Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Uhulumeni Wendawo: Isisekelo Sokuphila Komphakathi
Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinga lokuqondisa komphakathi oseduze kakhulu nabantu, balungisa ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila ezindaweni ezizungezile, emadolobheni, nasemadolobheni. Nakuba ohulumeni bezwe nabezwe ngokuvamile bephethe izihloko eziphambili, izikhulu zendawo nezinhlangano eziphatha izakhamuzi ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa imigwaqo nsuku zonke. Kusukela esimweni semigwaqo nasekulondekeni kokuphuza amanzi afinyelele esikhathini sokusabela esiphuthumayo kwamaqembu asebenza ngokuphuthumayo, ukuma kwezindawo zokuhlala, izinqumo zikahulumeni wendawo zinethonya elibonakalayo emikhubeni yansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi le zinhlangano zisebenza kanjani, ukuthi zikhokhelwani, nokuthi zixhaswa kanjani ngokwezimali kubaluleke kangakanani kunoma ubani ofuna ukwaziwayo futhi abeke amalungu omphakathi wawo. Lesiqondiso sinikeza umbono ogcwele kuhulumeni bendawo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, imisebenzi yayo ephakathi, nezinselele ezikhona phakathi nenkathi yanamuhla yanamuhla.
Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni Wendawo
Uhulumeni wendawo uphethe umphakathi wendawo ethile njengedolobha, idolobha, isifundazwe, noma isifundazwe esikhethekile. Usebenza ngaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa uhulumeni wezwe noma wesifunda futhi usebenza ngokusingatha izidingo ezikhethekile zabantu bendawo. Ngokungafani nezindikimba zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni ezisingatha izimpikiswano ezinkulu zesimiso sobuzwe njengezokuvikela noma ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ohulumeni bendawo bagxila ezinkonzweni ezisheshayo ezingokoqobo ezenza imiphakathi isebenze futhi ikwazi ukusebenza.
Ohulumeni bendawo e - United States bathatha izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinezikhundla zaso ezingokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo:
- ['Umbuso — Ihlanganise amadolobha, amadolobhana, namadolobhana anikeza izinkonzo eziningi ezikhungweni eziminyene. Izifunda-mazwe zivame ukuba nomthetho-mthetho wazo nezindikimba ezibusayo.
- Izibalo — Izigaba eziphetheyo zikazwe ezikhonza izindawo ezinkulu zendawo, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni. I-Colaries iphatha imisebenzi enjengokuhlola impahla, ukugcinwa komthetho ezindaweni ezingahlanganisiwe, nezinkonzo zempilo yomphakathi.
- Imikhumbi-mfashini — itholakala ngokuyinhloko eMidwast nase Nyakatho-mpumalanga, amalokishi ayizingxube zezilinganiso ezinikeza izinkonzo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma emaphethelweni edolobha, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nokulungisa umgwaqo kanye nokuvikela umlilo.
- Izigodi ezikhethekile — izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizimele zenzelwe ukunikeza izinkonzo ezithile, njengenhlanganisela yamanzi, indle, ezomphakathi, noma isivikelo somlilo. Izifunda ezikhethekile zisebenza ngaphesheya kwemingcele kamasipala futhi zibuswa ngamabhodi azo.
Ngokwe - Census Bureau yase-U.S., kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo ezingaphezu kuka - 90 000 e - United States, kuhlanganise nezinombolo ezingaphezu kuka - 3 000, omasipala abangaba ngu - 20 000, namashumi ezinkulungwane zezifunda ezikhethekile. Lesi sakhiwo esihloniphekile sivumela imiphakathi ukuba ivumelane nezimo zayo eziyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi sidala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kokuthi izinkonzo ziqondiswa kanjani futhi zixhaswe kanjani.
Izakhiwo Zohulumeni Bendawo: Indlela Izinqumo Ezenziwa Ngayo
Izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo zihluka kakhulu ngokwenani labantu, umthetho kazwelonke, kanye nesiko elingokomlando. Nokho, izimiso eziningi zinengxenye ezifanayo ezichaza indlela emisiwe ngayo nezindlela zokusebenza usuku nosuku.
Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni KaMasipala
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni kamasipala e - United States:
- Isimiso somkhandlu-Council — kulesi simiso, abavoti bakhetha kokubili imeya nomkhandlu wedolobha. Umphathi-meya usebenza njengesikhulu esikhulu, esinamandla negunya lokuphatha, kuyilapho umkhandlu usebenza njengendikimba yemithetho. Lesimiso sivamile emadolobheni amakhulu njengaseChicago nase-New York.
- Isimiso somphathi-Masteri-Council — Lapha, umkhandlu okhethiwe umisa inkambiso futhi uqasha umphathi wedolobha onguchwepheshe ukuze aqondise imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Imeya ngokuvamile isebenza njengeqophelo lemikhosi. Lesisibonelo sivamile emadolobheni aphakathi futhi siyadunyiswa ngokugcizelela kwayo ekuqondiseni abaphathi abangochwepheshe. INhlangano yezizwe zonke ye-Dolobhar/Comey Managementment Association (ICMA) inikeza imithombo nezindinganiso zalendlela.
- Isimiso sokuvula imvume — Abakhomishane abaqanjiwe basebenza kokubili njengabamisi-mthetho nanjengabaphathi beminyango. Nakuba lesi simiso singavamile kakhulu namuhla, sisasetshenziswa kwamanye amadolobha nasemabalweni.
Izakhiwo Zesifunda Nezasedolobheni
I-Counioes ivame ukuba nebhodi elikhethiweyo lamakhomishane noma abaphathi elimisa umthetho. Ibhodi ingamisa umphathi wesifunda noma umphathi ukuba anakekele imisebenzi. Ezizweni eziningi, izikhulu ezikhethelwe ngokwehlukana njenge-sheript, umhloli, umabhalane, nomphathi wemali, ezingakha isakhiwo esihlukene esilawulayo. Imikhumbi-mgamu yamadolobha ngokuvamile ikhetha ibhodi elithenjelwayo futhi ingaba nomphathi wedolobha noma umphathi we-meya. Imithwalo yemfanelo ethile yamakhaya iyahluka kakhulu ngokombuso.
Umtholalwazi qhaza
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iluphi uhlobo oluqondile, iminyango yezisebenzi zikahulumeni bendawo esingatha izinkonzo ezidingekile. Iminyango evamile ihlanganisa:
- Imisebenzi yePublic — Imithwalo yemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, indlela yokukhuculula indle, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu.
- Prothe nomlilo — Qinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi ngokuqiniswa komthetho, ukunqandwa komlilo, nokusabela okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha.
- Izindawo zokuzijabulisa nezokuzilibazisa — Phatha amapaki omphakathi, amasimu ezemidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa.
- Ukulungisa nokulungisa — Ukusebenzisa indawo, ukuvuleka kwendlela, kanye nezimiso zokwakha ukuqondisa ukukhula komphakathi.
- [[INTLA:0] I-pinance — Ukuphatha uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, ukuqoqwa kwentela, ukubala, nokubika kwezimali.
- [[Umthetho:0] Imithombo yabantu — Manenja ukuqasha, izinzuzo, nobudlelwane bezisebenzi zikahulumeni.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yohulumeni Bendawo: Ukukhonza Umphakathi
Ukuqonda lemithwalo yemfanelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi ukubusa kwendawo kungakanani futhi zibone izindawo ezingasekela kuzo intuthuko.
Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezinkonzo Eziphuthumayo
Enye yezindima ezibonakala kakhulu zikahulumeni wendawo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa nokuqondisa iminyango yamaphoyisa ukuba kuqikelelwe imithetho, iminyango yomlilo ukusabela emililweni nasekwenzeni izinto eziyingozi, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha (EMS) ukuze zinikeze ukunakekela kwangaphambi kwenhlekelele. Ohulumeni bendawo bahlela futhi ukulungiselela nokusabela, kuhlanganise namapulani okuthuthwa, imisebenzi yokukhosela, kanye nemizamo yokululama ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo. Izinga nokusabela kwalezi zinkonzo ngokuvamile kuyindaba ephambili yezakhamuzi lapho zihlola uhulumeni wazo i-’s.
Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba
Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wokwakha nokulungisa izakhiwo ezingokoqobo ezincike kuzo imiphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo, amabhuloho, imigwaqwe, imizila yamabhayisekili, nezibani zasemgwaqweni. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenzisa nezimiso zokuhamba zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namabhasi, izitimela ezilula, nezitimela ezihambayo. Izimiso zamanzi nezindawo zokuchitha indle ziwumsebenzi obalulekile: imishini yendawo iqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi aphuza ahlangabezana nezindawo zokuphepha nokuthi amanzi angcolile asetshenziswa ngendlela efanele ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi nendawo ezungezile.
Impilo Yomphakathi Nokuhlanzeka
Iminyango yezempilo yendawo ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, ihlola izindawo zokudlela nokudla, ilawula izinhlelo zokugoma, futhi inikeza imfundo yezempilo. Imisebenzi yokuhlanza, kuhlanganise nokuqoqa imfucumfucu, ukuvuselela imfucumfucu, nokulahla imfucumfucu okuyingozi, isetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baqondisa futhi ukulawulwa kwezilwane, ukukhubazeka komiyane, nokuhlola indawo ezungezile. Phakathi nobunzima bempilo yomphakathi, njengobhadaba lwe-COVIID, ohulumeni bendawo baba yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni, ekugonyeni, ekugonyeni, nasekuqondiseni impilo yomphakathi.
Imfundo Nemitapo
Nakuba ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni benikeza izimali futhi bebeka izindinganiso zemfundo, amabhodi esikole nezifunda zendawo anendima eqondile ekuqondiseni izikole, othisha abaqashayo, nemfundo yangemva kwesikole. Ohulumeni bendawo bafaka futhi imitapo yezincwadi zomphakathi, esebenza njengezindawo zomphakathi zokufunda, ukufinyelela imishini, nokuhlela amasiko. Ithala lezincwadi livame ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuqala zokufunda nokufuna umsebenzi, nokuthola usizo nge-intanethi, okwenza kube okubalulekile ekusebenziseni i-internet.
Ukuthuthukiswa Komphakathi Nendlela Yokuhlela Izwe
Ohulumeni bendawo bahlela izakhiwo ezingokoqobo zomphakathi ngokuhlela nangokuhlela iziqondiso. Izimiso zokulungisa zinganquma ukuthi hlobo luni lwezakhiwo ezingakhiwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene (ezisezingeni, ezentengiselwano, ezezentengiselwano,) futhi bamise izindinganiso zokusinda, ubude, nezithiyo. Iminyango yokuhlela ithuthukisa amalungiselelo aqondisa ukukhula kwesikhathi eside, ukutshala izimali, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Ukuthuthuka komphakathi kuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zezindlu ezithengwayo, intuthuko yezomnotho yokudonsa amabhizinisi, nemizamo yokulondolozwa ngokomlando. Lezi zinqunyelwe kusukela ekusebenziseni kwezindlu ezinkonzweni kwezimoto kuya ekutholakaleni kwendawo eluhlaza.
Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nokulondolozwa Kwayo
Ohulumeni bendawo bahola kakhulu ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile. Basebenzisa izinhlelo zokubuyisela imvelo nokunciphisa udoti, bavikela izindawo zemvelo namaxhaphozi, baphoqelele ukuba kuqalwe iziqondiso zokuhamba nomoya namanzi, futhi bathuthukise izinqubo zesimo sezulu. Amadolobha amaningi aye abeka imigomo efuna ukuncishiswa kokuncishiswa kwegesi eshisayo, ukushintshwa kwamandla avuseleleka, nokwakha ukuqina kokushintsha isimo sezulu esinjengesikhukhula namaza okushisa. Imizamo yokuzigcina zikhona ihlanganisa izisusa zezakhiwo ezihamba kahle zamandla kagesi, iziteshi ezihamba ngezimoto ezithutha igesi, kanye nezinyathelo zokutshala imithi.
Ukuzijabulisa, Isiko Nezenzakalo Zomphakathi
Ohulumeni bendawo bathuthukisa izinga lokuphila ngokulungiselela amapaki, imidlalo, amagceke, amadamu okubhukuda, nezikhungo zomphakathi. Bahlela izenzakalo zomphakathi njengezimakethe zabalimi, amakhonsathi, imikhosi, imikhosi, nemikhosi yemikhosi. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basekela ubuciko nempucuko ngokunikeza iminyuziyamu, imidlalo yemidlalo yeshashala, nezinhlelo zobuciko zomphakathi.
Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nosizo Lwezindlu
Nakuba izinkonzo eziningi zezenhlalakahle zinikezwa embusweni noma kuhulumeni, ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukunikeza usizo oluqondile kubantu abasengozini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindawo zokukhosela ezingenamakhaya nezinkonzo, izinhlelo zokuqasha, amabhange okudla, izikhungo ezikhubazekile, nezinkonzo kubantu abakhubazekile. Izikhulu zendawo zilawula izindlu zomphakathi futhi zinikeze izimemezelo ezingu-8. Izinhlangano zemisebenzi zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ezixhaswe ohulumeni bendawo, zinikeza ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, usizo lwamandla, kanye nokunye ukusekela emakhaya ampofu athola inzuzo.
Indlela Ohulumeni Bendawo Abasekelwa Ngayo: Umthombo Wenzuzo
Ukuze kunikezwe lezi zinkonzo, ohulumeni bendawo badinga imixhantela eqinile nenokwethenjelwa. Ukuxubana kwezimali kuyahluka kuye ngomthetho kazwelonke, izimo zezomnotho zendawo, nezinkonzo ezithile ezinikezwayo. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abaphakamisa ngayo imali kudinga ukucubungula impilo yabo yezimali nokulunga kwezimiso zabo zentela.
Intela Yempahla
Intela yempahla iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu kakhulu wemali ohulumeni bendawo abaningi, ikakhulukazi emabaleni nasezindaweni zesikole. Intela isekelwe enanini elinqunyiwe lezindawo nendawo nezakhiwo. Izintela zempahla zivame ukubekwa yizinkampani zendawo ezikhethiwe, futhi inzuzo isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa izikole, ukuphepha komphakathi, izisekelo zemisebenzi engokwezezimali, futhi imisebenzi evamile. Nakuba intela yempahla inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sezimali, zingabuyiselwa, zibeka umthwalo ongalinganisikiyo kubanikazi bekhaya ngeholo elimisiwe nabaqasheli abakhokhela ngokungaqondile.
Ukuthengisa Intela
Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bafaka intela yentela yokuthengisa ngezimpahla nangezinkonzo ezithengwayo. Izintela zentela zivame ukubekwa njengenani lentengo yokuthenga futhi ziqoqwa amabhizinisi lapho kuthengwa. Izintela zokuthengisa zendawo zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuxhasa imisebenzi evamile, imisebenzi yokuthutha, noma izinyathelo eziqondile ezinjengomapaki noma ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Izintela ziyashintshashintsha ngenxa yokuthi ziyantengantenga ngokuthenga futhi zingathinteka ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezomnotho.
Iholo Nokukhokha Intela
Abanye ohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi amadolobha amakhulu, baphoqelela intela yemali yendawo edonswayo kuzakhamuzi nakulabo abangasebenzi edolobheni. Lentela ivame ukuba isambatha seholo neholo. Intela yokukhokha intela, esekelwe ezindlekweni ezikhokhwayo zamabhizinisi, ingomunye umthombo wemali ekhokhwayo kohulumeni bendawo. Intela yendawo inikeza inzuzo ekhuphukayo encikene nentengo encikene nempahla, kodwa ingadala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwabakhokhi bentela abasebenza kwelinye izwe futhi baphile kwenye indawo.
Inkokhelo Yenkonzo Nomsebenzisi
Ohulumeni bendawo bakhokhela izinkonzo eziningi ezikhethekile, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ekhethekile, imfucumfucu, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, imvume yokwakha, izindleko zokungena epaki, nokubhaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa. Intela yomsebenzisi iklanyelwe ukubuyisa izindleko zokulungiselela lenkonzo futhi ngokuvamile ihlelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abazuzayo kuleyomali yenkonzo. Nakuba izimali zingaba indlela ephumelelayo yokukhokha izinkonzo, zingaphinde zihoxe uma befaka umthwalo osindayo ezindlini ezihola imali ephansi. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo bakhokhela abakhokhela imali ehholi noma banciphisa izindleko zokukhokha izakhamuzi.
Ukudluliswa Kwamandla Kahulumeni
Ohulumeni bendawo bathola izimali ezikhokhelwayo nezikhokhelwayo eziphuma kuhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kuvame ukuhambisana nezinjongo ezithile, njengemfundo, ezokuthutha, impilo yomphakathi, noma isisekelo sesisekelo. Imali enikezwa uhulumeni ne-ohulumeni ingaba umthombo onzima wezimali zemisebenzi yendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile iza nezimfuneko eziqinile futhi zingase zivumelane nezinguquko zezezombangazwe eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) lusekela ukuxhaswa kwezindlu, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, nemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ezindaweni ezingenisa imali ephansi.
Eminye Imithombo Yemali
Ohulumeni bendawo baphakamisa futhi inzuzo ngenkokhelo nezijeziso (njengenhlawulo yamathikithi ezimoto nemithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho), intela yokukhokha esemthethweni evela ezinkampanini zezezemisebenzi, intela yokuhlala ehhotela, nemali yokutshala imali. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izinto ezisemfashinini zomphakathi (njengezegesi, amanzi, noma igesi) futhi bakhiphe inzuzo emazingeni abathengi. Isibopho singelinye ithuluzi elibalulekile: isibopho sokudayisa izakhiwo ezinkulu, ukukhokha isikweleti semali ngesikhathi esine.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Kuhulumeni Wendawo
Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kuhulumeni wendawo akuwona nje umthwalo ofanele we — kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi uthuthukise imiphumela yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela, ziletha imibono ehlukene, zibheka izikhulu njengeziyolandisa, futhi zisiza ekuhleleni izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwazo siqu. Ziningi izindlela zokuhileleka, futhi ngisho nezenzo ezincane zingaba nethonya elinenjongo.
Ukuba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi
Imihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha, imihlangano yesifunda, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuqulwa kwezindaba, nezinhlelo zebhodi lesikole zivulekele umphakathi. Ukuba khona kulemihlangano kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukwenza izinqumo, ukuzwa izikhulu nezisebenzi, futhi zikhulume imibono yazo phakathi nezikhathi zokuphendula komphakathi. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje banikeza ukusakaza nge-intanethi kanye nokuthatha hlangothi, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuhlala zinolwazi futhi zithembisene.
Ukuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni
Ukhetho lwendawo luvame ukuba novota abaphansi, okusho ukuthi inani elincane lamavoti linganquma imiphumela. Ukusebenza kumasipala, isifunda, nebhodi yesikole kungezinye zezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya isimiso sendawo. Ngaphandle kokufaka i-colot, izakhamuzi zingavota ngemikhankaso, zivotelele, futhi zifundise nabanye ngezindaba zabazocela ukuvota.
Ukukhonza Ezigunjini Nasemathunyweni
Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kumavolontiya ukuba akhonze emabhodini omphakathi nasezindaweni ezidingida izindaba eziqondile ezinjengokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, indawo yokuhlala, amapaki, ukulondolozwa komlando nobudlelwane babantu. Le zinhlangano zitusa izikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi ngokuvamile zinethonya elikhulu esimisweni. Ukukhonza ebhodini noma ekhomishaneni kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwezindaba zendawo kanye nendima ethile ekuthuthukiseni izinqumo zomphakathi.
Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu Nezikhulu Eziqashwe
Izakhamuzi zingafinyelela kumphathi-meya wazo, amalungu omkhandlu, amakhomishane esifundazwe, kanye namanhloko emnyango ukuze ziveze okukhathazayo, zibuze imibuzo, noma zinikeze ukusikisela. Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, kanye nemihlangano ye-person zonke ziyizindlela eziphumelelayo zokuxhumana. Izikhulu zendawo ngokuvamile ziyangeneka futhi ziyasabela ngoba zimelela ukuvumelana okuncane. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nabameleli bendawo kungakhulisa isakhamuzi i’ iphimbo futhi kwenze izwi libe ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zomphakathi
Izinhlangano zomphakathi, ama-club omphakathi, izigodi zezentengiselwano, nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi zonke zinikeza amathuba okuthembisana uhulumeni. La maqembu avame ukusebenza eduze nohulumeni wendawo ukuze abhekane nezinkathazo zomphakathi, ahlele izenzakalo zomphakathi, futhi asekele imithombo yengcebo. Ukuhlanganyela nenhlangano enjalo kungahlanganisa izakhamuzi nomakhelwane abanezinhloso ezifana nezawo futhi kuqinise izwi lazo.
Ukuvolontiya Nokuhlanganyela Ezimisweni Zomphakathi
Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bathembele kumavolontiya amakomiti omphakathi, abaphathi bemisebenzi, nasemaprojekthi akhethekile. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela futhi ezikhungweni zomphakathi, ekuhloleni, nasezindaweni ezinamathikithi ezihlobene nokuhlela nokuhlela nokuhlela uhlelo lwemali. Ukuhlanganyela kulezi zinqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlobana komphakathi kuyacatshangelwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izinqumo, kunokuba zilindele ukusabela ngemva kwalokho.
Izinselele Ohulumeni Bendawo Ababhekene Nazo Namuhla
Njengoba kulindeleke ukuba banikeze izinkonzo eziningi, ngokuvamile babhekana nezinkonzo ezinkulu ezingase zilulaze ukuphumelela kwabo. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukusekela uhulumeni wazo wendawo futhi zisekele amakhambi.
Izindawo Zokushisa Nezinhlayiya Ezingahlosiwe
Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile bayadingeka ngomthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ukuba banikeze izinkonzo ezithile noma bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile, kodwa ngaphandle kokuthola imali edingekayo ukuze benze kanjalo. Lemiyalo engekho emthethweni icindezela izimali zendawo futhi iphoqelele ukudayiswa kwemisebenzi enzima. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo babhekana nokulinganiselwa kwekhono labo lokunyusa inzuzo, njengamashekethi entela noma izimfuneko zomvoti wokukhokhiswa kwentela eyandayo. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kungaholela ekunciphiseni izinkonzo ezibalulekile, ukugcinwa kwezakhiwo zezakhiwo, nokugcinwa kwezindawo ezisemgangathweni ezigxekayo.
Ukwanda Kwenani Labantu Nokuya Ezindaweni Eziningi
Ukwanda ngokushesha kwenani labantu emadolobheni amaningi kucindezela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bandise izakhiwo, izikole, nezinkonzo. Ukulawula ukuhlelwa kudinga uhlelo olucophelelayo ukuze kugwenywe ukubhidlika, ukuminyana kwezimoto, nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Ngokuphambene, eminye imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ibhekene nokuncipha kwenani labantu, okuholela ekuncipheni kwentela futhi kubangele ukungakwazi ukulondoloza izakhiwo nezinkonzo ezikhona.
Iziyalezo Zokuguga
Ingxenye enkulu yesizwe i-’ izakhiwo zesisekelo i-— imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amapayipi amanzi, nemifabhe yendle i-— yakhiwa emashumini eminyaka adlule futhi idinga ukulungiswa noma ukubuyiselwa. I-American Society of Civil Enginegerers (ASCE) ithola amamaki aphansi njalo, nezimiso eziningi zendawo zithola amachashaza aphansi. Izindleko zokuvuselela izakhiwo zesakhiwo zinkulu, futhi ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile bazama ukusekela izimali ezidingekile. Ukulondolozwa kokungahleleki kwezimiso zezimiso zesimiso, njengamabhuloho ayinhloko awe nasemabhulohweni, aphazamisa ukuphila kwansuku zonke nezingozi zokuphepha.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokucindezeleka Kwendawo Ezungezile
Ohulumeni bendawo basendaweni engaphambili ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, bebhekene nezikhukhula ezivamile nezinzima, imigodi yemlilo, amaza okushisa, neziphepho. Kumelwe bafake imali ezinyathelweni zokuzivuselela, basebenzise izinhlelo zokulungisa izwe ukuze banciphise izingozi, futhi babhekane nezinhlekelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, babhekana nokucindezela kokunciphisa izinyawo zabo siqu zecarbon futhi bakhuthaze ukusekelwa. Ukulinganisela lezimfuno nezinye izinto eziza kuqala nemithombo elinganiselwe kuyinselele enkulu.
Izimo Eziphuthumayo Zempilo Yomphakathi
Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabonisa indima ebucayi yohulumeni bendawo ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yahola ukuhlola, ukuxhumana, ukugoma, nemizamo yokuthola inzuzo. Lo mqedazwe wadalula ubuthakathaka ezinhlanganweni zempilo zomphakathi, amaketanga okunikezana, nezimiso zokuxhumana. Ukulungiselela usongo lwempilo yomphakathi esikhathini esizayo kudinga ukutshala izimali nokubambisana okuqhubekayo.
Ukulingana Nokuhlangana Kwezenhlalo
Ohulumeni bendawo bacelwa ngokwandayo ukuba balungise ukungalingani okujulile ezindlini, emfundweni, ekutholeni amathuba ezomnotho, nasekutholeni izinkonzo. Izindawo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene kanye nezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi ngokuvamile ziye zathinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa ngezimiso zokulahla okunjengeziphakamiso, ukuhlukanisa, nokuchitha. Ohulumeni bendawo manje basebenzela ukulungisa lezizimo ngokulungisa izimiso zentuthuko engcono, izivumelwano zezindlu ezithengwayo, nemikhuba yomphakathi encikeneyo ehambisana namazwini alulazayo. Ukufeza intuthuko enengqondo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo nezingxoxo ezinzima mayelana nokuqoqwa kwemithombo namandla.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokuzinza
Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izinkonzo zokuhlanganisa izinombolo zemali, kusukela ku-inthanethi kuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo nokusebenza kahle. Nokho, lokhu kushintsha kwemishini kuletha izingozi ezintsha. Ohulumeni bendawo bayizisulu ezivamile zokuhlaselwa kwe-fashini, ukudilika kokwaziswa, nezinye izinsongo ze-inthaneti ngoba ngokuvamile banemithombo elinganiselwe yezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi. Ukuvikela ukwaziswa okusheshayo nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwezinkonzo ezibalulekile naphezu kokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi kuyindawo ephambili.
Izinselele Zomsebenzi Nokusiza Abanye
Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bayashikashikeka ukuqasha futhi balondoloze izisebenzi ezifanelekayo, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ekhethekile njengobunjineli, ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, nempilo yomphakathi. Ukuncintisana nezisebenzi ezizimele, iholo elilinganiselwe, nezisebenzi ezigugile kubangela ukuswelakala kwazisebenzi. Izinga eliphakeme lokushintsha nokuthatha izikhala lingase lehlise izinga lenkonzo futhi landise umsebenzi ezisasele.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kukahulumeni Wendawo, Umbuso, Nohulumeni Wendawo
Ohulumeni bendawo abasebenzi ngaphandle, bakhona esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sohulumeni abahlanganisa igunya nengcebo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda imingcele namathuba alawula isimiso sendawo.
Isimo Esingokomthetho Nesimo Esiphuthumayo
E-United States, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zezwe. Amandla abo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo kuchazwa ngemithetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, imithetho, namasiko. Ama-ododa anegunya lokwakha, lokuguqula, noma lokususa ohulumeni bendawo, noma lokususa imithetho yendawo ezindabeni ezithile. Izinga lokuzibusa kwendawo liyahluka: amanye amazwe anikeza igunya elibanzi lasekhaya, avumela amadolobha nokuhlakanipha okuphawulekayo ekulawuleni izindaba zawo siqu, kuyilapho amanye amazwe ebeka imingcele eqinile ekwenzeni izinqumo zendawo.
Ukusebenzisa Izimali Nezindlela Zokuxhumana Nezinhlangano Zohulumeni
Ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni banikeza izimali ezinkulu kuhulumeni bendawo ngezimali, ngokuhlanganyela inzuzo, nangezinhlelo ezisemthethweni. Ngokushintshana, ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bavumelane nezimfuneko ezihlobene nendlela izimali ezisetshenziswa ngayo, ukubika, nezindinganiso zokusebenza. Imithetho engagunyaziwe ihlala iyimbangela ephikelelayo yokucindezeleka, njengoba kufunwa ohulumeni bendawo ukuba basebenzise izimiso zikahulumeni noma uhulumeni ngaphandle kokuthola ukusekelwa okungokwezimali okwanele.
Ukubambisana Nokubambisana
Izinselele eziningi ze-— njengokuhamba, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile i-— ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano zezifunda ezihlukene nezingalinganiyo zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zokuhlela izifunda, imikhandlu yohulumeni, nezivumelwano zezohulumeni zingamathuluzi avamile okuthuthukisa ukubambisana. Izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zingasiza ekusebenziseni imithombo egciniwe, zinciphise ukukhiqiza, futhi zifinyelele imiphumela engekho hulumeni owodwa okwazi ukuyifeza zizonke.
Indlela Ohulumeni Bendawo Abakuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke
Kulula ukuthatha kalula uhulumeni wendawo, kodwa ithonya lawo liyizinto zolwazi lwansuku zonke. Uma uvuka ekuseni futhi uvulela umpompi, amanzi ahlanzekile ageleza ekhaya lakho abangelwa ukuphatha nokusakaza izimiso zendawo. Uma uhamba ngemoto ukuze usebenze, izimpawu zezimoto, izimpawu zomgwaqo, nezindawo zomgwaqo zigcinwa ngeminyango yomphakathi. Uma umntwana wakho eya esikoleni, amabhodi esikole kanye nabaphathi besikole baqondisa izifundo, izakhiwo, nezindawo zokusebenza. Uma ubiza i-911 ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo, izingcingo zeposi kanye nezingcingo zendawo zisekupheleni komgqephu. Uma uvakashela ipaki noma uhlala endaweni ethile, amapaki nezindawo zokuzilibazisa, izakhiwo ezihlala ndawonye zihamba ndawonye, futhi zisiza ekuqondeni inani lemisebenzi yayo.
Isiphetho: Ukuqinisa Imiphakathi Ngokuhlanganyela Usufundile
Ohulumeni bendawo bawumgogodla wokuphila komphakathi, banikeza izinkonzo ezidingekayo, balungisa indawo ezungezile, futhi bakhuthaza izimo zezentengiselwano nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Nakuba bebhekene nezinselele ezinkulu, kusukela ekunqabeni kwezentengiselwano zezulu kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekulinganiseni komphakathi, banikeza futhi inkundla efinyelelekayo kakhulu yokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ngokuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abahlelwa ngayo, indlela abaxhaswa ngayo, nokuthi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo abayenzayo, futhi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo, izakhamuzi zingaba abameleli abaphumelelayo ngokwengeziwe ezindaweni zazo siqu namalungu afundile kakhulu ekubuthweni kwentando yentando yeningi. Uma kuvela ngokhetho bendawo, ukuya emhlanganweni wemikhandlu, noma ngokusebenza nje ebhodini, noma ngokuzigcina nje benolwazi, zonke izenzo ezisekela ngayo inzuzo, nomphakathi osabelayo. Impilo yendawo ehlangene ekusebenzelani kwabantu abasebenzela kuyo.