwazi ukushaywa umoya.
  • Izivumelwano ze-Down-ballot:[ I-PACs ezingaxhumene zivame ukusekela isigaba sesithathu samahhovisi aphansi (isishaya-mthetho sasemhlabeni, umkhandlu wedolobha), ukwakha ibhentshi eliqinisa izimpande zeqembu.

Enye impumelelo ephawulekayo: ngo-2020, umlandeli weLibertarian Party uJorgensen wathola amavoti angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.8 (1.2%) kodwa angawafinyeleli amathemba. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yachitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R2 (R2) ezindleko ezizimele zikaJorgensen, okungenzeka yamsiza ukuba afinyelele leyo ngxenye naphezu komkhankaso womkhankaso we-COVID-era.

Ukuqhathanisa Ne - pacs Ephakeme

Abafundi abaningi badida ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe nama-PAC amakhulu. Umehluko ubalulekile:

  • [[NT.0] I-PACS exhunyaniswe ngeNon ingamukela iminikelo engafinyelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka kubantu ngabanye futhi inganikeza ngokuqondile kwabazohlolwa (afinyelela ku-R1 500 ngokhetho). Bangakhokhwa ngemingcele.
  • I-PCS (ngokwenyani "impela "amakomiti azimele okusebenzisa izindleko kuphela") anganyusa izizumbulu ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, nezinyunyana, kodwa angetheleli ngokuqondile kubazomkhankasi noma ekuhambisaneni nemikhankaso. Kumelwe asebenze ngokuzimele.

Kubantu abathatha isigaba sesithathu, ama-PAC amakhulu anikeza indlela yokuzuza ekusebenziseni imali engalinganiyo − kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC amakhulu awakwazi ukuhlanganisa, angaphishekela izinqumo ezingahambisani kahle no-o-mbhalisa. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anikeza inzuzo yokusekela okuqondile ngokwezimali, okuthembeke kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izindleko eziyisisekelo zomkhankaso njengokuhamba nenkokhelo yezisebenzi. Imikhankaso yesithathu ikhetha i-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga kahle naleyo sizathu, ngisho noma isilinganiso somnikelo silinganisela ingqikithi yemali.

Emijikelezweni yokukhetha yamuva nje, ama-PAC ambalwa anamandla kakhulu asungulwe ngokukhethekile ukuze asekele abazothatha ingxenye yesithathu (isinye, "AmaMelika alungele i-Doctor" ngo-2020 kwabafuna ukuzimela). Nokho, ukuntuleka kokubambisana nokungaxhumani ngokomthetho ngisho nokusebenza ngokubambisana kwenza i-PACs ibe yimoto engcono kakhulu esekela i-PACs yesithathu engekhona exhunyiwe.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ekusekeleni abazothatha ingxenye yesithathu cishe iyokhula njengoba ukunganeliseki komphakathi ngesimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili kwanda.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Kusibonelelo se-line: iziteshi zezibalo zenza kube lula nge-PAC ku-intshi encane enikezayo ephuma kulo lonke izwe.
  • ukuvota okucetshiwe: Njengoba izifunda eziningi zithatha ukuvota okusemthethweni, abafuna ukuthatha ingxenye yesithathu baba abasebenzayo kakhulu, bahehe ukutshala i-PAC.
  • Ikhampaging ngokwezimali yokuguqula: umthetho ocacisiwe, njengomthetho we-DSCLOSE Act, ungaqinisa izimfuneko zokwambula, kodwa ngeke isuse ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe.
  • Amandla amagrasroot: Imizabalazo enjenge "Nhlobo Trump" Republics ne "Green New Develop" abasekeli bobabili bafuna ezinye izindlela ku-inxenye ezinkulu, iphehla umsebenzi we-PAC.

Nokho, imingcele yokwakha isasele. Isimiso sokunqoba i-votal, ukubusa kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu ekuqoqeni imali, nokugxila kwemithombo yezindaba ku-"umjaho wamahhashi" kulinganisela konke ukulinganisela izinselele zesithathu. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingadambisa kodwa ingazisusi lezizimo.

Isiphetho

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe isendaweni ekhethekile nebalulekile emalini yezezimali eMelika. Kubantu abalwayo abayingxenye yesithathu abalwa nemithombo eqinile ye-Democratic ne-Republican, lezinhlangano ezizimele zinikeza izimali eziqondile, ukukhangisa okuzimele, kanye nezikhungo zotshani ezingenisa izitho zotshani ezingakhi ezingenza umehluko phakathi komzamo wezentengiselwano nomkhankaso wokuncintiswano. Nakuba zibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho, izinselele zezimali, kanye nokuvungazamisi, ama-PAC, angaxhunyiwe, aye abonisa ikhono lawo lokuphakamisa amazwi esithathu esigaba sohluzo sotshalo oluqinile .

Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe sishintsha, ubuhlobo be-symbiotic phakathi kwama-PAC namalungu esithathu ngokunokwenzeka buyoba bucayi nakakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela la makomiti asebenza ngayo, imingcele yawo engokomthetho, kanye nenani lawo elibalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekutholeni ikusasa lokuhlukahlukahluka kwenani e-ku United States. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlola Isiqondiso se-PAC noma ukuhlola [[FLT:] i-opensecrets's umtapoto we-passs ye-pacroot ye-[FLT] ukubona ukuthi isigaba esingaxhunyiwe sesithathu se-PACCC' esisezinsusweni sokhetho.