Indima Yezimpi Zezombangazwe Ekubhuntshiseni Imiphumela

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayizinqubo zokuhlela imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla. Akha ukuncintisana ngemibuso ezimeleyo, athakazelise izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, futhi aguqulela umphakathi ekubuseni. Nakuba abavoti ekugcineni befaka izindodla zebhola kubantu ngabanye, ukukhetha okukhona, izimpikiswano, namasu asetshenziswayo achazwa ngokumangalisayo yizinhlangano. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu akha imiphumela yokukhetha engokomthetho wentando yeningi ngenxa yalokho kubalulekile ekuqondeni imingcele yezombangazwe yentando yentando yeningi, kusuka emibangweni yendawo yemikhankampani kamongameli wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlola okukhuthaze ithonya lemibazwe ehlukahlukene yeqembu lokhetho, ukuhlola izindlela zokuthatha i-projective, ukuhlanganisa iqophelo, ukuhlelwa kweqembu, ukuhlelwa kweqembu, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlangano ezihlangene ezihlangene phakathi neqembu lezizwe ngekhulu lama-21.

Imitapo Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe Ekwamukelwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ethinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yokuvota.

  • I-Candidate Recruitment kanye ne-Vetting: Imikhosi ibonakalisa, isitimela, futhi isekele abantu ukuba babalekele isikhundla. Izinga lokukhanga nokukhanga kwabazo eqenjini kunganquma ukuthi umcimbi uyaphumelela noma ulahlekelwe isihlalo.
  • Inhlangano yeCampaign kanye ne-Finanding: Izindawo ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yomkhankaso, iphethe izisebenzi zokuzithandela, futhi iphakamise izimali. Izisekelo zazo zilingana kakhulu ukufinyelela kwemikhankaso, ikakhulukazi emijahweni ephansi.
  • [ Ukubhalisa nokuphambanisa: Imikhosi itshala imali eningi ekuhlukaniseni abasekeli, ukubabhalisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi baphuma ngosuku lokhetho (noma ngevoti kusenesikhathi noma ngeposi).
  • Idili le-Platform Artication ne-Agenda Set: Izindawo ziveza amapulatifomu ezimiso asebenza njengesithembiso sohlobo kumavoti. Zimisa futhi uhlelo ngokugcizelela izindaba ezithile (umz., umnotho, ukunakekela impilo, ukufuduka) kuyilapho zithatha ezinye njengezingabalulekile.
  • Ulwazi-mnist ne-Heurism:[ Kubavoti abaningi, ilebula leqembu liyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokuhlola abazothatha idili kanye nezimpikiswano, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuqoqa ulwazi lwezombangazwe.

Lemisebenzi ayikona nje ukuqondisa; ithonya eliqhubekayo lamazwi azwakalayo, okuyiziphi izindaba ezizuzayo, futhi ekugcineni, ezinqobayo noma ezilahlekelwayo.

Izimiso Zeqembu Nemiphumela Ejabulisayo

Inani namandla eqembu ezweni eliyi-$(isimiso seqembu) ("isisekelo sethonya amandla okhetho. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko yizimiso ezinengxenye ezimbili, izinhlelo eziningi, nezimiso eziphethe kakhulu, ngayinye enemiphumela ehlukene yokuthi ukhetho luqala kanjani.

Izimiso zezingxenye ezimbili

Ezimisweni ezinjenge-United States ne-United Kingdom, kubusa izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu, lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela ku:

  • Umncintiswano weCentriptal: Imicimbi ihamba iqonde phakathi ukuze ibambe umvoti wemidiya, iguqule inqubo eyeqisayo.
  • Impumelelo-Uthatha-zonke izinzuzo: izigodi nezingxenye ezizimele kanye nokuvota (ukuqala-kamuva-kwesinye isigqebhezana) kuvame ukuveza izisekelo eziqinile kodwa kungashiya amaqenjana amakhulu ngaphandle kokuwamelela.
  • Ukuvota: Ivota zingagwema "ukuvota" ezingxenyeni zesithathu, ukuqinisa amandla ayingxenye ezimbili.

Izimiso Ezihlukahlukene

Izimiso eziningi ezitholakala ephalamendeni lentando yeningi (isib., iJalimane, iNdiya, iIsrael), zihlanganisa amaqembu amaningana asekela kakhulu. Izimpawu ezihlanganisa:

  • Ohulumeni bobukhomanisi: Imibono inquma amandla alinganiselwe emicimbi, kodwa ukubusa kwangempela kudinga izingxoxo zangemva kokhetho, ezingaguqula imiphumela yenqubo.
  • Isibonakaliso se-propartional:[ Imithetho ehlela izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso ukuze kuvotelwe abambalwa bavumele abameleli ukuba banqobe, kuveze uhide lwemibono.
  • Fragment and Polation: Ngenkathi kuzwakala amazwi amaningi, ukungaguquguquki okuhlangene kanye ne-pronoglock yemithetho kungenza. Inkomba ngokuvamile ixhomeke ekutheni izinhlangano zingayalela kanjani iphalamende eningi kakhulu.

Izimiso zesigaba seDominitant

Kwezinye imibuso yentando yeningi, iqembu elilodwa liwina ngokuphindaphindiwe isikhathi eside (isizk., iMexico ngaphansi kwePRI, eNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kwe-ANC, eSingapore ngaphansi kwe-PAP). Lokhu kungabumba imiphumela yokukhetha nge-:

  • Ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki: Izimakethe zilindele ukuqhubekeka, kodwa amaqembu aphikisayo azama ukuthola ukwethenjelwa kanye nemithombo.
  • IClientism ne State Resources:[ Iqembu eliphethe lingasebenzisa imithombo kahulumeni ukuze lifake inzuzo yayo, okwenza ukhetho lube lula.
  • I-Fetteral Factionism: Umncintiswano uvame ukushintsha ngaphakathi kweqembu eliphethe kunendawo phakathi kwamaqembu, ushintshe indlela imiphumela elawulayo ethonya ngayo isimiso.

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle:[
- Imiphumela yeNguquko yeNhlangano: Imiphumela yeElectoral Systems
- [ I-ACE Ulwazi lwe-Electoral] Networks[

Imishini Yethonya Leqembu Endleleni Yokuziphatha Ye - Voter

Izinhlangano zifaka izinhlangano ezilawulayo eziphumele phambili ngokungenela ngokuqondile ezinqubweni zokwenza amavoti. Izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa iqembu, ukufushanisa, ukubhakasha, nokuqoqa amasu okuvota.

Ukuchazwa Kweqembu

Ukuthola isigaba (parti) kuyindlela yokuhlobana ngokwengqondo evame ukwenzeka lapho umuntu esemncane futhi iqiniswa umkhaya, izinhlangano zokuxhumana, nokuvota ngokuphindaphindiwe. Iqembu eliphethe i-Strong lithanda ukusho lokhu:

  • Hlala uhlome njalo ngabazohlanganyela emcimbini wabo, ngisho nalapho benganelisekile.
  • Sebenzisa imithombo yezindaba eqinisekisa ukuthi izwe lihlukanisa abantu.
  • Lahla noma uchaze kabusha ukwaziswa okuphikisana nezikhundla zeqembu elithile.

Ukushintsha kwemininingwane yeqembu kusuka ku-(edemocratic to Republican) phakathi kwawo-1960 nawama-1990 okushintshwa ngokuyinhloko imiphumela eshintshwe kakhulu ye-presidemokrati ne-conoration.

Impikiswano Ekhathazayo Neyimpikiswano

Amadili awamane nje aphendule umbono womphakathi; athonya ngentshiseko lokho abavoti abacabanga ngakho.

  • Phakamisa i-Screace of Thina Impikiswano: Iqembu eliyindaba yokulondeka kwesizwe lingagcizelela izinsongo, lenze ukulondeka kube yindawo yokuqala kumvoti.
  • Fulls Surees ku-'Inzuzo Yabo: Ngokwesibonelo, ukusika intela kungahlelwa njenge "intuthuko yezomnotho" (pro-pro-parti) noma "ukungalingani kweqembu labacebile" (iqembu elingalingani).
  • Beka Imibandela yempikiswano: Ngokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano okungaxoxwa ngazo, amaphathi angabonakali ngendlela ehlukile ukuthi abazobhapathizwa namaphathi babonakala bebalulekile.

Ukuphathwa kwegama nesithombe

Amadili adweba ngokucophelela isithombe somphakathi salabo abazobhapathizwa, ahlanganise amaphathi anezici zedili kuyilapho eqokomisa amandla abo siqu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganisa isiyalo: kuhlangene namaphuzu akhulumayo phakathi kwabazohlolwa, abathatheli, kanye nezokuxhumana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhangisa okungasho lutho: Ukuhlasela umdlali ophikisayo noma irekhodi lokucindezela noma ukuguqula abavoti abangakhethanga.
  • Inzuzo yokucushwa: Ingxenye ifaka ukubonakala, ukubhalisa isikweleti, kanye nezimiso ezinikelayo zabahleli, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubacuphi.

Umdlalo Wasemhlabeni Nokuhlaselwa Kwezimvula

Amaqembu anamuhla achitha imali eningi kakhulu ekungeneni kokwaziswa okugunyaziwe kwevoti. Itechnique ihlanganisa:

  • [[Ukwehla:0] Ukuhlangana nocingo: okuqondile okwandisa ukuxhumana okuvelayo phakathi kwabasekeli.
  • Imfundo yokuqala neMail-in Ballot Chasing: abasekeli beqembu abakhuthazayo ukuba bavote ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho, ukunciphisa izithiyo zokugcina.
  • [ I-Targetting: Isebenzisa imifakela emincane ukuze ifinyelele abavoti ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo.

Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlinzwa kwezindawo ezihlaziywe kahle kungashintsha imiphumela yokukhetha ngamaphesenti amaningana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphucukile kakhulu njengaseprimier noma okhethweni bendawo.

Indima Yezigigaba Zesithathu Nezinhlangano Ezizimele

Nakuba amaqembu amakhulu evame ukubusa, amalungu esithathu kanye nabantu abafuna ukuzimela bangathonya ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ekuvotelweni kwabo.

Imiphumela Yesisilonda

Ezimisweni zobuningi, othatha isigaba sesithathu angathola amavoti anele kumfundi omkhulu othatha ingxenye enkulu ukuze ashintshe umnqobi. Izibonelo zesigaba seqembu zihlanganisa:

  • Umkhankaso kaRalph Nader weGreen Party okhethweni lukamongameli waseU.S. ngo - 2000, abaningi abaphikisa ngokuthi iFlorida (futhi kanjalo i - denara) yayisuka e - Al Gore iya kuGeorge W. Bush.
  • Umkhankaso kaJill Stein ka - 2016 wokuzihambela ezifundazweni eziyinhloko, cishe owathinta uHillary Clinton emngceleni kaDonald Trump.

Usongo lwemiphumela elimazayo ngokuvamile luholela amaqembu amakhulu ezimpikiswano ezithandwayo zengxenye yesithathu noma ukushintsha imithetho yekhethelo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungena kwengxenye yesithathu yebhola.

Ukulungisa Isimiso Nokwanda Kwe - Agenda

Izigaba ezintathu zivame ukufaka imibono kamuva ethandwayo.

  • IQembu Elithuthukayo Lase - United States lisekela abesifazane ukuba bakhokhele abesifazane, imithetho yokusebenza kwezingane, nokukhethwa okuqondile kwezigelekeqe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20.
  • Amaqembu aseYurophu alwa nezimila asunduzela imithetho yendawo ezungezile nezimiso ezivuselelwayo zamandla ngawo - 1980 nawo - 1990.
  • Amaqembu alwa nokuphuma kwezithombe ezidla ukudla ngakwesokudla eYurophu aphakamisa ukwanda kokufuduka nobukhosi besizwe, eshintsha iziteshi zamaqembu eziphakathi ngakwesokudla.

Ngisho nalapho abantu besithathu bengawini izihlalo, bangaphoqelela abantu abayinhloko ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezintsha, kanjalo bashintshele ezinqotshweni zokukhetha.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Amaqembu esithathu angaqoqa abavoti abadidekile abazizwa bengamelelwanga yiqembu elikhulu. Lokhu kungandisa inguquko ephelele futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukufaka abathathi-nxaxheba abasha enqubweni yezombangazwe. Nokho, uma abavoti bengxenye yesithathu begxile ezifundeni eziphephile, ithonya labo lilinganiselwe; uma begxile ezifundeni ezijikelezayo, baba yize.

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle:[[QUL] - Ukupheka: Isizathu sokuthatha imicimbi yesithathu IMatter

Iqhinga Lomkhankaso Nemiphumela Ejabulisayo

Izindawo zinikela imithombo emikhulu yezimali ekuklameni nasekukhipheni amasu andisa amathuba azo okuwina (noma, ezimisweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa isihlalo noma ukuhlanganisa iqoqo lemisebenzi. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa ukuhlasela, ukuthumela imiyalezo, kanye nokuqoqa imithombo.

Ukuhlasela Ama - motter Nabasekeli Be - core

Idili kumelwe linqume ukuthi liyotshala imali ekuzifakeleni isisekelo noma ukukholisa abantu abazimele. Le ngxenye ixhomeke esimisweni sokhetho kanye nokuma kwe-offary:

  • Ukuphambanisa okusekelwe ku-Basebase: Endaweni ehlukene kakhulu, ukunxusa abavoti abashintshwayo kunzima, ngakho imibuthano igxila ekushukumiseni abasekeli abaqotho.
  • Purxasion:[ Ezinhlangeni ezingahlukani kakhulu, noma uma iqembu linendlela ewumngcingo eyisa ekunqobeni, bahlasela abavoti ngokulinganisela ngemiyalezo elinganiselwe.
  • Geographic Kitte: Ezifundeni ezinelungu elilodwa, izikhungo zigxilisa imithombo ezihlalweni zokuncintisana kunezophephile.

Ukubhikisha Okubi Nokuqhathanisa

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izikhangiso eziphambene zingaphumelela uma zinokwethenjelwa futhi zigxile ezindabeni eziwubala noma ezingalungile.

  • Abamelene nabo bambalwa kakhulu.
  • Badumaze abasekeli abamelene nabo ngokwenza bangakunaki lokho abakuhlosile.
  • Chaza umphikisi ngaphambi kokuba bazichaze.

Nokho, ukuzwela ngokweqile kungabuya ngokucindezela noma ngokulimaza isithombe somhlaseli. Amaqembu ahlelekile alungisa ukuzwela kuye ngokuthi igebe elinjani.

Iqhinga Lemithombo Yezindaba Nokuzama Ukusakaza Izinombolo

Manje amadili asebenzisa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yemithombo yezindaba ehlanganisa ukukhangisa okungokwesiko nemithombo yezindaba, ukuhlobanisa izitho zomphakathi nezinto eziphilayo.

  • Ukufakwa kwe-Micro:[ Usebenzisa ukwaziswa kokuvota ukuhambisa izikhangiso emaqenjini athile amanani abantu noma aphathelene nengqondo nge-Facebook, Google, noma amapulatifomu agelezayo.
  • Imithombo edlulisiwe: Ukwenza umshini wokuhlanganisa izindaba ngezenzakalo, ukushicilela, nezikhathi zovirus.
  • [ Ukulungiselela: Idili elithatha izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezithathelwe phezulu kuthelevishini, ezingashintsha kakhulu izimo zemibono emijahweni eseduze.

Iziteshi zemishini zibuye zakhe amaqembu asekela ukuthembeka, kodwa zingasetshenziswa kabi abadlali bakwamanye amazwe noma imikhankaso yokuxosha imiphumela yokukhetha engekho emthethweni.

Izinselele Zethonya Leqembu Ezinkonzweni Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Nakuba amaqembu eqhubeka ekhona, izinqubo eziningana zishintsha noma zifaka indida ekulolongeni imiphumela yokuvota. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekubikezeleni kusengaphambili okhethweni lwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuqeda Isigaba Sokwehlukana Nokwenyuka Komsindo

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi emisiwe, isilinganiso sabavoti abathola ukwaziswa okuqinile sehlile. Abavoti bazimisele kakhulu ukushintsha amaqembu phakathi kokhetho noma abasekeli abasemaqenjini ahlukene bathathe amahhovisi ahlukene. Lokhu "kulawula" kwenza imiphumela kakhetho ibe engaqondakali futhi iphoqelele amaqembu ukuba athembe umvoti njalo.

Ukwanda Kwe - Populism Ne - Estalish Ethunyelwayo

Izinhlangano zePopulist, ngokuvamile eziholwa abantu bangaphandle bezombangazwe, zibekela inselele izinhlangano ezingokwesiko. Lenhlangano ichuma ngokuhlasela amaqembu njengezonakele noma angawatholi nhlobo amasu eqembu. Lokhu kungaphazamisa idili elivamile-nenvane futhi kuholele ekuzamazameni komhlaba okungalindelekile okungalindelekile 2016, u-Brexit metandendim, kanye nokudlondlobala kwemibutha enjenge-Five Star Movement ye-Italy noma i-France’s National Rly.

Imali Kwezombangazwe Nemali Engenathemba

Izindleko ezinyukayo zemikhankaso kanye nokwanda kwezindleko ezizimele (i-PACs, izinhlangano ezingu-501(c) zingalulaza ukulawula kweqembu. Amaqembu angaphandle angasebenzisa izikhangiso zawo, aqoqe abavoti, noma ahlasele abaphikisi ngaphandle kokubambisana neqembu. Lokhu kungasiza:

  • Vumela abanikela ngezicebi ukuba bathonye idili eliza kuqala.
  • Yenza amaqembu aqala ukulwa, njengoba abashisekeli befuna ukuvuselelwa besekelwa amaphakethe ajulile bengabekela izikhungo zeqembu inselele.
  • Yenza imiyalezo engqubuzanayo, ukukhungathekisa abavoti nezinhlobo zamahlelo alulazayo.

Ubuqotho Nokungawazi Okubalulekile

Amadili manje asebenza endaweni lapho ukwaziswa kuhlala kuphikiswa. Imikhankaso yama-intelligence `angaphandle noma asekhaya'] ingacindezela ukuvela kwamanye amaqembu, ithathela phansi abavoti abangahloniphi, noma inciphise ukwethemba inqubo yokukhetha. Amadili kumelwe afake imali yakho kokubili ukulandisa okungamanga) kanye nokuzivikela (ukuhlola izimiso zokuvota, ukuhlola imiphumela).

Ushintsho Lokwakheka Nokugcinwa Kwamasondo

Amazwe ahluka kakhulu (ngohlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, ubudala, nendawo yokuhlala yasedolobheni-negov. AmaPali ahluleka ukuvumelana nezingozi zokulahlekelwa ukhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umzabalazo weQembu laseRepublicaan uzama ukukhanga amaHispanic namavoti amasha kuyilapho athembele kubantu abadala, abamhlophe, abamhlophe basemaphandleni anemiphumela ephawulekayo. I-paries ahlala njalo afaka izicelo zawo ekulondolozeni imifelandawonye.

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle:[[[QUL] - Ukucwaninga: Partisan Polarection kanye ne-American Electorate

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Ithonya Leqembu Ezimisweni Ezihlukene Zentando Yeningi

Indlela amaqembu abheka ngayo imiphumela yokukhetha ihlukahluka kakhulu emazweni ngamazwe, kuye ngezimiso zezinhlangano, izinhlangano ezingokomlando, nezindawo ezingokwesiko. Ukucasha okusheshayo kuqokomisa lokhu kungafani.

United States

Izindawo zithotshisiwe, zinendawo ebuthakathaka yokulawula ukukhethwa komcela (ama-pansitime. nohlu lweqembu). Isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili, sihlangene nesimiso esinamandla sobumongameli, sisho ukuthi okhethweni bangamabhande kodwa bangamanxusa amakhulu. Ithonya leqembu ligeleza ngemifelandawonye yezimali, ukugunyaza, nokuhlanganisa uhlobo lweqembu kunokuba lihlangane namapulatifomu aphakathi.

EJalimane

Izindawo zivumelana kakhulu ngokomqondo futhi ziyalwa. Isimiso sohlelo oluxubene nesigaba sinikeza izitheko (kunokuba abantu abafuna) amandla anele ngoba abavoti bavotela uhlu lwesibili lweqembu. Amavoti avamile, ngakho imibuthano kumelwe ixoxe ngezivumelwano zangaphambi kokhetho nokwakhiwa kukahulumeni wangemva kokukhetha, imiphumela eqondile yokulungisa.

eNdiya

Intando yeningi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni iveza isimiso sentando yeningi esihlukaniswe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi esizingeni eliphansi. Amadili avame ukwakha izivumelwano zangaphambi kokukhethwa, futhi amaqembu esizwe njenge-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ne-Indian National Congress kumelwe aqhube amaqoqo, izigaba zenkolo, nezindawo zesifunda. Ithonya lePhakathi lisebenza ngemifelandawo, amahlelo obuntu, kanye nezombangazwe ezihlangene.

Brazil

Isimiso sokuhlela esivulekile sohlu lohlu lwezilinganiso sinikeza amandla engeziwe kubantu abazobhapathizwa, kodwa amaqembu alawula ukungenela nokusakaza isikhwama somkhankaso. Umongameli we-Coalition (umongameli owakha imifelandawonye ebanzi, engaguquguquki engqungqutheleni) usho ukuthi imiphumela yokukhetha isishaya-mthetho iklanywe kakhulu yizivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu, ngokuthunyelwa kwamavoti emigqeni yeqembu ngaphansi kwesimiso se-Brazil "imvume".

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle:[[[QUL:0] - [[[QTY:1] I-IDEA: Idata yezemali yeQembu Lezezombangazwe

Ikusasa LeziNkantolo Nezinzuzo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, imikhuba yezenhlalo nezinhlangano kushintshashintsha, nezindlela abahilelekile abakhetha ngazo ziyoshintsha.

  • Imicimbi yezesivumelwano ne-Protical Party Democracy: amadili angasebenzisa amapulatifomu ku-inthanethi ukuze avumele ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yamalungu ekukhetheni ukujoyina nokuphikisana kwezimiso, kuwenze aphendule ngokwengeziwe kodwa futhi athambekele kakhulu ekufuneni ukuthatha isinyathelo.
  • Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekuMakhankasweni: Amathuluzi e-aI angawenza aphume ngokushesha umvoti, abikezele ukuphuma ngokunemba okukhulu, futhi abangele okuqukethwe yikho okuyengayo ngesilinganiso", ngokwengxenye kwandisa ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yasemaqenjini lapho kuphakamisa izinkathazo zezimiso zokuziphatha.
  • Inguquko ku-Electoral Systems: Amanye amazwe ahamba abheke ekuvoteni okulinganiselwe noma ekufaneni okunganciphisa ukubusa kwezimiso ezihlukene ezimbili futhi anike amaqembu amancane ithonya elingaphezulu.
  • Ukungawamukeli amazinga eQela leQela: Amanani aphansi angaphoqelela amaqembu ukuba athembele kakhulu kochwepheshe, ochwepheshe bemininingwane, nabanikeli bangaphandle, okungalulaza izimpande zawo zotshani.
  • I-Climate and General Politics:[ Abasha abavoti bamisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nobulungisa bezenhlalo, obungabuyisela iziteshi zeqembu kanye nezakhiwo ezihlangeneyo ekugcineni.

Nakuba amaqembu ngokungangabazeki ezozivumelanisa, indima yawo eyinhloko njengezindawo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso (*) futhi njengezinto eziyinhloko zemiphumela yevotal-ibonakala ihlala isikhathi eside. Labo abaqonda indlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo bayohlonyiselwa kangcono ukuhamba nokuthonya isimo sezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala enamandla kakhulu abadlali bezezikhungo zentando yeningi okhethweni. Bafaka izicelo futhi baqeqeshele abazoqeqeshelwa ukuvota, ukuqoqa, ukuqoqa, ukuhlela izingxoxo zezokuxhumana. Nokho, ithonya lawo alikho ngokomthetho. Ayimemezeli ngezimiso ezisemthethweni, icindezelwa ukukhonzwa umphakathi, futhi iphikiswa yisimiso sobupopulism, ubuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwenani labantu. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi ababopheleze ezakhamuzini, ukuqonda lezi misebenzi ezinamandla akuyona nje imfundo yemfundo nje kuphela; kungulwazi oluwusizo ekuchazeni imiphumela yokhetho, ukulindela ukushintsha kwezimiso, nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezingxenyeni ezimbili zesimiso sobuningi njengobuzwe laseJalimane, noma ingxenye ye-Australia enjengengxenye enkulu ye-Atlanti, indima yezombangazwe ehlangene yomphumela ebumbelwe yiyo yonke yezombangazwe.