Ithonya Lohlobo Lwesimiso Ekunciphiseni Isimilo Nokubusa Kwendawo

Ithonya Lohlobo Lwesimiso Ekunciphiseni Isimilo Nokubusa Kwendawo

Ukubekwa phansi nokubuswa kwendawo kumelela izilinganiso eziyisisekelo zenhlangano yezombangazwe elawula indlela amandla ahamba ngayo phakathi kwemiphakathi nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni bazo. Isimiso sesimiso sezwe sezombangazwe ```inhlangano,','inhlangano''','iphethe'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Kumelela izingamemele izikhulu zendawo, ukusabela kukahulumeni okudinga isakhamuzi, nokuphumelela kwenkonzo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lobunye ubuhlobo bubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amazwe ahlukene, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yeze nenhlalakahle yezehlalo.

Ukuncishiswa kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi kubhekwa njengesici esibalulekile sokuncishiswa kwesimiso sokubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi kumelela ukwehla okukhulu kwegunya lohulumeni bezwe phezu kwesimiso sezomnotho. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule amazwe asathuthuka aye abona ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwamandla ezombangazwe nawezomnotho kohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zesimiso Sezombangazwe

Izimiso zezombangazwe zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisekelwe endleleni ezisakaza ngayo amandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nabezizwe.

Izimiso Zokubambisana: Igunya Eliphakathi

Esimisweni sokuhlanganisa okuwukuphela kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni ngaphandle kwenkaba yohulumeni wendawo noma kamasipala. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bengase bajabulele ukuzibusa okukhulu, imibuso yabo ayinikwanga isikhundla somthetho-sisekelo; uhulumeni ophethe unquma ukuthi yiziphi izinqumo ezithathwa "edevolve" ezingeni lendawo futhi ungaqeda ohulumeni bendawo uma bethanda. Lesi sici esiyisisekelo sihlukanisa izimiso zohlelo kuhulumeni.

Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni (ngonyaka ka-87%) anezimiso zohulumeni ezihlangene, ezinamazwe angu - 170 kumazwe anegunya angu-195 ahlela ngale ndlela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iFrance, iUnited Kingdom, iJapane, iChina, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ezindaweni ezinjengeGibhithe, iFrance, neJapane, lapho imizwa yobuzwelonke inamandla, futhi ukuma okufanayo kwamukelwa kabanzi yizakhamuzi, isifunda sombuso esihlangene siyanda.

Izimiso zikahulumeni ezihlangene zisebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho kungekho kuphikiswa okunamandla kokulawula okuphethe, futhi izikhulu zezombangazwe enhlokodolobha ngokuvamile ziye zamisa amandla phezu kwalo lonke izwe. Esimisweni sombuso omkhulu, uhulumeni oyinhloko ubamba iningi lombuso, ohulumeni besifunda noma bendawo bathola igunya labo kuhulumeni ophethe futhi bangadalwa noma bancishiswe, futhi imithetho nezimiso zifana jikelele kulo lonke izwe, bevumela ukubusa okungaguquguquki.

Izinzuzo zezimiso zobunye zihlanganisa ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo nokulula. Ohulumeni abahlangene babonisa ukuphumelela okukhulu kakhulu njengoba kungekho amazinga amaningi kahulumeni okumelwe adlule lapho kuziwa ekwenzeni izinqumo nasekuthatheni izimiso. Izimiso zobumbano ngokuvamile azinzima kakhulu ukuba izakhamuzi ziqonde kanjalo, ngoba azikho izinqubo eziningi kangaka ezihlukene ezenzeka kuhulumeni njengaseburhulumenteni.

Nokho, izimiso zohlelo lwe-unicaria azikho ezindleleni zazo zokubusa kwendawo. Amandla aye ancishiswa kancane kancane ngenqubo yokususa ushintsho, okuholela ekusungulweni kohulumeni bezifunda eScotland, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland kanye nezithunywa zemithwalo ethile ekhethekile kuwo. Amanye amazwe entando yeningi anezimiso zobupholidi, njengase-France, eJapane, naseSweden, aye alandela indlela efanayo yokuthobisa i-traraliation.

Izimiso Zobumbano: Ukubusa Okuhlanganyelwayo

UFederalism uyisimiso sikahulumeni odala amazinga amabili kahulumeni ozimele ngokuqhathaniswa, ngalinye elinegunya elinikwe wona umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesimiso sombuso nombuso uwukuthi izifundazwe zikahulumeni zinobukhosi obuvikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, iziphathimandla zesifunda zijabulela isikhundla somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo; amandla azo azuzwe ngefa kunokuba anikezwe.

Phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni wohulumeni uhulumeni wesifunda uhlanganyela ubukhosi nohulumeni ophethe futhi uphethe ekugcineni ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso. Lesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sisho ukuthi uhulumeni oyinhloko ngeke aqede noma ashintshe imibuso yohulumeni bezigodi ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ezidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukuvela ngokwezimo eziqondile. Amazwe anezici eziningi zesizwe, noma isici sesizwe esithuthukisiwe, cishe angasebenzisa indlela kahulumeni olawulayo lapho amandla esakazwa khona ngokwezwe phakathi kwezizwe eziningi. Amahlelo angase asebenze kangcono uma izwe linezinhlanga eziningi noma izinhlanga eziningi, futhi kunokuba ahlukanise izwe libe izizwe eziningi, umholi wezwe anganika ngalinye isilinganiso esithile senkululeko yezombangazwe, avumele amaqembu ezinhlanga ukuba akhulume ulimi lwazo noma afundise inkolo yazo siqu ezikoleni zendawo.

Izibonelo zezimiso zikahulumeni zihlanganisa iUnited States, iCanada, iAustralia, iBrazil, i-Mexico, neNigeria. Izwe elakhiwa ngenyunyana yezifunda ezazizimele ngokuvamile linezinga eliphakathi nemibuso emikhulu yezomthetho, yokuphatha, neyokwahlulela (njengase-United States, Argentina, naseSwitzerland). Ngalinye lalamazwe liye lasungula amalungiselelo alo ayingqayizivele kahulumeni abonisa izimo zalo ezingokomlando kanye nezidingo zezombangazwe.

Isifundazwe esiyisibonelo sikahulumeni siphawuleka ngokuba khona, ngokwezinga lesizwe, komthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe, oqinile oqinisekisa ohulumeni abambalwa abaphakathi abangewona ohlala njalo nozimele kuphela kodwa futhi nomphelelisi ogcwele wemibuso yezomthetho, yokuphatha, neyokwahlulela. Umthetho - sisekelo wezwe ubala imibuso enikwe uhulumeni oyinhloko; imibuso esele igcinelwe ohulumeni abaphakathi nendawo ezingeni lezwe noma lesifunda.

Izimpikiswano: Ama - Almend Ahlaselwe Indlala

Kumthetho ovumelanayo, igunya liyahlonipheka, futhi ikhono likahulumeni omkhulu lokuthatha isinyathelo lixhomeke ekuvumelaneni kohulumeni besizwe. Izivumelwano zimelela uhlobo lwenhlangano yezombangazwe oluhlonipheke kakhulu, namazwe asemalungwini agcina amandla ombuso amaningi futhi aphathisa igunya elilinganiselwe emzimbeni ophethe.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zezivumelwano zihlanganisa iUnited States ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso zeConfederation (1781 - 789) neConferatement States of America (1861 - 18865). Ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation, imibuso yayinobukhosi futhi inamandla kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe wayengaphansi futhi ebuthakathaka, futhi ngenxa yokuthi imibuso yayimadolonzima ukudela noma yiliphi igunya layo, uhulumeni wezwe wawungenagunya ekubhekane nezinselele ezinjengesekweletane, uqede izingxabano zezentengiselwano phakathi kwemibuso, ulwe izivumelwano zezohwebo namanye amazwe, futhi ukhulume nezinguquko ezithandwayo.

Njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho okufushane kwaseMelika ngokuhlanganisa kusobala, ukuxabana okukhulu nalesimiso sikahulumeni kuwukuthi kukhulisa ukuzibusa kwesifunda ngezindleko zokubusa kwesizwe okuphumelelayo. Lokhu buthakathaka obungokwemvelo buchaza ukuthi kungani ukuvumelana okumsulwa okungavamile ezweni lanamuhla, nakuba ezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge European Union zibonisa izici ezihambisanayo.

Isimiso Se - semifederal Ne - Hybrid System

Izimiso ze-frederal ne-uniterary ziyizinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu, ezimelela iziphetho ze-jovel, futhi amazwe amaningi awela endaweni ethile phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili ezeqisayo .'amazwe angalingana noma angabi nandawo ephakathi noma engaphansi kwe-ocessional. Ngakho-ke okubizwa ngokuthi "umbuso owenziwe ngokwe-"ocedal" amazwe aphakathi kwesigaba esiphakathi, anezinga eliphakathi likahulumeni ongenazo izivikelo ezifanayo zobukhosi ezijatshulelwa yimibuso noma izifundazwe zikahulumeni.

Izifundazwe zeSemifederal, njengomthetho, ezimisweni eziqinile eziqinile ezinikeza imibuso ethile elinganiselwe yemithetho nesimiso (nakuba kungavamile ukwahlulela) kohulumeni abaphakathi noma bezifunda, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bezigodi ezingaphansi kwemibuso engalingani banegunya kuphela elibalwe ezindabeni (futhi ngisho nalapha bangaphansi kwemibuso ebusayo ephethe yeziphathimandla eziyinhloko), indima yabo yangempela nethonya lezombangazwe esimisweni esiyinhloko ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekuthambekeleni kukahulumeni oyinhloko ekulawuleni noma ekubekeni imingcele yegunya labo.

I-Spain ne-Italy inikeza izibonelo zamalungiselelo angaphansi kwemithetho. Amazwe aye amisa izinga eliphakathi njengendlela yokukhetha kwawo amazinga amabili angaphambili − njengoba i-Italy yenza kumthetho-sisekelo wayo ka-48 no-Spain kumthetho - sisekelo wayo ka-1978. Lamazwe aye asungula ohulumeni bezifunda ngemibuso emikhulu kuyilapho elondoloza ubukhosi obuphelele ezingeni lesizwe.

Ukwanda Kokwehla Kwemingcele

Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekucaciseni indlela isimiso esiwuthinta ngayo ukwenziwa kwamandla nemithwalo yemfanelo okungokoqobo, hhayi nje ukukhishwa kwesimiso esisodwa.

Ukuwohloka Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe kudlulisa inqubo nemibuso yemithetho kusuka kohulumeni abaphakathi kuya emihlanganweni yesifunda esiphansi, nesezikhundla zendawo eye yakhethwa ngokwedemokrasi ngezikhulu zabo. Loluhlobo lokuthotshiswa luyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, njengoba yenza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ezinqumweni ezithinta imiphakathi yazo.

Phakathi kwamazwe akhethelwe ukuhlolwa, isikhundla esingokomthetho sikahulumeni wendawo siqashelwa emikhandlwini eminingi, futhi imikhandlu yendawo namakhanda ayo ngokuvamile kukhethwa ngevoti ethandwayo. Nokho, izinga legunya langempela elisetshenziswa yilezi zindikimba ezikhethiwe lihluka kakhulu kuye ngesimo sezombangazwe esibanzi.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuqinisekisiwe ngokomthetho-mthetho, ohulumeni bezifunda abanezigunya ezifuze ifa. Ezimisweni ezihlangene, ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kukahulumeni omkhulu ukuqeda igunya, futhi lokhu kwenziwa kwenguquko kungashintshwa ngokucatshangelwayo ngomthetho ovamile.

Ukukhishwa Kwesimiso Sokuphatha

Ukubekwa kwesikhundla esihloniphekile kuhilela ukudlulisela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela, ukuxhasa, nokuqondisa imisebenzi yomphakathi kuhulumeni ophethe isikhungo kuya emaqenjini esizwe. Lokhu kungathatha izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokususa umsebenzi (ukususa umsebenzi emahhovisi esifunda enkonzo ephakathi), izihambeli (zithatha imithwalo yemfanelo ethile ezinhlanganweni ezizimele ezingefani), kanye nokususa ushintsho (ukwakha ohulumeni bezwe lonke abanegunya elingokomthetho elicacile).

Izinga lokubekwa kahle kwesimiso sokuphatha ngokuvamile libonisa isimiso sezombangazwe esiyisisekelo. Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukuveza ukubekwa kwesikhundla esiphezulu, nohulumeni bezwe noma bezifunda eziphethe izikhundla zabo siqu, izimiso zenkonzo yomphakathi, nezinqubo zokuphatha. Izimiso zobumbano zingafinyelela impumelelo yokulawula ngokuncitshiswa kuyilapho zilondoloza ukulawulwa okuyinhloko kwesimiso nezindinganiso.

Ukuncipha Kwemithi

Ukubekwa kwemali ehloniphekile kuphathelene nokwabiwa kwemibuso engenisa imali kanye nemithwalo yemali phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Le migomo iye yafinyelelwa ngezinqubo zezombangazwe, zokuphatha nokuphatha, ukuqinisekisa amandla engeziwe nemithombo yemali emazingeni kahulumeni aphakathi nawendawo futhi kanjalo ukwandisa ukuzibusa ezindabeni zendawo nasesifunda.

Ukuthutha kwezezikhungo ezizimele kuhlala kubalulekile ngisho nasezimisweni ezihlelekile, futhi lokhu kuthunyelwa kungathatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene − ukunikeza imvume yokuthi ukusekela izimali zendawo, imibandela inikeza imvume yokuhlela izinjongo ezithile, noma ukuthutha okulinganayo okuklanyelwe ukunciphisa imingcele phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu, futhi kusetshenziswa ukuklama izimiso zokudlulisa ezisekela ukuzimela kwendawo kunokuba kwakhiwe ukuncika emikhiqini ephakathi.

Izimiso ze-Federal ngokuvamile zinikeza ohulumeni besizwe inkululeko enkulu yokuzibusa, kuhlanganise nemibuso ezimele yentela kanye nokulawula izingxenye ezibalulekile zezindleko zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States nohulumeni bendawo banikeza inzuzo enkulu yemali echithwe uhulumeni futhi banegunya elizimele lokukhipha izintela ezihlukahlukene. Izimiso zamahlelo zigxilisa ngokuyinhloko igunya lentela esikhungweni, nakuba zingabikela izimali kohulumeni bendawo ngenkokhelo nangokuthuthwa.

Uhulumeni wendawo onegunya eliqinile lezombangazwe kodwa ongenamali eyozama ukunikeza izimvume zawo. Lokhu kuphawula kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izici ezihlukene zokubekwa kahle. Ukubusa kwezindawo okuphumelelayo akudingi nje ukuba negunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe nelezokuphatha kuphela kodwa futhi nemithombo yezimali eyanele ukuze kufezwe imithwalo yemfanelo.

Indlela Uhlobo Lwesimiso Olukuthinta Ngayo Ukushintsha Ukwakheka Kwesimiso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohlobo lwesimiso sezombangazwe nokuthotshiswa kwemithetho buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunezici eziningi. Nakuba isimiso simisa isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sokusakaza amandla, isilinganiso sangempela sokuzivumelanisa kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi ezihlanganisa amasiko ezombangazwe, amasiko angokomlando, izimo zezomnotho, kanye nokuthandwa kwezikhulu zezombangazwe.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokusakazwa Kwamandla

Umehluko oyisisekelo kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nohlelo lwe-ocestery utholakala ezivikelweni zomthetho-mthetho kuhulumeni besizwe. Umehluko obalulekile uwukuthi amandla avela kuzwe kuya ezindikimbeni ezisezweni ezisebuthweni le-oceral. Lokhu ukutholakala kwalendlela kudala amandla ahlukene kakhulu endleleni ohulumeni abaphakathi nabasendaweni abasebenzelana ngayo.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengesivumelwano esibophayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Izimpikiswano ngezindaba zikahulumeni ezisesifundazweni ngokuvamile ziyindaba yokubusa ezinkantolo noma ezinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo noma izingqungquthela ezihilela izinhloko zohulumeni abaphakathi nabesizwe. Lomthetho-sisekelo unikeza ohulumeni besifunda ukuma okungokomthetho ukuze bamelane nokungenela kwemibuso yabo.

Izimiso ezihlangene azinazo lezisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sokuzibusa kwendawo. Nakuba amazwe amaningi ahlangene eye athatha izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezizokwenziwa, lezinguquko zisekhona ukuba zilungiswe ngezinqubo ezivamile zomthetho. Uhulumeni oyinhloko unegunya lokulungisa kabusha, ukuqinisa, noma ngisho nokuqeda ohulumeni bendawo uma bekhetha ukwenza kanjalo.

Ukuvumelana Nesimo Nokuqina

Ubumbano luvumela abakhi bezimiso ukuba bavumelane nezimo kakhulu kunesimiso sikahulumeni esiphoqelelwe umthetho ngokomthetho, futhi uma kunesizathu enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi, kufanele baveze imiphumela ephumelela kakhulu kaningi kunangaphansi kombuso. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kungaba ngcono uma izimo zishintsha noma lapho ukuzama ngamalungiselelo okubusa ahlukahlukene kufiseleka.

Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana kubangelwa ukuzinza nokubikezela kohulumeni bendawo. Ezimisweni zobumbani, iziphathimandla zendawo zingabhekana nokungaqiniseki ngemibuso yazo yesikhathi esizayo nemithwalo yemfanelo, okungabangela ukuba ukuhlelwa nokutshalwa kwemali isikhathi eside kushintshe kakhulu. Izimiso zomphakathi zinikeza ukuzinza okukhulu kodwa zingazama ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo ezishintshayo noma zisebenzise izinguquko ezweni lonke lapho ohulumeni bezifunda bemelana.

Ukufana Nokuhlukahluka

Izimiso ezihlangene zithambekele ekukhuthazeni ukufana kwezimiso ezweni lonke. Ezimisweni zokuhlanganisa, uhulumeni omkhulu ugcina inqwaba yamandla, ohulumeni bendawo besebenza ngokuyinhloko ukuze basebenzise izimiso zesizwe, ezingaholela ekubuseni okuphumelela kakhulu kodwa futhi zingaphumela ekuntuleni ukusabela ezidingweni zendawo. Lokhu kufana kungaqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwezakhamuzi ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki indawo futhi kuvuselele ukuhlangana kwesizwe.

Ngokuphikisanayo, izimiso ze-Federal, zokuhlalisa futhi ngisho nokukhuthaza izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso. Izimiso zomphakathi ngokuvamile zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zendawo ngenxa yenkululeko enikezwa ohulumeni bezifunda. Zingakhuthaza ukusungula ngokuvumela amazwe ukuba azame izimiso. Lokhu kuhlola kungasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola idemokrasi, nezimiso eziphumelelayo ezisebusweni obunye obungase buthathwe abanye.

Ukuhwebelana phakathi kokuhlangana nokuhlukahluka kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokuma kwesizwe nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo. Ngoba iChina iyinsimu enkulu kubalulekile ukuba uhulumeni wayo uthuthukise umuzwa wobunye ezifundeni zayo, kuyilapho iMexico ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhluka kwezindawo kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu nakuhulumeni kunezimfuneko.

Ithonya Emfanelweni Yokubusa Kwendawo

Izinga lokubusa nokuphumelela kwendawo akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimisweni esingokomthetho sesimiso sezombangazwe kodwa futhi nasendleleni leso simiso esisebenzelana ngayo nezinye izici zezinhlangano, zezombangazwe, nezezenhlalo. Kokubili izimiso zezwe nezobumbana zingasekela ukubusa kwendawo okuphumelelayo, kodwa zikwenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi zibhekane nezinselele ezihlukene.

Ukulandisa Nokuziphendulela

Isimiso sokubusa sendawo esiphumelelayo nesihlanganisa abantu abahlala kuso sinikeza enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu − kuhlanganise nabampofu, abesifazane nabesifazane abambalwa − ukuthatha uhlangothi ekuthuthukiseni imiphakathi yabo nokuthonya izinqumo zomphakathi ezithinta ukuphila kwabo ngokuqondile. Izinga ohulumeni bendawo abangafeza ngalo indima lixhomeke kakhulu ekuzilawuleni kwabo nasegunyeni.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, isimo somthetho-sisekelo sohulumeni bezifunda sidala imikhakha ecacile yokulandisa. Izakhamuzi zingabheka izifunda zazo noma ohulumeni bezifunda ngezindlela eziqondile eziziphethe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwegunya lazo. Lokhu kucacisa kungathuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, nakuba kungase kuholele ekubekeni icala phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni lapho izimiso zihluleka.

Izimiso ezihlangene zingabhekana nezinselele zokulandisa lapho ohulumeni bendawo ngokuyinhloko bekhonza njengamanxusa okuqondisa kahulumeni ophethe. Izimiso zeUnitary zingase zintule ukusabela, njengoba ohulumeni bendawo benamandla alinganiselwe okufeza izinguquko ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okuyinhloko. Izakhamuzi zingazama ukuqonda ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinecala ngezinkonzo ezithile noma izimiso, okungalulaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuthwala Nokubuyiselwa Kwenkonzo

Ukunikezwa kwemfundo eyisisekelo nokulinganayo kwemfundo eyisisekelo, izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zezempilo zendawo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezifanayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekufinyeleleni izinqubo eziza kuqala zesizwe nezinhloso zokuthuthukisa imbulunga yonke, futhi ukuhanjiswa kwalezinkonzo zomphakathi ngokuyinhloko kuyindawo engokwemvelo. Indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlela ngayo umthwalo wemfanelo walezizinkonzo ithinta kakhulu izinga nokuphumelela kwazo.

Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukunikeza ohulumeni bezifunda imisebenzi emikhulu yokuhambisa umsebenzi, abakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo nezidingo zendawo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa izinga lenkonzo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ifanelana kangcono nezici zomphakathi. Nokho, kungaholela futhi ekuhlukahlukaniseni okukhulu kwezinga lenkonzo phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu.

Izimiso ezihlangene zingaqinisekisa izinga elinciphileyo lenkonzo ezweni lonke futhi zingafinyelela izinga lezomnotho ekulungiselelweni kwenkonzo. Nokho, izindlela ezihambelanayo zingase zingakuxazululi ngokwanele ukuhlukahluka kwezidingo, izintando, noma izimo zendawo. Inselele yezimiso zobumbano ukulinganisela izindinganiso zesizwe nokuvumelana okwanele nendawo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo.

Ikhono Nemithombo

Ukuphumelela kwengxenye yomphakathi ekubuseni kwesilinganiso esingaphezulu kudinga ukuba izilinganiso zezombangazwe, zokuphatha, nezinga eliphezulu zihlelwe kahle ngaphakathi futhi zilinganiswe kahle. Isikhundla sokuphatha sisho okuncane ngaphandle kobugunya bezombangazwe obuvela ekumeleni kwentando yeningi.

Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukunikeza ohulumeni bezigodi imithombo yemali eqinile nekhono lokufeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo. Uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bezifunda ezimisweni zikahulumeni ngokuvamile basebenzisa izinombolo ezinkulu zezisebenzi zomphakathi, basebenzise izimiso zokuqondisa ezinkulu, futhi balawule izimali ezibalulekile.

Ohulumeni bendawo ezimisweni zobunye bangase babe namandla alinganiselwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emikhandlwini emincane. Bavame ukuthembela kuhulumeni ophethe ukuze bathole ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, izimali, nokusekela kokuphatha.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zezindlela Ezihlukahlukene Zokuxoxa

Isimiso ngasinye sinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile futhi sibhekene nezinselele ezikhethekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthotshiswa okuphumelelayo nokubuswa kwendawo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuthutha kwezentengiselwano kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amazwe ahlukahlukene aye athatha izindlela ezihlukene nokuthi kungani kungekho mfanekiso owodwa olawulayo embulungeni yonke.

Izinzuzo Zokungathathi Ihlangothi

Ingqikithi yokuzinza ukuthi ingxenye yomphakathi enamazinga amaningi ingafinyelela imiphumela engcono, esabela kakhulu, nephumelelayo kunengxenye yomphakathi ephakathi. Izinzuzo eziningana zisuka ekuhlelekeni okunempumelelo:

• Ukwenza izinqumo kusondezene nezakhamuzi ngokuhlanganyela okukhulisiwe
• Ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa nokubona kahle ekubuseni
• Ukusebenzisa imithombo elinganiselwe ngokuphumelelayo nangendlela ekhethekile
• Ikhono elikhulisweyo lokunikeza izinkonzo zendawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlangabezana nezidingo zezakhamuzi
• Ukuqinisa isakhamuzi ekuhilelekeni ekwenzeni izinqumo zendawo

Lezi zinzuzo zingatholakala kokubili ezimisweni zikahulumeni nezama - compact, nakuba izimiso ze - Federal zihluka. izimiso zithola lezi zinzuzo ngezivumelwano zomthetho - sisekelo zokuzibusa kwezifunda, kuyilapho izimiso zobumbano kumelwe zithembele ekuzibophezeleni kwezombangazwe ekuziphatheni ngokufanele nasemalungiselelweni okuqondisa asekela ukuzikhethela kwendawo.

Izinselele Zokuhoxa

Ukuncipha futhi kuletha izinselele ezinkulu okumelwe zisingathwe kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwesimiso:

• Ukulahlekelwa ukulawula: Ukuthotshiswa ngokweqile kunganciphisa ukuphatha komphathi ophezulu, kubangele ukudideka ngokuthi ubani ophethe
• Amathuba engeziwe okusebenzisa kabi igunya angaholela ekuhlukanisweni kwalo msebenzi wonke
• Izinselele zokubambisana: Abaphathi abaphakeme bangase balwele ukuhlela imisebenzi ngenxa yezithakazelo nemigomo encintisanayo yamabhodi namakomiti ahlukahlukene okuphumela ekungabini nalwazi

Izimiso ze-Federal ngezinye izikhathi zingaba nokungavumelani ngenxa yemithwalo yemfanelo ehlaziyiwe ne-coped ebomvu ehleliwe. Amazinga amaningi kahulumeni anezikhundla ezihlukene angadala ukudideka mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo, izindleko zokulawula eziphindanayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso okunzima.

Izimiso ezihlangene zibhekene nezinselele ezingafani. Nakuba zingase zigweme izinkinga ezithile zokubambisana ngegunya elikhulu, zisengozini yokuba zingazinaki izidingo zendawo nokuthatha isinyathelo esicindezelayo sendawo. Inselele iwukugcina ukulawulwa okwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzwana kwezwe kuyilapho zivumela ukuvumelana okwanele kwendawo ukuze kuxazululwe izimo ezihlukahlukene.

Izisusa Zokuthuthukisa Izinguquko

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amazwe elinganisela kusiza ekuchazeni izindlela zokubusa ngendlela efanele ezithathwayo nezinselele ezihlangabezana nazo ekufezeni ukusetshenziswa kwawo, ngokuvamile kuveza izisusa ezingokwezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo.

Imigomo Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi Nenengxenye

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo - 1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo - 1990, umqondo wokuTshintshwa Kwezinqubo Zokubusa Kwendawo uye waba obaluleke ngokwengeziwe kulendawo ngenxa yezinguquko eziye zasungulwa ukuze kwenziwe izinqubo zomphakathi eziphumelela ngokwengeziwe, zithuthukise ilungiselelo lenkonzo yezenhlalo, zihlanganise izakhamuzi neziphathimandla zazo zendawo, zandisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo, futhi zinciphise izindleko.

Amazwe amaningi aye aphishekela ukuthotshiswa njengengxenye yemizamo yokubusa ngedemokrati. Ngokudala ohulumeni bendawo abakhethiwe abanegunya langempela, amazwe azimisele ukujulisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi, asondeza uhulumeni ezakhamuzini, futhi akha amathuba amasha okuthembisana kwezombangazwe. Lesisusa siye saba sibaluleke kakhulu emazweni ashintsha umbuso wedenariyuse.

Ukwaneliseka Nokubeletha Kwenkonzo

Izinguquko ezishintshayo ezincishisiwe nokuqiniswa kohulumeni bendawo nazo zisabela esidingweni sokuthuthukisa ukubusa nokusabela kohulumeni naphezu kwezimfuno ezandayo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi. Izimpikiswano zezomnotho zokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka zigcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kube nempumelelo engcono ngokufanelana kwezinkonzo ezingcono ezithandwayo zendawo nezimo.

Isimiso sokuthoba sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi amazinga kahulumeni ahloniphekile ane-raison d'etre yawo elungiselelweni lempahla nezinkonzo ezisetshenziswa yizikhundla zazo kuphela. Lesimiso sokuzimela sisikisela ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zenziwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu likahulumeni okwazi ukuxoxa nazo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukusingatha Ukuhlukahluka Nokungezwani

Emazweni amaningi, uhlelo lwenguquko lwaqhutshwa izingxabano zobuzwe nezezifunda kanye nezinkinga zezemali. Ukukhishwa kwezwe kungaba yithuluzi lokulawula izinhlanga, ulimi, noma izifunda ngokunikeza amaqembu amancane inkululeko yokuzibusa ezindabeni eziwakhathazayo. Lendlela ingasiza ekulondolozeni ubunye besizwe nakuba kulwisana nokuhlukahluka.

Nokho, kunobufakazi bokuthi isinqumo sokuthotshiswa kwesimilo singaba nento enkulu ehlangene nokucabangela okufushane kwezombangazwe kunenzuzo ende yokuthotshiswa. EPeru nasePakistan, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzimela uhulumeni kwamuva kwaqala emizamweni yemibuso yokubusa ehlangothini noma ekwenza kube buthaka ukuphikiswa okungase kwenzeke. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezihloniphekayo zezombangazwe zingafeza izinjongo ezihlukahlukene ezingaphezu kwezinjongo zazo ezishiwo.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho Okuqhathanisayo Nokuncipha

Ukuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukene aye asebenzisa ngayo ukufaneleka kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngobuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho - sisekelo nemiphumela yokubusa. Amazwe aye alandela izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze athobeke, ngamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo.

Ukuncipha Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Izimiso ze-Federal ngokwemvelo zihlanganisa ukuthotshiswa okuphawulekayo, kodwa izinga kanye nesimo salokhu kuthotshiswa kuyahluka kakhulu. I-United States iyisibonelo sesimiso sikahulumeni lapho amazwe alondoloza khona amandla amakhulu kunemfundo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, nezinye izindawo eziningi ezimisiwe. Ohulumeni basebenza njengezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele kanye nezinqumo zawo siqu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nezimiso zokuphatha.

IJalimane imelela isibonelo esihlukile sobuzwe, esinama-athom anamandla okubambisana. I-German Länder (izifunda) inegunya elibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zemfundo namasiko, kodwa isebenza ngokuseduze nohulumeni wezwe ekusebenziseni izimiso eziningi. Le-buthoristism ebambisanayo ihilela ukubambisana okukhulu nokwenziwa kwesinqumo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

Amanye amazwe abona ukushintshwa okungakaze kube khona "ukuqhuma okukhulu" ekungcolisweni kwezombangazwe okubanzi nakwezomnotho: iBolivia ngo-1995 ne-Indonesia ngemva kokuwa kweSuharto ngo-1998, kuyilapho i-Brazil ne-India zithotshiswe ngendlela engalingani futhi ehamba kancane kakhulu. Lemidanti ehlukene ibonisa izimo zezombangazwe ezihlukene kanye nezinhlangano.

Ukuncipha Kwesimiso Sezokuxhumana

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa ziye zathatha izinguquko eziphawulekayo zokulungisa isimilo, nakuba zingaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezihlukene zomthetho-sisekelo. EYurophu, eFrance nase Switzerland ziye zasungula ukubambisana okuqinile, iFrance inezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlangano zokubambisana phakathi kwekhomunal, okungukuthi: imiphakathi yasemadolobheni, ukuhlanganiswa kwemiphakathi nemiphakathi, okunezela esakhiweni sokuqala esihloniphekayo esihlanganisa uhulumeni ophakathi, umkhakha kanye nomphakathi, futhi kuqashelwa ngokomthetho futhi kunikezwa imithwalo yemfanelo nemibuso kanye nemali ehlukene kuleyo yamalungu.

I-United Kingdom inikeza indaba ethakazelisayo yokuhlanganisa ngokuhlonipheka phakathi kwesimiso. Ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-devolution enikwe ohulumeni bezifunda ngomthetho wesizwe wokulawula, eminyakeni yamuva nje i-UK iye yavumela ohulumeni bezifunda ukuba banikeze ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ngokuphathelene nemfundo. iScotland, iWales, neNyakatho Ireland manje ineziphakamiso zabo siqu noma izifunda ezinezinga eliphezulu elihlukene, nakuba ubukhosi obuphelele busekhona nePhalamende le-UK.

Kwamanye amazwe (njengePakistan), ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamelela ithuluzi lokuhlanganisa amandla kahulumeni wezwe ongewona owentando yeningi. EChina, ohulumeni bendawo banikezwa amandla amaningi ezomnotho kodwa amancane ezombangazwe. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuthotshiswa kungathatha izindlela eziningi futhi kufeze izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, okungathuthukisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Izinselele Ekufezeni Imisebenzi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iluphi uhlobo lwesimiso, ukunikeza impumelelo efanelekile kubhekene nezinselele eziningi ezisebenzayo. Inqubo yokuthotshiswa akukenziwa isilinganiso esifanelekile ngoba amasu abekwe kahle angahluleka ukuqeda izinkinga. Impumelelo idinga ukunakwa okuhlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa nanokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwenqubo yokushintsha.

Isakhiwo Sasedolobheni Elinamandla

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile abanawo amandla obuchwepheshe, izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, nezimiso ezidingekayo ukuze basebenzise imithwalo yemfanelo emisha ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuzimela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukutshala imali enele ekwakheni izakhiwo zekhono, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha izikhulu zendawo, ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokuqondisa, nokumiswa kwezinqubo zokulandisa.

Kunokuqashelwa okubanzi ukuthi ohulumeni abayinhloko abangcono kakhulu ekusingatheni zonke lezimpikiswano. Nokho, ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa kokubusa okuyinhloko akuzikhiqizi izinhlangano zendawo ezinekhono.

Ukuzinziswa Kwesikhumba

Ukusekela izimali ezanele nezisekelwayo kohulumeni bendawo kuyinselele ephikelelayo. Ohulumeni bendawo badinga imithombo eyanele ukuze bafeze imithwalo yabo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi kumelwe babe nezisusa zomthwalo wemfanelo wemali nokuphumelela. Ukuklama izimiso zemali ezihlangene ezilinganisela lemigomo kuyilapho kubhekisa izikweletu zezindawo kudinga ukunakekela okucophelelayo ezabelweni zemali, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nezinqubo zokuthutha.

Izimiso ze-Federal zinikeza ohulumeni bezifunda inzuzo enkulu, kodwa lokhu kungaholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu. Izimiso zobumbano zingasakaza kalula kakhulu imithombo yokusingatha ukungalingani kwezifunda kodwa zingadala ubuhlobo bokuncika obulula ukuthatha isinyathelo nokulandisa.

Ukuvumelana Nesizotha

Ukulondoloza ukubambisana kwenqubo kanye nokubambisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo. Izimiso ezinamabhangqa zihlanganisa ukuhlangana okulinganayo okunganyakazi okuphakamisa inselele yokubambisana phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Amazwe kumelwe athuthukise izimiso zokubambisana kwezinhlangano zohulumeni, ukuxabana, kanye nokwenza inqubo ebambisanayo.

Izimiso ze-Foreal zibhekene nezinselele ezikhethekile ekuqondiseni izimiso eziphethe imingcele elinganiselwe yezwe. Izimiso ze-Unitary zingathola ukubambisana kalula ngegunya lezikhulu kodwa kumelwe zilinganisele indlela eyinhloko ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana kwendawo. Zombili izindlela zidinga izinqubo ezingokwenhlangano zokuxoxa, ukuxoxa, nokuhlangana kwenkinga phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

Indima Yesiko Lezombangazwe Nendima

Nakuba isimo somthetho - sisekelo sithonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuthonywa kwemingcele nokubusa kwendawo, amasiko ezombangazwe, amasiko angokomlando, nezici ezihambisana nako nakho kufeza izindima ezibalulekile.

Akumelwe ucabange ukuthi abaxhasi besizwe (kanye nabanikelayo uma befanelekile) bavumelana ngesidingo nangezizathu zokuzivumelanisa, njengoba kunezinto eziningi ezithakazelelwayo, izincazelo, izisusa nezizathu ezihlukene kubabhebhethekisi nababani besizwe ukuba bakhuthaze noma bamelane nokungahambisani nokunye. Amandla ezombangazwe, ubudlelwane, kanye nokuncintisana kwezithakazelo ngendlela izinguquko ezihlelwa futhi ziqhutshwe ngayo.

Isimiso sobunye e-UK sivumela ukususwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo nombuso wendawo, kanti iRussia(a Federalist System) ikhomba umthetho ngokuqhathaniswa ngisho noma kufanele inike uhulumeni wendawo inkululeko eyengeziwe. Lokhu kuphawula kugcizelela ukuthi isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingokomthetho asinqumi imiphumela. Intando yezombangazwe, impucuko yezeziqu, kanye nokuziphatha kwabadlali bezombangazwe kubaluleke kakhulu njengemithetho ehleliwe.

Ukuphumelela kwanoma yisiphi isimiso kuxhomeke emongweni wezwe, kuhlanganise nobukhulu balo, ukuhlukahluka, ukulandisa okungokomlando, nezidingo eziqondile zomphakathi walo, njengoba ezinye izizwe zizuza ebunyeni besimiso sobumbano, kuyilapho ezinye zithola ukuthi ukuvumelana kombuso kufanelana kangcono nezithakazelo zazo ezihlukahlukene.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nemikhuba Eyanqwabelana

Ukuzimela nokubusa kwendawo kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo, izinselele ezintsha, namathuba avelayo.

Ukuhlalisana Kwamadolobha Nombuso WeMetro

Ukushesha ukuvela kwamadolobha emhlabeni wonke kudala izinselele ezintsha zokubusa kwendawo. Izindawo ezinkulu zamadolobha ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izifunda zikahulumeni zendawo eziningi, zidala izinkinga zokubambisana futhi zenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga zendawo yonke njengokuthutha, ukuvikela indawo, nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Zombili izimiso zezwe nezokuhlanganisa zizama izindlela ezintsha zokubusa kwedolobha ukuze kuxazululwe lezinselele.

Amanye amazwe akha iziphathimandla ezikhethekile zasedolobheni ezinamandla phezu kwemisebenzi ethile. Amanye akhuthaza ukubambisana kohulumeni bendawo ngokuzithandela. Futhi amanye ahlanganisa izifunda ezincane zibe izigaba ezinkulu. Lezi zici ziveza imizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa izakhiwo ezibusayo ukuze kushintshwe isimo samanani nangokomnotho.

Ubuchwepheshe bezezinombolo kanye ne-e-Governance

Ubuchwepheshe bemishini bushintsha amathuba okubusa kwendawo kanye nezakhamuzi. Amapulatifomu e-E-avernance angathuthukisa ukubonakala, asheshisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, futhi athuthukise ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo. Lobu buchwepheshe bungenza ukuba kube lula kohulumeni bendawo ukuthola ukwaziswa, ukuhlanganisa nezinye izifundazwe, nokusebenza nezakhamuzi.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe be-minuctures buphakamisa futhi imibuzo mayelana nokungafihli ukwaziswa, ukuhlukana kwenombolo, kanye nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwempumelelo nokusebenzelana kwabantu ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni. Zombili izimiso zikahulumeni no-unity kumelwe zilwe nokusebenzisa amandla obuchwepheshe kuyilapho zisingatha izingozi nokulinganiselwa kwawo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulawula Indawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudala izinselele zokudlula kwemingcele yemingcele futhi kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni. Ohulumeni bendawo benza izindima ezibalulekile ekushintsheni isimo sezulu nasekulinganiseni, kodwa badinga ukusekelwa nokubambisana okuvela emazingeni aphakeme kahulumeni. Izimiso ze-Federal ne-ocerary ziqala izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulawula isimo sezulu, ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene.

Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zilwa nokubambisana lapho amazwe ahlukene amukela izimiso eziphikisanayo. Ezinye izimiso zobumbane zingasebenzisa amasu avumelanayo esizwe kodwa zingase zingawathengi futhi zingawavumelani nezimo zendawo. Ukulawula isimo sezulu okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlanganisa ukubambisana kwesizwe nezenzo zendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwakheka komthetho-mthetho.

Izifundo Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuzijwayeza

Ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kokuzivumelanisa nezimiso nokubusa kwendawo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene kunikeza izifundo eziningana ezibalulekile kubakhi bezimiso, odokotela, nezakhamuzi ezikhathalela ukuthuthukisa ukubusa.

Okokuqala, ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kungasiza ekuphenduleni umbuzo wokuthi ukulinganisela kuvame yini ukukwenzeka ngendlela elinganiselayo (nentuthuko ekuziphatheni okunesizotha okwenzekayo ngazo zonke izilinganiso ngesikhathi esisodwa), noma ukuthi izimiso zokubusa zendawo zithambekele ekuphendukeleni ngendlela engalingani, ezinye izici zesimiso sokubusa sendawo zihloniphekile kakhulu kunezinye. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ukulinganisela ngokulinganisela kwezombangazwe, ukuphatha, kanye nokushintsha okungalingani kuveza imiphumela engcono kunokungalinganisi noma ukushintsha okungalingani.

Okwesibili, umongo ubaluleke kakhulu. Asikho isimiso esingcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke noma izinga lokubekwa kahle. Imisebenzi ixhomeke ebulingana nobungako bezwe, ukuhlukahluka, amasiko angokomlando, amandla okuhlela, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe. Izinguquko eziphumelelayo kumelwe zivumelane nezimo ezithile kunokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zisuka kwezinye izimo.

Okwesithathu, ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kudinga ukunakwa okuqhubekayo nemithombo. Izincwadi eziningi ezihloniphekile zikhuluma ngezindaba ezivamile eziphathelene nesabelo semithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni kanye nokuklanywa kokuthutha imali. Nakuba lemibuzo yokuklama ibalulekile, ukuthotshiswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukunakaliswa kwekhono, ukusungulwa kwezakhiwo, nokuphatha kwezombangazwe kwenqubo yenguquko.

Okwesine, ngokuthuthukisa indawo elinganiselwe, ehlanganisayo, futhi ebambisanayo, izinhlangano zingaqinisa ukubusa nokuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yendawo, zidala ingxenye yomphakathi eqinile nesabelayo. Ukubusa okunezinga elikhulu akudingi nje kuphela isabelo esicacile semithwalo yemfanelo kodwa futhi kudinga izindlela zokubambisana, ukubambisana, nokusekelana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lesimiso ekuthotyelweni kwesimilo nokubuswa kwendawo linamandla kodwa alikho imingcele. Izimiso ze-Federal zinikeza isivikelo somthetho-mfantu sokuzimela kwezindawo futhi ngokuvamile ziveza ukuhleleka okukhulu kunezimiso ezihlangene. Nokho, izimiso zohlelo zingaletha ukufaneleka okuphawulekayo ngokuzimisela kwezombangazwe nezinguquko zokuphatha, kuyilapho ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zihlala zikhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso nokubusa buxhomeke ezicini eziningi ezingaphandle kohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Impucuko yezombangazwe, isikhundla sokuhlela, imithombo yemali, kanye nobungako bobuholi bezombangazwe konke kuthonya indlela ukuthotshiswa kwemithetho efanelekile okukhuthaza ngayo ukusabela, ukulandisa, nokuphumelela. Zombili izimiso zikahulumeni nohlelo zingasekela ukubusa okuphumelelayo kwendawo uma kuklanywe futhi kusetshenziswa ngokufanelekile.

Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka elwa nezinselele zokubusa ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nelihlangene, imibuzo ngokusakazeka kahle kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni isalokhu iyisisekelo senkulumo - mpikiswano yezombangazwe.

Ukuze bahlole ngokwengeziwe lezizihloko, abafundi bangahlola imithombo yezinhlangano ezifana ne- World Bank’s Governance Programme, i-United Nations Development Programme yeDemocratic Programme[, futhi izinhlangano zezemfundo ezihlukanisa ezombangazwe nezokuphatha umphakathi. Lemithombo inikeza ukucwaninga okwengeziwe, ukuhlola, amaphutha, nesiqondiso esisebenzayo se-United Nations Democratic Programmementation's Democratic Programme's, kanye nezinhlangano zemfundo ezihlelayomphakathi.