Indlela Izigungu Zezombangazwe Ezivumelana Ngayo Nezimo Zesimiso Esihlukile

Ukuqonda Iqembu Lezombangazwe Kuyavumelana Nezimiso Zanamuhla

Amaqembu ezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke asebenza ezimisweni zezekhethelo ezihlukene kakhulu nezezombangazwe, ngalinye liveza izithiyo ezihlukile namathuba alo ahlanganisa indlela lezizinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo, ukuncintisana, nokuziguqula. Lezi zimo zezimiso zenzakalelayo zenzakalela kusuka kwemithetho ehleliwe nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuya emithethweni yezezimali nemithetho yezezimali yezezimali ekhona ekhona ukuze kutholakale ukuthi amaqembu afuna ukufinyelela imigomo yawo yokuwina okhethweni, ukusebenzisa isimiso sokubambisana kwenhlangano. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe ajwayelana ngayo nalezimiso ezihlukahlukene zezwe zezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindawo zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke futhi ngenxa yokwazisa ukuthi kungani amaqembu emazweni ahlukahlukene eveza izici ezinjalo, izinqubo, nezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho evimbela ukumiswa kwezinhlangano nokuziphatha kweqembu bumelela enye yezindawo ezihlolwa kakhulu kwezombangazwe eziqhathaniswayo. Izimiso ze-Electoral, ikakhulukazi, zinethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zeqembu, ukulolonga yonke into kusukela enanini lamaqembu aphilayo kuya ekubekeni kwawo imibono, izisekelo zomkhakha, namasuntswana. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ehleliwe, amaqembu kumelwe futhi avumelane namalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, izinqubo zomthetho, uhulumeni, noma izimo ze-olistration, kanye nesiko lezombangazwe elibanzi lezizwe zawo. Lenqubo ayiyona ilula futhi idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokushintsha kwezindawo ezikhethiweyo, ukuvota, nokulungisa izinkongoze, nokulungisa izindawo zezindawo.

Ukuhlolwa kokuzivumelanisa neqembu kwembula ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokumelelwa kwentando yeningi, ukuqina kwezombangazwe, nokubuswa kwezindawo. Uma amaqembu ezimo ephumelela ekuzivumelani nezimiso, angathuthukisa ukusabela kwentando yeningi futhi abangele imifelandawonye eqinile ebusayo. Nokho, ukuzivumelanisa nakho kungaholela ekusebenziseni inqubo ehleliwe, imikhuba yokushiya, noma ukuncintisana kwezikhulu zezombangazwe. Ngokuhlola indlela amaqembu asebenzisa ngayo imingcele ehlukile, sizuza umbono obalulekile empilweni nasemsebenzini wezimiso zedemokramente emhlabeni wonke.

Isimiso Sezokwakha: Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zezombangazwe Nezokulwa

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza ezikhungweni zezinhlangano ezihluka kakhulu emazweni futhi ngisho nasemazweni. Lezi zici zimisa "imithetho yomdlalo" enquma indlela ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe okuqala ngayo, indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo ezihlalweni, nendlela amandla adluliselwa ngayo phakathi kwabadlali bezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso ezihlukene kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni amasu okuzivumelanisa namahlelo eqembu.

Izimiso Zomkhunjana

Izimiso ze-majoritarian, ezaziwa nangokuthi izimiso zobuningi noma "zokuqala-umbhalo", zinikeza ukunqoba kofuna ukuvota kakhulu esifundeni esimisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zifinyelela inani elikhulu yini. Lezi zimiso ziphawulwa yizifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa kuphela lapho ummeleli oyedwa ekhethwa khona ngokusemthethweni. I-United Kingdom, i-United States, iCanada, kanye ne-Indiya ziyizibonelo ezivelele zamazwe asebenzisa izimiso eziphambili zokhetho, nakuba zinezinto ezinkulu ezihlukile ezimelelwayo.

Isici esichazayo sezimiso eziyinhloko yisici sazo esithatheka kakhulu, esidala izisusa ezinamandla zokuziphatha okuhleliwe yibo bobabili abavoti kanye nabovoti. Ngenxa yokuthi i-voti ephambili kuphela ethola i-voting imelelwa, amavoti abalahlekelwayo "ahlonisiwe" ngokuyisisekelo ngokomelelwa kwemithetho yephalamende. Lomphumela wemishini uthanda ukuphazamisa amaqembu amancane futhi ubangele isithiyo sokungena ezinhlanganweni ezintsha zezombangazwe. Umphumela wengqondo wezimiso eziphambili ze-atricity uqinisa lokuthambekela, njengoba ngokuvamile bengena evoti yento eqokotheni engokomthetho, njengoba abathandi bengenamdlanga ongcono kakhulu kodwa besekela "umpelesibi" phakathi kwabafuna ukudlala ivoti yabo.

I-Duverger’s Law, enye yeziphakamiso ezidume kakhulu kwezezombangazwe, ibikezela ukuthi izimiso ze-athonsist computation zivame ukuveza izinqubo ezimbili ezihlukene esifundeni sesigodi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemiphumela yemishini (ukuya ekuhunyushweni) kanye nemiphumela engokwengqondo (ukuvota okungalawuleki) kwenza kube nzima kumaqembu amathathu ukuba athole i-transport. Nokho, ukusebenza koMthetho ka-Duverger's ngokwezinga lesizwe kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezigaba eziqinile zesifunda noma ukuhlukahluka kwezwe elibalulekile ekusekeleni iqembu.

Izimiso Zokumelela

Izimiso zePropogational (PR) zihlose ukuhumusha amavoti ahlanganyela ngokunembile ezihlalweni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu athola ukumelelwa kwephalamende cishe ngokulingana nokusekela kwawo okuzimele. Lezizimiso ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izifunda eziningi lapho abameleli abaningana bekhethwa khona kanye kanye, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngokwezindlela zezibalo ezihlukahlukene njengendlela yeD'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë indlela, noma izindlela ezinkulu kakhulu ezisele. Amazwe ahlanganisa i-Netherlands, i-Israel, i-Sweden, i-Denmark, nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu zisebenzisa izimiso zokumelela.

Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokumelelwa ngokulandelana kwezimiso eziyinhloko. Kunokuba kudale umuntu oyedwa owinayo, izinhlelo ze-PR zisakaza izihlalo phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ngokusekelwe kwisabelo sawo sovoti, okunciphisa amavoti alahlwayo futhi kusiza amaqembu amancane ukuba athole izimpawu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kubangelwa ukudayiswa, nokho, njengoba izimiso ze-PR ngokuvamile ziveza izimiso zeqembu ezihlukene kanye namaqembu amaningi amelelwe ephalamendeni, okwenza ukwakheka kwenhlangano idingenele ekulawuleni.

Izinqubo zokuveza izimpawu ze-propotical zihluka kakhulu ezicini zazo ezikhethekile zokuklanywa, ngasinye esithonya amasu omphakathi. Ubukhulu besifunda sesigodi esiwabelwe esifundeni, bubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izifunda ezinkulu zikwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto eziningi futhi zehlise umnyango ophumelelayo wokumelelwa. Izindawo ezidinga amalungu ukuze athole ingxenye encane yokuvota (ngokuvamile 3-5%) ukuze athole ukumelelwa, zisebenza njengezindlela zokugcina amasango ezivimbela ukuhlukana okukhulu kuyilapho zisagcina ukulingana. Izindlela ezithile ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa futhi, ngezinye izindlela ezisekela amalungu amakhulu kunabanye.

Izimiso zohlu zimelela uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso, lapho abaphethe abazotshelwayo bebodwa bedla izinhlu zabazobhapathizwa nabavoti abavotelayo ngokwesiko eqenjini kunokuba bavote abantu ngabanye. Izimiso ezifinyelelwe zinikeza iziqephu ukulawula okuphelele kokuhleleka komcela, kuyilapho izimiso ezivulekile zivumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwa abantu ngabanye, okungase kuhlelelwe kabusha uhlu lweqembu. Lomehluko usho okukhulu ekuhleleni kweqembu, ukukhetha umbhalisa, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwabameleli no-menywa.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Izimiso ze-electonator ezixubene zihlanganisa izici zombili zophawu olukhulu noluphakathi, zizama ukuthatha izinzuzo zendlela ngayinye kuyilapho zilungisa imingcele yazo. Lezizimiso zenhlanganisela ziye zathandwa kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, emazweni ahlanganisa iJalimane, i-New Zealand, iJapane, iMexico, kanye neningi lezentando yeningi yangemva kwe-communion elamukela imiklamo exubile yezimiso ezihlukahlukene.

Uhlobo oluvelele kakhulu lwesimiso esixubene namalungu axubile (MMP) uhlelo oluxubile, oluboniswe yisimiso sokhetho lwaseJalimane. Ezimisweni ze-MMP, abavoti ngokuvamile bavotela amavoti amabili − elinye lommeleli ozimele okhethwe ngemithetho ehlanganisa imiphakathi, elinye ohlwini lweqembu. Iqembu livota ukuhlelwa kwezihlalo ezihlangeneyo, kanye nezihlalo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhokhela ukususa izikhundla ezihlukene ezakhiwa yimincintiswano eqinile. Lo mklamo uhlose ukuhlanganisa ukulandisa kwezindawo zesifunda esisodwa nezimiso zePR ezizimele ze-part.

Izimiso ezixutshwe nezingxenye ze-logosteritarian (MMM), ezibizwa futhi ngokuthi izimiso ezihambelanayo, ngokufanayo zihlanganisa izifunda nezakhi kodwa ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuhlanganisa. Kulezi zimiso, izinhlalo ezimbili zisebenza ngokuzimele, ezinye ezizabelwe ngemithetho yobuningi kanye nezinye ngokuzimelela ngokulingana, kodwa ngaphandle kokulungisa ukufinyelela isilinganiso esiphelele. Amazwe anjengeJapane, i-South Korea, ne-Taiwan asebenzisa izimiso ze-MMMM, ezivame ukuveza imiphumela elinganiselwe kakhulu kunezimiso ze-MMP kodwa asanikeza ukulingana okukhulu kunezimiso eziyinhloko eziyinhloko.

Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimiso ezixubile budala izinselele eziyingqayizivele zamaqembu ezombangazwe, njengoba kumelwe zihlele amasu afanele kokubili amaqembu ayinhloko nalinganayo. Lokhu kuqonda okubili kungaholela ekuziphatheni okuyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokubambisana phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu emijaho yesigodi kuyilapho kugcinwa izimpawu ezihlukene ezilinganisweni ezilandelanayo, noma ukuvela kwamaqembu akhethekile agxile ngokuyinhloko eqenjini elilodwa lokuncintisana.

Umongameli Umelene Nezimiso ZePhalamende

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezikhethweyo, isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo sikahulumeni − ngokwengxenye umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zobumongameli nephalamende zenza amasu okuzivumelanisa neqembu. [1] Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uyaphuma futhi uhlale enecala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, akha izisusa ezinamandla zokubambisana kweqembu nokuhlelwa kweqembu. Amahlelo kumelwe alondoloze izikhundla ezinkulu zomthetho ukuze asekele ohulumeni, ezikhuthaza ukuqondisa kwenhlangano nokwakha izinhlangano.

Umandunankulu wezimiso, ngokuphambene, uveza ukhetho oluhlukile kanye nezindawo ezimisiwe zamagatsha aphethe nawabendlula umthetho, zidala izisusa ezihlukene zokhetho nohulumeni ongaba nezigaba. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ezimisweni zomongameli kungadambisa ukuqondisa kweqembu, njengoba izishayamthetho zibhekana nezingcindezi zokhetho ezihlukene kunomongameli futhi zingaba nezisusa zokuzehlukanisa nomholi weqembu labo. Lelilungiselelo lenhlangano livame ukuveza izombangazwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinhlangano zezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezimiso zephalamende.

Izimiso ze-Semi-presidential zihlanganisa izigaba zombili, ziveza kokubili umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile onamandla abalulekile nondunankulu olandisayo ephalameni. IFrance, iRussia, kanye nezifunda eziningi zangemva kwe-Soviet zisebenzisa amalungiselelo angefani, adala izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho amaqembu okubusa okuhlangene okungamele asebenzise khona izakhiwo ezihlukene zobuphathi kanye nemithombo ephikisanayo yegunya lezombangazwe. Ukwabiwa okukhethekile kombuso phakathi kukamongameli nondunankulu kuthonya amasu kanye nemisebenzi yeqembu lamalungu kulezimiso.

Izakhiwo Ezihlukene Nezici Ezinabantu Ababodwa

Inhlangano yendawo yegunya lezombangazwe − i-cunomential noma i-distunity jrupt system. Izimiso ze-Federal zihlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesizwe, zidala izinkundla eziningi zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe futhi zenze amaqembu akwazi ukwakha izinqaba zezifunda. Amazwe anjenge-United States, iJalimane, iCanada, i-Australia, ne-India aveza izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezinezikhundla ezivelele zezizwe ngezizwe.

I-Federalism ingahlukanisa izimiso zeqembu ngokuvumela amaqembu esifunda ukuba ancintisane ngokuphumelelayo ezingeni eliphansi lezwe lonke kodwa ahlale ephansi. Idala futhi amathuba eqembu ukuba lizame amasu ahlukene nezimiso ezihlukene, lingafunda ekuphumeleleni nasekuhlulekeni ezifundeni ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezizwe nezesizwe kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yazo.

Izimiso ze-octivary zigxilisa igunya lezombangazwe ezingeni lesizwe, nakuba eziningi ziveza ukugunyazwa okuphawulekayo kokuphatha. I-United Kingdom, iFrance, iJapane, kanye nedemocracy encane kakhulu isebenzisa izakhiwo ezihlanganisayo. Kulezi zimiso, amaqembu aqala izakhiwo zenhlangano eziminyene kakhulu futhi agxile kakhulu emncintiswaneni wezwe lonke, nakuba ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo ekusekeleni amaqembu kuhlala kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinhlelo zokhetho.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Okuhlelekile Ezimisweni Eziyinhloko

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza ezimisweni zokukhetha ezinkulu abhekene nezimfuneko ezikhethekile ezilawula izakhiwo zawo ezihlelayo, izikhundla zezimiso, kanye namasu omkhankaso. Ukuthatha konke okulo hlelo kudala izisusa ezinamandla ukuze amalungu athathe ingxenye enkulu ekuvotelweni ezifundeni zokuncintisana kuyilapho ngokunempumelelo ekhipha imithombo egcwele ebalazweni lezezinguquko. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zembulo zenhlangano kwembula indlela iziphakamiso eziguqulela ngayo ekuziphatheni kweqembu eliqinile.

Ukufuna Izindawo Zokuhlola Izwe Nokuthuthela Kwemithombo Yemvelo

Ezimisweni eziyinhloko, ukuma kwezwe kuba yisona esiyinhloko esubeni leqembu. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuwina kudinga ubuningi obusezifundeni ngazinye kunokuba kugcizelele ukuvota, amaqembu kumelwe aqaphele futhi afune izisulu zokuncintisana lapho ukutshala imali emacaleni okukhankasela inzuzo ekhona. Lokhu kuholela esimweni se "zigodi ezihanjwayo" noma "izihlalo zokuhlala" ukwamukela ukunakekela okungalinganiyo eziqeqeshiwe emaqenjini, abafuni, nasemakhankamelweni, kuyilapho izihla ezilondekile zamaqembu emukela inzuzo encane.

Amaqembu aneziqu eziphambili ezimisweni eziphambili asungula imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha yokhetho ngokuningiliziwe ukuze athole abavoti abakholisayo ezifundeni ezincintisanayo. Imikhankaso yanamuhla isebenzisa ukwaziswa okunemitako, ukuvota, nokufaka amavoti emaqenjini amancane ahlolwayo amanani abantu abathile nezindawo zendawo ngemiyalezo elungisiwe. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi ekhethekile kusho ukuthi amaqembu abhale ngokuphumelelayo ashiye izifunda lapho engenathuba langempela lokuwina, ukugxilisa imithombo yawo yezimali, imizamo yokuthola inzuzo, nokuhambela komholi empini ezindaweni ezisemgwaqweqweni.

Ukugcwala kwendawo yeqembu kusekela kakhulu izibalo eziphambili ezihlelweni eziphethe izikhali. Izindawo ezisekela izifunda ezisakazekile zibhekene nezimo ezingezinhle uma ziqhathaniswa namaqembu anezisekelo ezisezifundeni eziqinile, njengoba i-offothi zingaguqula izihlalo ngokuphumelela kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela izisusa zokuthuthukisa izikhungo zezindawo eziqinile zesifunda kuyilapho zinwebeka zize zibe izindawo ezincintisanayo, kunokuba ziphishekele ukusekela kwesizwe okungase kungaguquleli ekunqobeni kwezindawo eziningi ezihlukene.

Isakhiwo Esingokwenkolo Nezombangazwe Ezinkulu Zetende

Ukucabanga kwemincintiswano emikhulu kukhuthaza izinkolo ukuba zakhe imifelandawonye ehlanganisa ukuzuza okuningi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Lendlela "itende" idinga izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene futhi ikhange emaqenjini amaningi amanani abantu ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokuvamile eholela eqenjini ahlukene akhetha impumelelo engcono ngokukhetha ubumsulwa besimiso. Amaqembu e-Democratic and Republican eUnited States afaka intelekiso kulendlela, ngalinye eliqukethe amaqembu amaqembu angaphakathi athanda kakhulu ngokwezimiso ezihlukene ahlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko nomgomo wokuwina.

Ukwakha nokugcina lemifelandawonye emikhulu kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo zobuholi beqembu. Imikhosi kumelwe ilinganisele imfuno yamaqembu ahlukene angaphakathi, ixazulule ukungaboni ngasonye, futhi inikeze imiyalezo eqondene ngokwaneleyo kubavoti kuyilapho inikeza imibono ehlukene. Isimiso sokukhetha esiyinhloko eUnited States senezela olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, njengoba amalungu kumelwe asebenzise izingxabano phakathi kokukhanga okukhulu kakhulu abavoti kanye nokubeka izikhundla zokuncintisana kokhetho oluvamile.

Izimiso zamanani amakhulu zidala ukucindezela okukhulu emncintiswaneni wamasigaba amabili, kodwa ukuhlelwa kwalawomaqembu amabili kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengokuvumelana. Ukhetho olubucayi noma ukuqondiswa kwamanani ezakhamuzi kwenzeka lapho amaqembu amakhulu eshintsha ukwethembeka kweqembu, ngokuyisisekelo eguqula isimiso seqembu. Ukushintsha kwe-America yaseNingizimu ukusuka eDemocratic ukuya eRepublican phakathi kwawo-1960 nawo 1990 kumelela isibonelo esivelele sokubekwa phambili okunjalo, kushukunyiswa amalungelo omphakathi kanye nezithakazelo ezishintshayo zezomnotho.

Ukubeka Izindawo Eziyimithombo Yezindaba

Uvota wezindaba, umqondo oyisisekelo kwezentengiselwano zezombangazwe, ubikezela ukuthi amaqembu ezinqubo ezimbili ezivelele ahlangana esikhungweni semibono ukuze athathe umvoti wezindaba. Lokhu kuthambekela kwekhulu kuyaphakama ngoba amaqembu kumelwe anxuse abavoti abancintisi abalinganiselayo ezifundeni ezincintisanayo ukuze bahlangane nezinhlangothini ezihlangene. Ubufakazi obungokwezisekelo zentando yeningi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kubonisa ukuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu anezilinganiso eziyinhloko zemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezingxabalweni zezomnotho.

Nokho, umkhangisi wezindaba olula udinga izimfanelo ezibalulekile ezinhlanganweni zezwe langempela. Ama-paries kumelwe alinganisele izikhalo zokucela abavoti abafuna ukuvota ngokugcina intshiseko yabalandeli babo abayinhloko, abanikeza izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezidingekayo, iminikelo, nokuzihambela. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kokulinganisela nokuzilungiselela okusetshenziswayo, kuhlanganise nokuthatha isikhundla esiqinile ezimpikiswaneni (lapho abavoti abaningi bevumelana khona ngemigomo kodwa amaqembu encintisana ngekhono), begcizelela izimpikiswano eziqondenezelweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi besebenzisa izombangazwe ezingokomfanekiso ukuze balondoloze ukusekela okuqinile lapho belandela imithetho ye-Clistris.

Ukukhula kwezindawo ezihlukene ezimele ezinye zemibuso ebusayo elandelanayo, ikakhulukazi i-United States, kubekela izinselele zezibikezelo ezilula zomvoti. Ukwanda kokukhethwa kwabavoti emaqenjini, ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo, kanye nethonya lokhetho oluyinhloko kuye kwabangela izisusa zokuba amaqembu athathe izikhundla ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwezinye izimo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imininingwane engokweziqu ngalé kwesimiso esiyisisekelo sokhetho, ihlanganisa imithetho eyisisekelo yezezimali, izimiso zezezimali, kanye nezindawo zezezindaba ezisezikhundleni ezibonisa ithonya leqembu elithile.

Imikhankaso yekhandidethi

Izimiso zeziqu ezinezingxenye eyodwa zigcizelela ngokwemvelo abantu ngabanye abazobhapathizwa kunezinhlangano zeqembu. Amavoter akhetha phakathi kwabantu abathile abancintisana nesihlalo esisodwa, akha izisusa zokuba abazohlolwa bathuthukise izintambo zomuntu siqu, bahlakulele ubuhlobo obuhlangene, futhi bazihlukanise kubo bobabili abaphikisi futhi ngezinye izikhathi neqembu labo. Lo mjovo ohlonisiwe uphawulwa ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezinjenge-United States, lapho isiyalo esibuthakathaka nezinhlangano zomkhankaso ezilawulwayo zikwazi khona ukuzimela.

Umphakathi oncintiswe ekuncintisaneni kwezindawo zokuhlela nokuqasha. Amaholide kumelwe aphawule, ajoyine, futhi asekele abantu abanamandla abangancintisana ngokuphumelelayo ezifundeni zabo, kunokuba amane athembele kumalebula eqembu ukuze aphathe okhetho. Lokhu kuphakamisa izinga eliphezulu lezezombangazwe − kuhlanganise nolwazi lwezezombangazwe, ikhono lokuxhumana, kanye nokuxhumana kwendawo − futhi kuholela amaqembu ekufakeni imali eningi ekuqeqesheni isigaba nasekusekeleni izinkonzo.

Inzuzo enzima imelela isici esibalulekile sezimiso zobudlelwano eziphakathi. Abamisi-mthetho abahleli bazuza ekuqashelweni, izinkonzo zobulungu, ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuqoqa izinzuzo ezenza kube nzima ukunqoba. Lokhu kuveza ukuphakama kwemfanelo yokuncintisana kwesigaba somjondolo futhi kubangela indlela yokuphumelela ekuncintisaneni kweqembu, njengoba abantu bezama ukuqeda abaphikisi abaqinile ngisho nalapho imimoya yezombangazwe ishintshana kakhulu ukuze bazuze umusa wabo.

Ukuhleleka Okuhlelekile Nokuvumelana

Imiphumela engokwengqondo yezimiso eziphethe amavota ibonakala ekuziphatheni okuhleliwe, lapho abavoti bengasekeli khona indlela yabo ekhethekayo kodwa kunalokho abafuna ukuphumelela phakathi kwalabo abanamathuba angokoqobo okuwina. Lomkhombazwe wezomthetho ungena ezingxenyeni zesithathu nabezivoti, njengokwesaba abavoti "ukuhlwitha" amavoti abo kubavoti abathatha indawo ende. Amaholide ajwayelana nalendawo ngokugcizelela amandla abo nokuzama ukuqinisekisa abavoti ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezisekela ukuvota zimelela ukuvota okuchitha imali.

Ukubambisana kwe-Elite kumelela elinye icebo elibalulekile lokuzivumelanisa nezimiso ezilawulayo. Uma amaqembu amaningi noma abathathi-mgomo abanezimo ezifanayo bencintisana esifundeni esifanayo, bazifaka engozini yokuhlukanisa isisekelo sabo esihlanganyelweyo futhi benze abaphikisi banqobe ngobuningi. Ngakho - ke amaqembu anezisusa zokuhlanganisa izinqumo zokungena, okungame eceleni ezifundeni lapho amalungu ahlangene ethola amathuba angcono noma asungula izivumelwano zokuvota. Ukuphumelela kwalawo mathonya amaqembu ahlukene kakhulu ahlukene kakhulu.

Ukulungisa Okuhlelekile Ezimisweni Zokuthwebula Izincwadi

Izimiso ze-proportam zidala izindawo ezihlukile ezihlelekile kakhulu zamaqembu ezombangazwe uma ziqhathaniswa nezimiso zezombangazwe. Ukuhunyushwa kwevoti kuhlanganyela ezihlalweni ngokususa kancane ukuthatha konke ukuphumelela futhi kuvumela amaqembu amaningi ukuba athole ukumelelwa, amasu ashintsha kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokubekwa, ukuhlelwa, nokuhlelwa kobunye. Ukuqonda lezizimo ezihlukile zokuzivumelanisa kukhanyisa indlela isigaba esiziphethe nesimele sentando yeningi.

Ukuhlukana Kweqembu Nezigigaba Ze - Niche

Izimiso ze-propotical ziveza izimiso eziningi ezihlukene namaqembu amaningi amelelwe ephalamende. Isimo se-PR . lapho ngisho namaqembu ahlanganyela ngokukhetha okulinganiselwe engathola izihlalo zokungena khona futhi avumele amaqembu akhethekile ukuba angene ngokuphumelela ngokunxusa izinkonzo ezithile kunokusungula izinhlanganisela ezibanzi. Lokhu kuveza izintando ezihlukahlukene phakathi kwamavoti ayizinqubo ezinkulu zokukhetha phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu kodwa izimiso zePR zivumela ukuthola izimpawu ezihlukene zenhlangano.

Amaqembu e-Nicoche amelela isici esihlukile sezimiso ezihlukanisayo, agxile ezindabeni ezithile, ezimfundisweni, noma emaqenjini abantu kunokuba ancintisane nezindaba zezombangazwe ezigcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu aluhlaza aphumelela kakhulu ezimisweni eziningi zePR ngokugcizelela izindaba zendawo ezungezile nangokukhanga abavoti abakhathalela indawo ezungezile, kuyilapho behlala bengaphansi ezimisweni eziningi zobushiqela. Ngokufanayo, amaqembu amelela izithakazelo zezilimi, izithakazelo zemali, impesheni, noma impikiswano eyodwa enjengelungelo lezilwane angazuza i-PR ngokufaka i-actituedies yawo ekhethekile.

Ukufaneleka kwamaqembu ezindawo ezihlukene ezimisweni zePR kudala izibalo ezihlukene zohlelo lwe-create contiumst nokwakheka. Kunokuba zidlulisele isinxephezelo sokukhanga kubavoti bemithombo yezindaba, iziqu zingaphumelela ngokuhlobisa izinto ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amancane. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukumelelwa okuyiqiniso kakhulu kwemibono ehlukahlukene kodwa kungasiza futhi ukumelelwa kwamaqembu agabadelayo alwisana nezimiso eziphambili. Ukuba khona kwamaqembu azimele nangasemanxele emaphaleni amaningi e-palamendheni aseYurophu kubonisa lokhu kushukumisa, kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zezombangazwe.

Ukuklanywa Kwezakhi Nokudla

Ngoba izimiso zokulinganisela azivamile ukuveza izigaba eziyinhloko, ukwakheka okuhlangene kuba yisici esiyinhloko sokubusa. Amadili kumelwe axoxe nabangase bahlangane ukuze bahlanganise imifelandawonye eminingi ekwaziyo ukwakha ohulumeni nokukhipha umthetho. Le nqubo yangemva kokhetho ithonya kakhulu amasu eqembu, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe angabheki isikhundla sawo sokuvota kuphela kodwa futhi nokukhanga kwawo njengeqembu elihlangeneyo kanye nokusebenzisa kwawo ukuvumelana ekusunguleni izingxoxo zikahulumeni.

Inkolelo-mbono ye-Coalition ibikezela ukuthi amaqembu azofuna ukwakha "izikhawu eziphansi kakhulu zokuwina""" izikhundla ezinezihlalo ezanele zokubusa, ukunciphisa inani lamaqembu okumelwe ahlanganyele ekugunyazweni kanye nokuvunyelwa kwezimiso. Nokho, ukwakheka komhlaba kuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwemibono okuhlangene, okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili, nesifiso sokuzinza eduze kwesikhungo semibono esinethonya elikhulu kakhulu njengeqembu elikhulu, ngisho noma kungezona izinkolo ezinkulu, ngoba zingakha imifelandawonye ehlangeneyo ehlangeneyo.

Ukulangazelela kwamathonya eqembu elivumelanayo okuvumelanayo phakathi nemikhankaso. Amaholide angatshela abangane bawo abathandwayo, anqabele ukubambisana namaqembu athile, noma agcine ukungaqondakali okufanelekile ukuze alondoloze ukuvumelana. Abanye abathathi-mcimbi bathatha "izindlela ze-blackmail", bazenze babaluleke kakhulu ekukhekeni ngokuthatha izikhundla ezikhethekile zemibono. Abanye baphishekela "umshuwalense wokuzisebenzela" ngokugcina ubuhlobo nabantu abaningi abangase basebenzelane ukuze bagweme ukuhlukanisa nohulumeni.

Ukuma Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ngokungafani nezimiso zeziqu lapho amaqembu ehlangana khona nomvoti wezindaba, ukumelela ngokulingana kubangela izisusa zokuba amalungu azihlukanise ngokwawo ukuze athathe izingxenye ezihlukene zokhetho. Izikhundla ezicacile zezimiso zisiza amaqembu ukuba aqoqe abasekeli bawo abasemqoka futhi azihlukanise emasimini agcwele izigaba. Lokhu kuthambekele kweze-Centufugel kuveza izimiso zezinhlangano ezihlukene ngokwemibono ezicacile ezinezingavumelani ezicacile phakathi kwamaqembu.

Isimo sobuningi bokuncintisana kwezombangazwe siba sobala kakhulu ezimisweni ze-PR, lapho amaqembu angazibeka khona ngokuhlukanisayo ezicini eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sezentengiselwano esingokwesiko sesokunxele, amaqembu ahlukanisa izici zezempucuko, isimiso sendawo ezungezile, ukuhlangana kweYurophu, ukufuduka, nezinye izinto ezikhathazayo. Lokhu kuncintisana okuhlukahlukene kwenza amaqembu akwazi ukuveza izikhundla ezikhethekile emkhathini wezombangazwe futhi anxuse ukuvotela abantu ngenhlangothini olukhethekile.

Izisusa zokufuna umthetho zifeza izindima ezinkulu kakhulu ezimisweni ze-PR uma kuqhathaniswa ne-asterismss. Ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu amaningi angathola ukumelelwa nokuthonywa ngenqubo ngokuhlanganyela kobunye, amaqembu angaphishekela imigomo yesimiso ngisho noma ingawinanga ngobuningi. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu ngemigomo ecacile yemibono nezimiso, kunokuba izinhlangano ezifuna ihhovisi zigxile ekuwineni kuphela. Ukugcizelelwa okunamandla kwenqubo ehlukile kunezela ekuncintisaneni kweqembu elithile nokubekwa kwecala okucacile kwezindawo ezithile zenqubo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Nesiyalo

Izimiso zophawu lokumelelwa kweqembu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenzisa izinhlu ezivaliweyo, ziqinisa izinhlangano zeqembu ezihlobene nabantu abazobhapathizwa. Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti ngokuvamile bakhetha phakathi kwezinhlu zeqembu kunokuba bathathe iziqu, ukuhola kweqembu kulawula ukufinyelela izikhundla ezivunyelwe, kwakha amathuluzi anamandla okuqinisa isiyalo. Abakhomisha izinhlangano zincike ezinhlanganoni ukuze ziphumelele, zifaka ukwethembeka ezikhundleni zeqembu futhi zinciphise ukuzimela okuphawula izimiso ezinkulu zeqembu.

Ukubekwa kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangano zeqembu ezimisweni zePR kunemiphumela ebalulekile ekumelelweni nasekuzilandiseni. Ukuqondisa okunamandla kwenza ukuba kusetshenziswe isimiso esihlangene kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ocacile womthetho kahulumeni, kudlulisele ukuvota okuthathelwe emuva okusekelwe emibhalweni yeqembu. Nokho, kunganciphisa futhi ukusabela kwabameleli ngabanye ekukhathaleleni ukuhola kweqembu, kubangele ukushiyeka kwentando yeningi.

Izinqubo ezivulekile zoluhlu lwe-PR ziguqula lezizinto ezishukumisayo ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwa abantu ngabanye abazobhapathizwa, okungenzeka bahlele izinhlu zeqembu. Lokhu kungenisa izici zomncintiswano ophakathi kwesimiso sokuhlela, kwakha izisusa zokuba abazohlolelwa bahlakulele amavoti abo siqu ngenkonzo e-controlective kunye nomkhankaso womuntu ngamunye. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezisusa eziseqenjini neziphakathi kwe-PR kuxhomeke ezicini ezithile zomklamo, kuhlanganise nokuthi uhlu luhlelekile noma luvaliwe, ukushelela kokuvota, ukushelela kokukhetha, nobukhulu besifunda.

Izikhala Ezifanele Nokungena Ngezindlela Ezihlelekile

Izimiso eziningi zokumelela ezihambelanayo zisebenzisa izingosi zokuvota eziwukhetho oluncane ezidingekayo ekumeleni kwephalamende, ukuvimbela ukuhlukana okukhulu. Lemigoqo, ngokuvamile esukela ku-2% kuya ku-5%, idala ukucatshangelwa okusemqoka kwamaqembu amasha namisiwe. I-paries kumelwe ihlole ukuthi ingawedlula kahle yini umkhawulo, njengoba ihluleka ukufinyelela imiphumela emifushane ngokususa ngokuphelele i-palettey ekhona nakuba ikhona imikhakhakha ephawulekayo.

Izindawo zokuhlanganisa ithonya leqembu nokuhlanganisa izinqumo. Amadili ahlola eduze kwamazinga omnyango abhekene nezinqumo eziqinile mayelana nokuthi angaqhubeka yini encintisana noma ahlanganiswe namaqembu amakhulu ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi amelelwa. Amaqembu amancane angakha izivumelwano ezingosi noma izinhlu ezihlangene ukuze ahlanganise amavoti awo futhi adlule imigoqo. Ngokuphambene, abantu abaqinisekayo ngemikhawulo edlulayo bangase bamelane nokuhlanganiswa okunganciphisa izikhundla zabo ezihlukene nezimiso.

Imiphumela ehleliwe yemikhawulo ebanzi idlulela ekuziphatheni kovoti kanye nezindawo eziseduze namazinga omnyango zingase zihileleke ekuvotelweni, zishiye iqembu elithandayo ukuze zigweme ukudlala amavoti noma ukunxusa ukuphoqa iqembu ukuba lingene emnyango. Izingqungquthela eziseduze nezingosi zivame ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwevoti ngayinye nengozi yokukhishwa epalamende, ukuzama ukubuthela abasekeli nokukhanga abavoti abasemthethweni kwamanye amaqembu amancane.

Izinqubo Zokulungisa Eziminyene

Izimiso ze-operator ezixubene ziveza izinselele ezihlukile namathuba ezinhlangano zezombangazwe ngokuhlanganisa izici eziyinhloko nezizihambela-hlangothi ezisemkhakheni owodwa. Izindawo ezisebenza kulezi zimiso ezixubile kumelwe zithuthukise amasu ayinkimbinkimbi okuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo asebenzise izincazelo ezicacile zombili iziqephu ezihlukene, okuholela ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuzivumelanisa ezihlukanisa nokuziphatha ezimisweni ezicacile noma ezilinganiswayo.

Inqubo Yemishini Esetshenziswa Ngezikhali

Inselele eyisisekelo ebhekene nabahlanganisi ezimisweni ezixubene ihlanganisa ukusungula amasu ahlanganisayo ahlanganisa ukusebenza ngokulinganayo phakathi kwazo zombili izingxenye ezihlangene nezilinganayo. Ezimisweni ezixubeneyo njengezeJalimane, amaqembu kumelwe ancintisane ngezihlalo eziphezulu ngemithetho eminingi kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo andisa uhlu lwamaqembu awo olunquma ukumelelwa okuphelele. Lokhu okudingwa okumbaxa-mbili kudinga amaqembu ukulinganisela ngokuphikisana nokwenzeka nokucabangela okuhlangeneyo futhi abeke imithombo ngokuphumelelayo kuzo zombili izitebhili.

Amaqembu amakhulu axubene nezimiso avame ukuphishekela amasu agcizelela izigquma zombili, aqondise abazosebenza ngokunamandla kuyilapho egcina izikhalo ezinkulu zamavoti. Lamaqembu azuza ekuxhumaneni okusemthethweni nokusendaweni okunikezwa ukunqoba ngenkathi kuxhomeke ezihlalweni zohlu ukuze kuboniswe isilinganiso. Amaqenjana amancane, ngokungafani, angagxila ngokuyinhloko ekubekeni izilinganiso ezilinganayo, imithombo egxile emikhankasweni yoluhlu lapho kuvulwa abafuni ukubonakala ngokuyinhloko kunokuba kube namathemba angempela okunqoba.

Imiphumela engcolile phakathi kwezinhlu imelela isici esibalulekile sezimiso ezixubile, lapho ukuziphatha okunezici ezisemqoka kwelinye iqoqo kuphumela khona kwelinye. Abavoter bangase bahlukanise amathikithi abo, basekele amaqembu ahlukene ekuqondiseni nasekuvoteni, bakha amathuba amasu ayinkimbinkimbi amasu. Izingxube zingakhuthaza ukuhlukanisa amathikithi okunjalo ngokuhlangana nomphakathi ohlobanayo, batusa ukuba abasekeli babo bavote abaxhasi abamelene nabo kuyilapho besekela iqembu labo siqu eqenjini lohlu.

Ukuhloba Okukhethekile Nokungahloniphi

Izimiso ezixubile zidala izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlobana, njengoba amaphathi kumelwe anqume ukuthi yiziphi izisulu ezizohamba nge-constituence, indlela yokuhlela izinhlu zeqembu, nokuthi anikeze amaqiniso ahlukene lapho abantu besebenza khona ngesikhathi esisodwa ezimisweni nasezinhluni. Lamacebo okuhloba athonya kakhulu imiphumela ekhethiwe kanye nemicikilisho yangaphakathi, njengoba benquma ukuthi yimaphi amalungu eqembu angenela ephalamendeni futhi ngayiphi indlela.

U-Dual reformcy . Uvumela abazoncintisana ngokuncintisana kwe-constituences ngesikhathi esifanayo bevela ezinhluni zeqembu. unikeza umshuwalense ngokumelene nokunqotshwa kwesivumelwano ngesikhathi usiza amaqembu ukuba asebenze anamandla. Lomkhuba uvamile eJalimane, lapho amalungu amaningi ephalamende anqoba khona ukhetho ngezinhlu zeqembu naphezu kokuncintituences. Isigaba sobuprofecracy siveza amandla athakazelisayo, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe alinganisele izikhundla phakathi kwabaphumelele izihlalo (ngakho futhi labo abadinga izihlalo zohlu) nalabo abalahlekelwa yizikhundla zabo kodwa abafanelwe ukumelelwa ezikhundleni zabo.

Ukufakwa kwabavoti abaphezulu nabaholi beqembu phakathi kwezindawo eziphezulu eziphethe i-contituence kanye nezinhlu kumele okunye ukuhlola okubalulekile. Imikhosi ingabeka abaholi ezikhundleni eziphephile ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukhetho lwabo lukhona kanti futhi babekwa kakhulu ezinhluni. Okanye, amaqembu angase afake abaholi emikhankasweni yokuncintisana ukuze athuthukise imikhankaso yendawo kuyilapho ebavikela ngezindawo eziphakeme zohlu. Lezi zinqumo ziveza izibalo ezingokwezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili ukunqoba komthetho kanye nezivumelwano zeqembu lonke.

Ukuvumelana Kwezinkolelo Nemifelandawonye Ehlelekile

Izimiso ezixubile zivumela amasu ayinkimbinkimbi okubambisana asebenzisa isakhiwo esihlangeneyo. EJalimane, umkhuba wamaqembu ahlangeneyo utusa ukuba abasekeli bawo bahlukanise amathikithi − besekela abathathi beqembu labo abazosizana kuloluhlu-----asenzile. Lokhu kusiza izibambi ezihlangene ukuba zizuze izihlalo ezihlukene ngokulinganayo kuyilapho zigcina iqembu labo elihlukene line-MVCM kanye nophawu olulinganiswayo ngohlu lwevota.

I-Free Democratic Party (FDP) eJalimane iye yazuza ngokomlando kumalungiselelo anjalo, lapho abaxhasi bebonke bekhuthaza abasekeli babo ukuba bavote ama-FDP ukuze bashintshele kumavoti e FDP asekela ubudlelwane. Lokhu kubambisana kwenza amalungu amancane akwazi ukuzuza izihlalo angabanjwa uma kungenjalo esiza amaqembu amakhulu ukuba andise ingqikithi yesihlalo sawo somfelandawonye. Amasu afanayo avele kwezinye izimiso ezixubile njengoba amaqembu efunda ukusebenzisa amasuntwana abalulekile emisebenzi emibili.

Ukubekwa kwezimpawu kwangaphambi kokhetho kubaluleka kakhulu ezimisweni ezixubeneyo, njengoba abavoti benza izinqumo ezihlelekile kuzo zombili imigqa badinga ukwaziswa mayelana nokwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Imikhosi ebonisa ngokucacile ukuthi abasizi ababo ababo ababo ababodwa bavumelanayo bayakwazi ukuvota ngendlela ehlelekayo ukuze bandise amathemba omphakathi. Lokhu kubonakala kungathuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngokucacisa ubuso bukahulumeni obathakathiwe yizimo ezizobukisa, nakuba kungavimbela nokuvumelanisa i-postleopera projective ukuvumelana nomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Nokusebenzisa Imishini

Izinqubo ezithile zembuyiselo ezihlelwe ngezimiso ezihlangene zidala ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile. Ngenxa yokuthi izihlalo zohlu zivala izikhala zemiphumela eguquguqukayo, abazuza izihlalo eziphezulu kunaleyo ebekelwe isilinganiso sazo bamukela "izihlalo ezilinganayo" ezingaphazamisa ukuhleleka okuphelele. Isimiso saseJalimane siye saqala ukusingatha lendaba ngezihlalo ezigcina ukulingana okungalingani, kodwa lezinguquko zakha izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo ezihlangene.

Izindawo kumelwe zicabangele indlela ukusebenza kwazo ngokubambisana okuthinta ngayo ukuhlelwa kwazo kwezindawo zokuhlala. Iqembu eliwina izikhundla eziningi kodwa lithole isabelo sohlu oluphansi lingagcina linezihlalo ezimbalwa kakhulu kunalapho selithole izikhawu ezimbalwa, njengoba inqubo yokukhokha ilungisa ukuphumelela ngokweqile. Lokhu kwenza amandla angokwenzuzo lapho amaqembu engazuzuza khona njalo ekuhleleni ukunqoba uma ukwenza kanjalo kuvela ezinkonzweni zohlu lwevoti.

Imiphumela Yeqembu

Izimiso ze-electonator ezixubene ziveza izici zesimiso seqembu ezihlukanisayo ezibonisa ukuhlangana kwezisusa ezizinzile nezilandelanayo. Lezi zimiso ziveza izimiso eziningi ezisesilinganisweni ($] zihlukene kakhulu kunezimiso ezicwebezelayo eziphelele kodwa ezihlukene kakhulu kunezimiso ezilingana kakhulu. Inani lamaqoqo amelelwe ngokuvamile lehlela izakhi ezimbili ezihlukene kanye neziqhezuke kakhulu ezingenzeka ngaphansi kwe-PR ehlanzekile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlu zezitebhisi ezihlanganisayo nezilinganisene kungakha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamadili akhethekile ezicini ezihlukene zokuncintisana. Abanye abantu bangase bagxile ngokuyinhloko ekuwineni ezikhungweni zomphakathi nasekwakheni izinqaba zendawo, kuyilapho abanye begxila ekufakeni uhlu oluvotelweyo nophawu olulinganisiwe. Lokhu kuveza izimiso ezikhethekile lapho amaqembu ahlukene esebenzisa khona izindlela ezihlukene ezingokwezinqubo ezihlukene phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa.

Ukuvumelana Nenhlangano Nokuhlelwa Kweqembu

Ngaphandle kwamasu akhethwe, amaqembu ezombangazwe kumelwe avumelanise izakhiwo zawo zenhlangano nemithetho ebotshelelweyo abhekene nayo. Ukwakhiwa kwangaphakathi kwamaqembu − kuhlanganisa izakhiwo zawo zamalungu, izinqubo zokukhetha ukuhola, izinqubo zokuthola imishini, kanye nezimiso zokuhlela izimpahla — kuveza imfuno ezibalulekile ezakhiwa yizimiso zenhlangano ezihlukahlukene nezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kwembula indlela iziphazamiso ezihlangene ezingene ngayo kakhulu eqenjini.

Ukuzisondeza Kuqhathaniswa Nokuzitika Ngemithi

Izimiso ze-Electoral zithonya kakhulu izinga lokubekwa kwezinhlangano zenhlangano. Izimiso zezokuthwebula izikhundla ezivalekile ezinamaqembu zivame ukuveza amaqembu anezisekelo eziphambili lapho ukuhola kwezwe kulawula khona ukukhethwa kweqembu futhi kugcine khona ukujezisa okuqinile kubameleli abakhethiwe. Amandla okunquma izikhundla zeqembu anikeza ukuhola okukhulu kwezazi zezombangazwe ezifuna ukuvelela, okwenza ukuba kuqikelelwe izikhundla zeqembu nokubekwa kwemithetho.

Izimiso zeziqu ezinezingxenye eyodwa, ikakhulukazi uma zihlangene nokhetho oluyinhloko olubalwayo, zikhuthaza izakhiwo zeqembu ezihloniphekile. Abazohlolwa ngabanye bavame ukulawula izinhlangano zabo zomkhankaso, ukuqoqa imisebenzi, nokuthumela imiyalezo, ukunciphisa ukuncika ezinhlanganweni zezizwe. Lokhu kuthobeka kunganciphisa ukuqeqeshwa kweqembu futhi kubangele ukusabela okunzima kodwa kungenza amalungu athathe indiva futhi enze amalungu ajwayelane nezimo ezihlukene zobunhlangothi.

Izimiso ze-Federal zenezela esinye isici ezinqumweni eziphethe isikhungo, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe anqume ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano zenhlangano yesizwe nezwe. Amanye amaqembu agcina izakhiwo ezihlangene kakhulu nokulawula okukhulu kwesizwe phezu kwezindawo noma amaqembu esifunda, kuyilapho amanye esebenza njengemibango ekhululekile yezinhlangano ezizimele ngokwezinga elithile. Izinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganisa okungathwithi okungathwi kuxhomeke ekusakazweni kwegunya lezombangazwe ezigabeni zikahulumeni nezingalinganiyo zezwe emaqenjini asekela futhi ancintisaneni eqembu.

Ukumiswa Kwamalungu Nokuhlanganyela

Izakhiwo zamalungu eqembu ziyehluka kakhulu kwezinye izimiso, ziveza izidingo ezihlukene ezingokwezimo namasiko enhlangano. Amaqembu aseYurophu asebenza ngezimiso ezilinganiselwe aye alondoloza ngokomlando izinhlangano ezinkulu zamalungu ezihleliwe ezinikeza izimali, izisebenzi zokuzithandela, nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi. Lamaqembu amakhulu asungula izisekelo ezinkulu zokuhlela kuhlanganise namagatsha endawo, izinhlangano ezihlangene, nemisebenzi yasikhathi sonke yobulungu ehlanganisa amaqembu angene jule emphakathini womphakathi.

Ukwehla kwamaqembu angena emaqenjini amaningi emashumini eminyaka amuva kubonisa ukushintsha kwezimiso zezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, kanye nezokubala. Amaqembu amaningi aye ashintshela ekusebenzeni kobuchwepheshe, umkhankaso ongokwezikhungo eziyinhloko oncike kochwepheshe abakhokhelwayo, ukukhangisa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nabashisekeli bezikhundla zokuzithandela. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuye kwavezwa ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezinkulu lapho ukuncintisana okukhona kunciphisa khona ukubaluleka kwezinhlangano zamalungu eqenjini, kodwa kuye kwathinta amaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Abanye abantu baye bazama izindlela ezintsha zokuba amalungu nokuhlanganyela ekungeneni inkathi yokusebenza kwenombolo. Imishini ebhaliswe esekelayo, amapulatifomu okuhlanganyela kuyi-inthanethi, kanye nezindawo zokufundela ezivulekile imelela imizamo yokwandisa ukuhlanganyela ngalé kwamalungu angokwesiko kodwa ukulondoloza ukuvumelana kwenhlangano. Lezi zici ziveza imizamo yokuvumelanisa izakhiwo zeqembu nezimo zezenhlalo zamanje kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuqoqwa nezinzuzo ezifanele zokuhlanganyela ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezibanzi.

Ukukhetha Imishini

Izinqubo lapho abameleli behhovisi bekhetha khona abazothatha izinqubo ezibalulekile zokuzivumelanisa nezimiso. Izindlela zokukhetha zihlukahluka ngokwezilinganiso zokuhlanganisa (ohlanganyela ekukhetheni), ukuhlanganisa (izinga lokulawula inqubo yokuhlela), kanye nokuhlela (ukuhleleka okuhlelwe futhi okusobala). Lokhu kuklanywa kuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu, ukumelelwa, nokusebenza kokukhetha.

Ezimisweni ezilinganiswayo ezinezinhlu ezivalekile, abaholi beqembu noma amakomiti esizwe ngokuvamile alawula ukukhetha nokuhleleka kohlu, aqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa babonisa iziphakamiso eziza kuqala zeqembu futhi bagcine ukwethembeka ezikhundleni zeqembu. Lokhu kukhetha okusemqoka kuthuthukisa ukukhubazeka kwentando yeningi kodwa kungadala ukuswela kwentando yeningi uma amalungu nabasekeli bengenakho okubalulekile. Ezinye izimiso zePR ziye zasheshisa ziqonde ezinqunyweni zokukhetha okungaphelele, kuhlanganise nokuvota amalungu ohlwini, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nokusemthethweni.

Izimiso zeziqu ezinkulu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinqubo zokukhetha ezihlelekile, nezinhlangano zendawo noma okhetho abanqumayo abazokhethwa ezifundeni ngazinye. Ukhetho oluyinhloko, ikakhulukazi izipringi ezivulekile ezivumela abangewona amalungu, zimelela izindlela zokukhetha ezizinzile kodwa zingaveza abancintisanayo abasuka ezikhundleni eziphambili noma abantula ukukhetheka kokhetho oluvamile. Ukucindezela phakathi kokuhlanganisa nokukhetha kumelela inselele eqhubekayo ekuklameni kokukhetha abameleni.

Ukuthunjwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Izakhiwo zenhlangano yeqembu kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zengcebo zokuncintisana ngemishini yokukhetha, ezihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso. Izimiso zamakhulu ezincintisanayo ezincintisanayo ezifuna ukubhalisa ibhande elikhombayo ngokuvamile zidinga izimali ezinkulu emikhankasweni yomuntu ngamunye, okuholela ekusebenziseni izikhwama ezihloniphekile nasekuncikeni okungabangela izinkinga kubantu abacebile. Izindleko eziphakeme zokukhangisa ngemikhankaso emikhulu yezezikhungo noma emikhankasweni yezwe zibangela ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kokuqoqa imali futhi zingathonya izikhundla zeqembu kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izimiso ze-propotical nokuncintisana kweqembu phakathi kungenza ukuba kukwazi ukuqoqwa kwemitapo ephakathi, nezinhlangano zesizwe ezilawula ukuqoqwa nokuhlelwa kwezimali. Ukuxhaswa kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, ezivame kakhulu ezimisweni ezihambelanayo, zinganciphisa ukuncika kubantu abanikela ngezimali zomuntu siqu futhi zivumele amalungu ukuba alondoloze izinhlangano phakathi kokhetho. Nokho, izimali zomphakathi ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulunga kwezinhlangano ezintsha nendima efanele yombuso yokusekela izinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Ukwanda komkhankaso wemishini kuye kwashintsha izimfuneko zemithombo yezincwadi kanye nezimiso zenhlangano ezinhlobonhlobo zezimiso. Izindawo zezokuxhumana, izikhangiso ze-inthanethi, kanye nokwaziswa kuye kwaba yimqoka emikhankasweni yanamuhla, kudinga amaqembu ukuba athuthukise amakhono amasha obuchwepheshe. Lezi zinguquko zezobuchwepheshe zingasiza abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuthola imishini eyinkimbinkimbi nemithombo yokwaziswa, okungadala izinhlobo ezintsha zokungalingani kwenhlangano emncintiswaneni wamaqembu.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimiso Nezimo Zokucabanga

Amaqembu ezombangazwe angazivumelanisi nje namasu awo nezinhlangano kuphela kodwa nezikhundla zawo ezingokomthetho kanye neziphakamiso zemibono ukuze aphumelele phakathi kwemithetho ehlukene. Ubuhlobo phakathi komklamo wenhlangano nesigaba seqembu busho ushintsho olubalulekile lokuzivumelanisa neqembu, okunemiphumela emikhulu yokumelelwa, ukulandisa, nezimiso. Ukuqonda indlela izimiso ezima ngayo amaqembu zikhanyisa ngayo imidlalo eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinhlangano nemishini yezombangazwe.

Ukukhanga Okunesimiso Nokukhanga Kwekhasimende

Izimiso ze-Electoral zithonya ukuthi izinxulumane zigcizelela izingcingo zezinhlelo ezisekelwe ezimisweni zesimiso noma ekunxenxeni okusekelwe ezinzuzoni ezizodwa emaqenjini athile noma emakhonweni. Izimiso zokumelela ezilandelanayo ezincintiswaneni eziphakathi zivame ukukhuthaza izombangazwe zesimiso, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe azihlukanise ngokwengqondo ukuze akhange izigaba ezihlukene zokuvota futhi alondoloze ukuthembeka kwabasekeli. Ukugcizelelwa kwamalebula nezimiso ezimisweni zePR kudala izisusa zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezihambisanayo nokulondoloza ukuvumelana kwezimiso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izimiso zamakhulu ezincintisana nabameleli zingasiza ekutholeni izombangazwe ezifuna abathengisi, njengoba abafuna ukuxoxa ngabanye bengahlakulela ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nabantu abazimele futhi banikeze izinzuzo ezithile ezifundeni zabo. Ukugcizelelwa kokumelelwa kwendawo kanye nezici ezisemkhakheni omkhulu womuntu kudala amathuba ezombangazwe zengulube eziminyene nenkonzo yokuzisebenzela ezingase zifinyele umncintiswano wezimiso zesimiso. Nokho, izinga labathengisimende lihluka kakhulu ngokwezindlela zezinqubo ezinkulu kuye ngezici ezihlanganisa intuthuko yezomnotho, isikhundla sombuso, nempucuko yezombangazwe.

Umehluko phakathi kwezombangazwe zobukhoma kanye nezokuphatha usho okukhulu emgangathweni wentando yeningi nokubusa. Umncintiswano wezinhlelo uthuthukisa ukulandisa kwesimiso futhi uvumela abavoti ukuba benze ukukhetha kolwazi ngokweziteshi zesigaba, kodwa kunganciphisa ukusabela ezinkathazweni zendawo. Izombangazwe zekhasimende zinganikeza izinzuzo eziqondiswe ngokumelene nezici zendawo, kodwa zingase zilulaze ukulandisa kohlelo futhi zibangele inkohlakalo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi zindlela zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe kuveza kokubili izisusa zezezindawo zomphakathi nezici ezibanzi.

Ukungayekethisi Kuqhathaniswa Nezinkinga Zezikhundla

Izindawo zivumelanisa ukugcizelela kwazo nemingcele yezinhlangano, zikhetha phakathi kwezimo (lapho amaqembu ethatha khona izimo ezingafani ngemibuzo ephikisanayo) kanye nezindaba eziphikisanayo (lapho abashayina bevumelana khona ngemigomo kodwa bencintisana ngekhono nangekhono). Izimiso ezinkulu ezimi ngomncintiswano ohlangene zivame ukugcizelela ukuncintisana kokungavumelani, kanye nezinhlangano eziqokomisa ikhono lazo lobuphathi, izimfanelo zobuholi, nekhono lokuveza imiphumela efiselekayo njengentuthuko yezomnotho, ukulondeka, nokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Izimiso zezokuhlanganisa ezinezigaba eziningi kanye nokuhluka kwemibono ecacile zithambekele ekufakeni ukuncintisana ngezikhundla ezinkulu, njengoba abahilelekile beveza izimo ezihlukile emibuzweni ephikisanayo ukuze baqoqe abasekeli babo abayinhloko futhi bazihlukanise nabancintisanayo. Isimo esihlukene sezimiso zePR senza ukuba amalungu athathe izikhundla ezicacile ngaphandle kokukhetha okungajwayelekile, njengoba engaphumelela ngokukhuthaza izikhungo ezithile ezihlukene kunokuba akhe imifelandawo ebanzi.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuncintisana kwesikhundla nokuncintisana kuthonya izinga lokucabangela kwentando yeningi nokulandisa. Umncintiswano wezesikhundla ucacisa ukungafani kweqembu futhi uvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngokusekelwe ekukhetheni okuhleliwe kwezimiso, kodwa kungase kubonakale kuhlukanisa futhi kuxazulule ukubusa, kodwa kungafihla umehluko obalulekile wezimiso futhi kunciphise ukukhiqizwa kwenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Ukuphikisana Nobunikazi Nokuzihlela Ngokukhethekile

Izindawo ezikuzo zonke izimiso ziphishekela amasu okuphatha, zizama ukusungula ukuthembeka nobuchwepheshe emikhakheni ethile ezuzisayo. Amaqembu asekhohlo agcizelela inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, amalungelo ezisebenzi, kanye nokulingana kwezomnotho, kuyilapho amaqembu alungile egxile ekukhokheleni intela, inqubo yezebhizinisi, nezindinganiso ezingokwesiko. Izindawo zendawo zihlela izindaba zendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho amaqembu asekela ukufuduka nobukhosi besizwe. Le mpikiswano iveza kokubili izibopho zemibono kanye nezibalo ezihleliwe mayelana nenzuzo engcono.

Izimiso ze-Electoral zihlohla amasu okuba namalungu ngemiphumela yazo ekuhlukanisweni kwesimiso somncintiswano nomncintiswano. Ezimisweni ezilinganayo namaqembu amaningi, amaqembu angaphumelela ngokulawula izindawo ezithile zempikiswano nokuqoqa izinto ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezincane. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuvela kweqembu elilodwa lomphakathi futhi kukhuthaze amalungu asungulwe ukuvikela ubuna bawo kunezimbangi ezikhethekile. Eziminyangweni ezinkulu, ukucindezela kokuncintisana ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene kudinga izimpikiswano ezibanzi, kwenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukubhekana nempikiswano ekhethekile.

Ukugcizelela okukhethiwe kumelela ithuluzi eliyinhloko lemishini enqabela abantu abahamba ngezindawo ezikhutshaniswayo. Ngokugcizelela izindaba lapho bejabulela khona izinzuzo futhi bethatha izimpikiswano lapho bebhekene khona nezimo ezingezinhle, abakhiqizi bangahlela uhlelo lwabavoti ukuze basekele amathemba abo. Lokhu kukhetha okuhlela okubalulekile kubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni eziyinhloko lapho amaqembu kumelwe athande izinxulumani ezihlukahlukene, njengoba yenza ukuba amalungu alondoloze i-acession kuyilapho encintisana ngokuncintisana. Ikhono lokulawula impikiswano ngomkhakhakha we-mkhakha, umkhankaso, nolwembukiso lwezimende lwezimende eziphambili ze-wistolitialsss.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Izinga lokushintshashintsha kwemibono yamaqembu lingagcina lihlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo ezisemqoka. Izimiso zenhlangano ezinesiyalo esiqinile seqembu nokuncintisana okuhleliwe zidala ukucindezela kokungaguquguquki kwemibono, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe alondoloze ukuthembeka nabasekeli nabambisene. Inqubo ephawulekayo yokushintsha noma ukumisa izinqubo kungalimaza izinqubo zeqembu kanye nezici ezisemqoka ezikhundleni, kunciphise izinga lokuzivumelanisa. Nokho, amalungu ezimisweni zePR angaguqula izimo zawo kancane kancane kancane ukuze aphendule izimo kuyilapho egcina i-socity commo.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zingavumela ukuvumelana kakhulu nomqondo, ikakhulukazi ezimongweni ezibhekene nokufuna ukubhapathizwa lapho abezombangazwe ngabanye bengazihlukanisa khona ezikhundleni zeqembu. Isimo esikhulu samaqembu ezigaba ezimbili sivumela ukuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqondana kancane kancane njengoba amaqembu ahlukene ethola ithonya. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana kungadala izingxabano phakathi kokulondoloza ubunye beqembu nokuzivumelanisa nokucindezela kokukhetha, njengoba amaqembu ahlukene engazimelana nokushintsha kwemibono okusongela ithonya noma izimiso zawo.

Ukuphakama kwamaqembu afuna ukutholwa kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene kubonisa ukuthi amaqembu angabekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlelwa kwemibono uma izimo zivuma. Izinhlangano zePopulist zivame ukuhlanganisa izikhundla ezisuka ngakwesokunxele esingokwesiko, zidonsela emizweni emelene nokumiswa kanye nezinkathazo zezempucuko kuyilapho zisikisela ukuthi impumelelo yamaqembu anjalo isikisela ukuthi imingcele engokwezikhundla zeqembu ingaba ngcono kunemibono engokwesiko ebikezelayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe kanye nezimiso.

Izinselele Namathuba Okuzivumelanisa Nezimo Eziphakathi

Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nemingcele yamaqembu inikeza kokubili izinselele namathuba ezombangazwe. Nakuba ukukwazi ukubhekana nezimo okuphumelelayo kusiza amaqembu ukuba ancintisane ngokuphumelelayo futhi afeze imigomo yawo, inqubo yokuzivumelanisa ngokwayo ingadala izingxabano, ukuhweba, nemiphumela engalindelekile. Ukuqonda lezinselele namathuba kunikeza ukuqonda ngamandla entuthuko yeqembu nempilo ebanzi yesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi.

Ukulinganisela Impumelelo Ephakeme Nobuqotho Besimiso

Enye yezinselele eziyisisekelo ezibhekene namadili ihlanganisa ukulinganisela imfuneko yokunqoba okhethweni nesifiso sokulondoloza ubuqotho bohlelo nokungaguquguquki kwemiqondo. Izimiso ze-Electoral zibangela ukucindezela komphakathi ezikhundleni ezilinganiselwe, zakhe imifelandawonye nezihlobo ezikude ezithathelanayo, noma ukuhlehla ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ukuze kuphumelele. Lokhu kucindezela kungadala ukungezwani kwangaphakathi phakathi kwabaqondisi abagxile ekuzuzeni izikhundla nezokuzibopha izinhloso zesimiso.

Ukuhweba phakathi kwempumelelo yokhetho kanye nokuthembeka kohlelo kubonakala ngokungafani phakathi kwezimiso. Ezimisweni ezinkulu, ukucindezela komphathi wovoti kungaphoqelela abamele ukushiya izikhundla ezihlukile futhi bahlangane phakathi nendawo, abasekeli abangaphandle abangazihlukanisa futhi banciphise ukukhetha okunenjongo kwabavoti. Ezimisweni ezilandelanayo, isidingo sokwakheka kwezimiso ezihlangene singadinga amaqembu ukuba ahlehlise izimiso eziyinhloko futhi ahlanganyele amandla nabantu abagxeka phakathi nemikhankatho, babangele izinselele zokuziphendulela nokudidelela phakathi kwabasekeli.

Izindawo zisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene okulawula lokhu kucindezeleka, kuhlanganise nokungaqondakali okubalulekile kwezindaba eziphikisanayo, ukugcizelela ukuphikisana esikhundleni esikhundleni sokuncintisana, nokuthelelana ngaphakathi ukuze kuhlaziywe amaqembu ahlukene. Amaqembu aphumelela kakhulu avame ukusungula amasiko enhlangano kanye nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo eziwenza akwazi ukuvumelana kahle kuyilapho elondoloza ukuvumelana kohlelo okwanele ukuze alondoloze ubukhokho bawo kanye nabasekeli abahlukene. Nokho, lokhu kulinganisela kuhlala kungenangozi, futhi amaqembu ahluleka ukukulawula ngokuphumelelayo asengozini yokuncishiswa noma ukulahlekelwa yikho okukhethekile.

Ukusingatha Ukuhlukahluka Kwabantu Nokusabela

Ukujwayela izikhundla zeqembu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuphatha izinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi nezimiso zobuzwe. Amaqembu amakhulu ezinhlangothi ezimisweni eziyinhloko kumelwe abhekane nokuthambekela okuhlukene kwemibono kanye namaqembu anesithakazelo phakathi kwezakhiwo zenhlangano eyodwa, abangele izinselele eziqhubekayo zobuholi beqembu. Izingxabano ze-Factions ezisezikhundleni ezingokomthetho, ukukhetha abacela ukubhapathizwa, kanye nokuqondisa okusemqoka kungenza amalungu angasebenzi kahle futhi kunciphe ukusebenza kokukhetha uma kungaphumelela.

Izimiso ze-PRpotographic ziveza izinselele ezihlukene ezihlobene nokuhlukahluka kwezimiso ze-PR. Nakuba izinhlobonhlobo zemibono zivumela ukuhlukahluka kwemibono ukuba zithole ukubonakaliswa phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi kunaphakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimele, amaqembu ezimisweni zePR asabhekene nokungezwani ngaphakathi phakathi kwamaphiko namaqembu ahlukene. Isidingo sokugcina ubunye beqembu ngenxa yokuhlelana nokuvota kwemithetho kubangela ukucindezela kokuyala kwangaphakathi okunganqanda ukuphikisa nokunciphisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kwezinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi kudinga izinqubo ezihleliwe zokuxazulula izinqubo zokulwa, ukwenza izinqumo okuhlanganisa ukuvumelana, namakhono omholi ekwakheni. Izindawo eziphumelelayo zingenisa izinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi empikiswaneni ekhiqizayo futhi zithathe impumelelo kakhulu kunamaqembu acindezela ukuphikisana noma avumela ubukhomanisi ukuba buphazamise ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo. Ikhono lokuhlela lokulawula izinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi limelela impumelelo yeqembu ebaluleke kakhulu ekwahlukahlukanisweni okukhona.

Ukusabela Ekubeni Nesithukuthezi Nokulungisa Impilo

Idemokrasi ye-CMY iye yathola ukuncitshiswa kwe-votor CONCII ne-volution, njengoba izigebengu ezivamile zezenhlalo zincipha futhi abavoti bezimisele kakhulu ukuguqula ukwethembeka kweqembu. Lokhu kudala izinselele zokuzivumelanisa kweqembu, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe athathe inselele ekushintsheni kwezindawo ezishintsha ngokushesha ezihlelwayo kuyilapho elondoloza ukuqina kwenhlangano kanye nokuzinza kwesimiso somthetho. Ukuncipha kokuzihlukanisa kweqembu elizinzile edemocracy kwazenza imiphumela encike kakhulu futhi kwandisa ukubaluleka kwemiphumela yomkhankaso omfushane.

I-Electoral DEVCUR ithinta amaqembu ngendlela ehlukile phakathi kwezindawo ezikhona. Ezimisweni zezikhulu, i-DENCOUD ingaveza ukushintshwa kwesihlalo okuphawulekayo ngisho nangokushintshwa ngezikhathi zokuvota ezilinganiselwe, idala amandla edili-okanye i-famine lapho amaqembu eshintshana khona phakathi kukahulumeni nokuphikiswa. Lokhu kungabangela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zesikhashana kube nzima futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlelwa kwesikhashana. Ezimisweni ze-opportunism, i-DEN ingaveza izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezimayelayo ezinhlangothini kodwa ingenza izinhlelo ezihlangene zibuye zixazulule ukuma kwe-octiventine.

Izindawo ziye zasabela ekunyukeni kwe-CV ngokuzivumelanisa nezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nokugcizelela kakhulu kokwaziswa, ukugcizelela kakhulu ekuqashelweni kwezenyuziyamu, nokunaka okwengeziwe kwezindlela zokuxhumana nokuxhumana. Nokho, lokhu kusabela kobuciko kungase kungabhekisi izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuzimela, ezibonisa izinguquko ezingokwenhlalo kuhlanganise nokuncipha kwamalungu enhlangano, ukunciphisa izimpawu zeqembu, kanye nokushintsha kwezindlela zokuxhumana kwezombangazwe. Ukuzivumelanisa ne-CPH kungase kudingenze ukuba kube nezici ezintsha zokuxhumana nezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zamalungu esizwe.

Ukushintsha Kwezinhlangano

Izimiso ze-Electoral nezombangazwe nazo ngokwazo ziyashintsha, zifune amaqembu ukuba avumelane nemithetho emisha evimbelayo. Inguquko ye-Electoral . "inguquko kusuka ekuhleleni okukhulu kuya ekulinganiseni izimiso, ukushintsha kwesilinganiso sesifunda, noma ukusebenzisa izimiso ezixubile ngokusekelwe ekuqondiseni) kuguqula indawo ezungezile ehlelekile futhi kungasiza noma kusize amaqembu ahlukene. Ngakho ama-palime kumelwe angazisebenzisi nje kuphela iziphakamiso zezinhlangano ezikhona kodwa futhi nabe zombangazwe zokuziguqula ngokwazo izinqubo zezinhlangano.

Izikhundla ze-paries ezisezinhlabeni zokuguqula izinhlangano zibonisa izibopho ezinezimiso kanye nezimiso ezikhona ngokuvamile zisekela inguquko, kuyilapho abazuza isimo esikhona bemelana nokushintsha. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezithakazelo zeqembu nezikhundla zenguquko buyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba amaqembu kungamelwe abheke isikhundla sawo samanje kuphela kodwa futhi namathemba awo amade kanye nelungelo elikhulu lesimiso sezombangazwe. Izimpikiswano zenguquko ze-Elector zihilela zombili izimpikiswano ezivamile ngezimiso zedemokramente kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezihleliwe yiqembu elifuna inzuzo yenhlangano.

Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu ezingokokhetho embusweni wentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokushintshwa kweNew Zealand ukusuka kumphathi we-athonsi kuya ku-propatial system exubene, ukusebenzisa kweJapane isimiso senhlanganisela, kanye nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene embusweni wentando yeningi wangemva kwe-communist. Lezinguquko ziye zadinga amaqembu ukuba athuthukise amasu amasha kanye nezimiso zokuhlela, kanye namazinga ahlukene empumelelo. Ushintsho lwezikhungo eziseziko lwezinhlangano ezihambayo lunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile enqubeni yokuzivumelanisa kanye nasebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezinhlangano nokuziphatha kweqembu.

Amathuba Okuvuselela Nokuvuselela

Nakuba iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho zidala izinselele emaphathini, ziveza futhi amathuba okusungula nokuvuselelwa. Amatheko amasha angasebenzisa ukunganeliseki ngamaphathi amisiwe ngokunikeza izindlela ezintsha nokuhlakanipha okungokwesiko okungaphikiswayo ngokuphathelene nalokho okungase kwenzeke. Impumelelo yamaqembu amasha njenge-Emmanuel Macron's La République En Marche eFrance, i-Five Star Movement e-Italy, noma amaqembu amaGreen ahlukahlukene abonisa ukuthi imingcele yenhlangano ayinqumi ngokuphelele imiphumela yesimiso seqembu.

Izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe ziye zakha amathuba amasha okusungula iqembu, ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni, ukuqoqa, nokuhlela. Amapulatifomu e-metal enza abavoti bafinyelele ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokuthembela kubagcini bamasango abavamile, okunganciphisa imingcele yokungena emaqenjini amasha. Imithombo yezenhlala-khaya isiza ukuqoqa futhi ivumela amalungu ukuba asekele izingosi zezokuxhumana ngokushesha. Ukudaya ivumela amalungu ukuba aqhubeke nokuhlela imithombo yemali ngendlela engcono kakhulu. La mathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe angase abaluleke kakhulu kakhulu emaqenjini afuna ukubekela inselele abancintisana abakhona emapulangweni ezinhlangano ezikhona.

Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa ngokwayo ingaqinisa izinkolo ngokuziphoqelela ukuba zicacise izinjongo zazo, zithuthukise amakhono amasha, futhi zixhumane nezishintshi ezishintshwayo. Izinkonzo ezithi imingcele yokusebenzisa izinhlangano ngokuphumelelayo ivele iqine kakhulu futhi iphumelele kunangaphambili. Inselele yabahilelekile ukuthatha ukuvuselelwa njengethuba lokuvuselelwa kunokukubheka njengenkani emelwe ibekelwe. Lezozinkolo ezithuthukisa amasiko enhlangano agcizelela kakhulu ukufunda, ukusungula, nokusabela kungcono kakhulu ukuphumelela ekwahlukanisweni okuhlukahlukene.

Imibono Eqhathaniswa Nezinhle Zembulunga Yonke

Ukuhlola ukujwayela amaqembu emazweni nezindawo ezihlukahlukene kwembula kokubili izindlela ezivamile nezihlukile ezibalulekile endleleni amaqembu asabela ngayo ekunqandeni izikhundla. Ukuqhathanisa kukhanyisa amasu okuthatha izinqubo emhlabeni wonke ezicini ezithile zezinhlangano ezithile futhi abonisa izenzakalo ezithile zesizwe, amasiko ezombangazwe, noma izikhundla ezingokomlando. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zembulunga yonke kuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokubikezela ukuziphatha kweqembu nokuhlola imiphumela yokuklama kwezinhlangano.

Izigaba Zesifunda Ezimisweni Yeqembu

Izimiso zeqembu ziyehlukahluka ngokulandelana ezifundeni, zibonisa kokubili ukuhluka kwezindawo kanye nezici ezibanzi. Imibuso yentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezihlukene futhi iveza izinhlelo eziningi ngokuncintisana okunamandla nokubusa okuhlangene. Lezi zimiso ngokomlando ziye zaveza izimiso zezinhlangano eziqinile ezisekelwe ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nakuba amashumi eminyaka amuva aye abona ukukhula kwe-CMY kanye nokuvela kwezindawo ezintsha eziyinselele ezincintisanayo.

Idemokrasi yama-Anglo - America isebenzisa izimiso zokhetho oluyinhloko futhi ithambekele ekuncintisaneni kwezingxenye ezimbili, nakuba inezinguquko ezinkulu. I-United States inezombangazwe ezifuna ukuthotshelwa ngokwezikhundla eziphansi kakhulu ngokuzijezisa okubuthakathaka, kuyilapho i-United Kingdom ilondoloza izinhlangano zezinhlangano zeqembu eziqinile naphezu kwemithetho efanayo. i-Canada ne-Australia ibonisa ukuthi izimiso zobushiqela zingasekela amaqembu angaphezu kwamabili uma ama-clevages asesifundani noma izimiso zokuvota ezithandwayo ziguqula umqondo oyinhloko we-quatricity.

Izimiso zeqembu lamaqembu eLatin America zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu, zibonisa amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene ezinhlangano kanye nezindaba zezombangazwe. Izimiso zomongameli zihlangene nokumelelwa kwemithetho yokukhetha ziveza izindlela ezihlukile zokuncintisana kweqembu, ngokuvamile ziveza amaqembu azimele akhiwe phezu kwabaholi ngabanye kunezinhlangano ezihleliwe. Ubuthakathaka bokumiswa kwezinhlangano emazweni amaningi aseLatin America buveza kokubili izisusa zenhlangano yezentando yeningi nezinselele ezibanzi zokuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi kanye nesikhundla sombuso.

Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi samuva se-computer eMpumalanga Yurophu ePhakathi neMpumalanga siye sasungula izimiso zeqembu ngaphansi kwezimo zokushintsha okusheshayo kwezeziqu noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Izimiso eziningi ezisetshenziswayo zokumela izinqubo ezihlukene eziye zaveza izinhlangano eziningi ezihlukene ezinezingxenye ezibuthakathaka kakhulu nezinhlangano zezinhlangano zeqembu ezinamavota aphakeme. Inselele yokwakha izimiso eziqinile zenhlangano lapho zisungula izikhungo zentando yeningi kanye nezomnotho zezentengiselwano ziye zadala izindlela ezihlukile zokuthuthuka kwamaqembu kulendawo.

Indima Yempucuko Yezombangazwe Nemithetho Yomlando

Nakuba imingcele ehleliwe ithonya kakhulu ekushintsheni kweqembu, amasiko ezombangazwe kanye nezinhlangano ezingokomlando nakho kuthonya ukuziphatha kweqembu ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Amazwe anamasiko aqinile ezombangazwe ezihleliwe namalungu enhlangano athambekele ekulondolozeni lezi zindlela ngisho nalapho izisusa zezinhlangano zingasikisela okuhlukile.

Izimiso ezingokomlando zenqubo yeqembu lezokuthuthukisa zidala indlela ethonya ukujwayela kweqembu langaleso sikhathi. Izimiso zeqembu ezavela phakathi nenkathi yokuzilungiselela kweqembu labantu zivame ukulondoloza izakhiwo eziqinile zokuhlela kanye nezimiso ezicacile zenhlangano kunezimiso zeqembu ezivele ngokusha noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile. Isikhathi sokuhlelwa kwe-democrationcratiation, ukuhlelwa kwenqubo, kanye nokuma kwezingxabano ezingokomlando konke kushiya izisusa ezihlala njalo ezimisweni zeqembu ezikwazi ukuvumelana nezimo.

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwezinhlangano namasiko kumelela indawo ebalulekile ekutholeni ukuzwana kweqembu. Iziqu azisebenzi ezikweni elivamile kodwa kunalokho zisebenzelana nezimiso ezikhona, imikhuba, kanye namathemba. Umklamo ophumelelayo udinga ukunaka emongweni wempucuko nokuqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano ezifanayo zingaveza imiphumela ehlukene ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngokufanayo, amasu avumelanayo amaqembu kumelwe anikeze ukuthonya okulindelekile okukhona kwenhlangano, kanye nokufaneleka kwemikhuba ehlukene yezombangazwe.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezimweni Eziphumelelayo Nezingaphumelelanga

Ukuhlola ukuqhathanisa kwembula izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuzivumelanisa neqembu nokuphumelela. Izindawo ezizivumelanisa ngokuphumelelayo nemingcele yezinhlangano ngokuvamile ziveza izici eziningana ezivamile: ukuvumelana kwenhlangano okuvumelanisa izimo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izimpawu, ukuhola okukwazi ukulawula ukuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi nokuvumelana, ukuxhumana okucacile kwezinjongo zedili nezindinganiso, nokusabela ekushintsheni okuthandwayo yize kugcinwa izinhlelo ezivumelanayo.

Izinguquko ezihlulekile zivame ukubangelwa ukuqina kwenhlangano, ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi okuthiya ukwenza isinqumo, ukulahlekelwa yizici ezihlukanisayo ngokulinganisela ngokweqile, noma ukuhluleka ukuhlangana nabavoti abashintshayo. Imikhosi ehlulekayo ukujwayela ukuvumelana nezingozi ezibekelwe imingcele ehleliwe, ukuwohloka kwenhlangano, noma ukuwohloka okuphelele. Ukufa kwamaqembu angokwesiko abambelele emabuthweni aseYurophu angemva kokuthatha i-communstism kubonisa indlela ukuhluleka ngayo ukujwayela ezikhungweni ezintsha nezindawo zezenhlalo ezingaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezindawo ezihamba ngezindawo kunikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu. Ukushintshela kweNew Zealand ekumeleni okuxubile ngo-1996 kwamalungu akhona ukuba asungule amasu amasha lapho edala amathuba amasha. Iqembu le-Labour nelesiZwe livumelana ngokulungisa izindlela zalo zomkhankaso kanye nendlela yokungena, kuyilapho amaqembu amasha anjenge-New Zealand Kuqala ne-Alliance aqala ukusebenzisa amathuba adalwa yisimiso esisha. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kokubili izinselele namathuba akhona amaqembu asungula ushintsho.

Ikusasa Leqembu Liyozivumelanisa Nezimo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekene nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe kulenkathi yanamuhla, njengoba ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ushintsho lwezenhlalo, nokuguqula isimo sezombangazwe kudala izingcindezi ezintsha zokuzivumelanisa. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu azozilawula ngayo lezi zinselele kudinga ukunaka ukuvela kwemiqondo nokucabangela indlela imingcele ehlangene ngayo nemibuso ebanzi elawula idemokhrasi. Ikusasa lokuzivumelanisa nezombangazwe ezisebuthweni lentando yeningi liyolithonya ngokuphawulekayo izinga nokuzinza kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukushintsha Nokulungisa Imishini

Ukushintsha kwemisebe yezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe, kwadala amathuba nezinselele zokuzivumelanisa namadipozithi. Amatheku ezokuxhumana enza amalungu akwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabavoti, adlulise abagcini bamasango bezezindaba futhi anciphise izinzuzo zamaqembu asungulwe anobuhlobo obuqinile bemithombo yezindaba. Ukuhlela amathuluzi okuxhumana kusiza ukuqoqa futhi kusize amalungu ukuba asekele izinhlangano ngokushelela kakhulu kunokuhlela izimpande zotshani ezivamile. Ukwaziswa kwe-alytics kanye nokusebenza okuncane kuvumela amaqembu ukuba athole futhi afinyelele izingxenye ezithile ze-vota zemiyalezo e-octive.

Nokho, ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe kudala izinselele ezidilivani. Ukuhlukana kwezindawo zezokuxhumana kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamaqembu ukuba afinyelele izibukeli ezibanzi ngemiyalezo ehlangene. Ukusakazeka kokungaqondi kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezenhlalo ngemibuthano yangaphandle nangamaphithi-wezobuchwepheshe kusongela izinkulumo zedemokrasi. Ukulawula amapulatifomu obuchwepheshe kudala i-93 kanye nokungalawuleki kwamaqembu athembele kule zindlela zokuxhumana. Ukushintsha kwemizwa kudinga amaqembu ukuba athuthukise amakhono amasha kuyilapho amakhono abantu kanye namandla enhlangano awasekelayo ngokomlando.

Ukusabela Ekuvumiseni Nokuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe

Ukunyuka kwezinhlangano zezikhulu zezombangazwe nokudlondlobala kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi ezinabantu abaningi ezinziwayo. Amaqembu ePopulist avame ukulahla iziphakamiso ezingokwesiko futhi abekela inselele ukufaneleka kwemikhuba yezombangazwe emisiwe, abangela ukucindezela kwezinhlangano ezinkulu ukuba ziphendule. Amanye amaqembu asungulile aye athatha izinkulumo noma izikhundla zokuncintisana nabavoti abahluliwe, kuyilapho amanye aye alondoloza izindlela ezingokwesiko futhi agcizelela izingozi zobupopulism.

Ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe zezombangazwe kudala izinselele zokuzivumelanisa kweqembu phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene. Ezimisweni eziyinhloko, ukuhlalisana kwezindawo kungalulaza ukuma kweqembu elihlangeneyo novoti abathi ngokwesiko baphawule ukuncintisana okunengxenye ezimbili. Ezimisweni zokulinganisela, ukuhlahlela izindawo ezihlukene kungabangela ukwakheka kwemifelandawonye futhi kubangele ukubusa kube nzima kakhulu. Ukusabela okungcono kakhulu ekuhlaseleni i-polantiumsssss, nokuphikisana okuthile kwamaqembu ukuba alondoloze izikhundla ze-centristhi kanye nabanye abasikisela ukuthi amaqembu kumelwe anikeze ezinye izindlela ezicacile zokukhuthaza abasekeli nabavikeli abalwayo.

Ukukhuluma Nezikhulu Zombuso Nemingcele

Amaqembu akhona abhekene nokukhathazeka okukhulayo ngokuswela kwentando yeningi kanye nezindawo zokumelela, njengoba izinhlangano ezingokwesiko zizama ukuhlangana nezindawo ezihlukene kakhulu nezingazodwa. Ukwehla kwamalungu eqembu nokuncishiswa kwezindawo ezingokwesiko zomphakathi kuye kwanciphisa ukunqwabelana kwezinhlangano emphakathini womphakathi, okungase kunciphise imisebenzi yazo yokumelela. Izinhlangano kumelwe zithuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokuhlangana nezakhamuzi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene azwakala ekwenzeni izinqumo zezombangazwe.

Izinqubo zokusungula idemokrasi yokuzifunela ngokwehlukana, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuhlola izakhamuzi, izifunda zesifunda, kanye namapulatifomu e-inthanethi, zimelela amathuluzi angenzeka ukuze amalungu athuthukise isikhundla sawo sokumelela. Abanye abantu baye bazama ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezivulekile nezihlanganisa ukwenza izinqumo, kuhlanganise ne-i - Internet echaza izikhundla zemithetho. Lezi zici zibonisa imizamo yokuvumelanisa izakhiwo zeqembu nokufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo nokubonakala kuyilapho begcina amandla okuhlela izinto ezidingekayo ekuncintisaneni kwezombangazwe okuphumelelayo.

Izikhala ezihlobene nobulili, ubuzwe, ubudala, nezinye izinhlobo ezihlukene ezikhona manje eziyizinselele eziqhubekayo emaqenjini ahlukene. Izimiso ze-Elector zithonya ukufaneleka kwamasu ahlukene okuthuthukisa ukuchaza, nezimiso zokulinganisela ngokuvamile ziveza izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu ngezindlela ezinjengezibalo zabesilisa nabesifazane ezihlelweni. Nokho, ukufinyelela ukumelelwa okunenjongo kudinga okungaphezu kokuguqula amasiko phakathi kwezinhlangano zeqembu kanye nesibopho sangempela sokuhlanganisa izombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nezinkolo Ezintsha Zezombangazwe

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezombangazwe zendawo ezungezile kumelela izimpikiswano ezibhebhethekisa ukuncintisana kweqembu futhi zidala izinselele ezintsha. Amaqembu aluhlaza aphumelela kakhulu ezimisweni eziningi ezihambelanayo ngokukhuthaza izingozi zendawo ezungezile, ngokuphoqelela amaqembu amisiwe ukuba athathe izinqubo zawo siqu zendawo ezungezile. Ukuphakama kwezimo zesimo sezulu kuye kwadala izici ezintsha zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe okungalawuleki okungakho kwakudala, okungabangela ukuba amaqembu alawule izimiso zezezentengiswa kwezombangazwe zendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpikiswano zendawo ezungezile kuncintisana phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene. Ezimisweni ze-Green ekhethekile, amalungu ahlukene angancintisana ngokuphumelelayo ngokugxila ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile kuyilapho amalungu asunguliwe ehlanganisa izinkathazo zendawo ezungezile namapulatifomu abanzi. Ezimisweni ezinkulu, ezombangazwe zendawo ezungezile kumelwe zihlanganiswe ezibuthweni zamaqembu amakhulu, okungadala izingxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwabasekeli bendawo ezungezile namanye amaqembu. I-modual engokolwazini engokokuthi ajwayelane kanjani nezimpikiswano ezikhulayo zendawo ezungezile.

Ngaphandle kokuzimela indawo ezungezile, ezinye izimpikiswano ezisavela zihlanganisa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokushintsha kwemisebenzi kungadala imincintiswano emisha yezombangazwe encintisana neqembu. Imikhosi elindele futhi isabelele ngokuphumelelayo kulezindaba ezikhulayo iyoba nesikhundla esingcono sokuchuma ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezishintshashintshayo. Amandla okubona kusengaphambili nokuzivumelanisa nezindaba ezintsha amelela impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yeqembu lesikhathi eside phakathi kwezindawo zezinhlangano.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuzivumelanisa Neqembu

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala ephethe abadlali abayinhloko ezimisweni zentando yeningi, esebenza njengezinxusi ezibalulekile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, ehlela ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, futhi enza ukuba amaqembu akwazi ukujwayela ukushintshwa kwesimiso. Ikhono lamaqembu lokuzivumelanisa nemingcele ehlukene engokohlelo lithonya ukuphumelela kwawo ekwenzeni lemisebenzi futhi lilolonge izinga elibanzi lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngakho ukuqonda ukuguquka kweqembu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi umsebenzi wedemokrasi nokuthi lingathuthukiswa kanjani.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemithetho elawulayo nezenzo zeqembu buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buyinkimbinkimbi. Izimiso zobulungu, izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo, nezinye izici zezinhlangano zidala izisusa ezinamandla ezihlongoza amasu okwakheka kweqembu, izinhlangano, nezikhundla zesimiso. Nokho, izinhlangano azikunqumeli ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kweqembu /izezombangazwe, imikhosi engokomlando, ukukhetha kobuholi, kanye nezenzakalo ezithinta zonke ithonya ngendlela amaqembu asebenzisa ngayo izisekelo zokuzisebenzela. Amaqembu aphumelela kakhulu ahlanganisa ukuhlangana nezisusa ezisemkhankambini kanye nezibopho ezikhethekile zokuzinzisa i-CProsomstion kanye nezinhlelo eziwanikeza injongo ngaphezu kokufuna nje isikhundla.

Ukuhlola okuqhathanisa kwembula kokubili izindlela zendawo yonke kanye nokushintshashintsha okukhulu ekuzivumelani kweqembu phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene. Nakuba ukusabela okuthile okusemqoka ekuvimbeleni kwezinhlangano kubonakala ngokungaguquki emazweni ngamazwe. Njengenxanxathela yokuncintisana kwamangxenye amabili ezimisweni eziyinhloko noma ukuxhaphaka kokulawula okuhlangene ezimisweni ezilandelana ngokulandelana. Izimo ezithile ezithathwa ukuguquka kuveza izimo ezihlukile zesizwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nakuba ukuklama kwezakhiwo kugxile kakhulu, kuxhumana nezici ezisekelwe kuzo ezisekelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela.

Izinselele ezibhekene namaqembu akhona − kuhlanganise nokuguqulwa kwemisebe, ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, ukukhishelwa kwezindawo, nokuvela kwezindaba ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu,(---"requing" inguquko eqhubekayo nokusungulwa kwezindawo ezintsha. Izinkonzo ezithuthukisa amasiko enhlangano agcizelela ukufunda, ukuvumelana nezimo, nokusabela ziyoba ngcono kakhulu ukuba zikwazi ukubhekana nalezinselele ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, ukuzivumelanisa nezindlela zokulungisa izinto nokuzibophezela okunikeza amalungu ahlukene amandla awo okuzimela futhi kuwenze aphumelele.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukujwayela ukuzwana kweqembu kuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokuhlola ukusebenza kweqembu futhi senze izinqumo zezombangazwe ezinolwazi. Ukuqaphela indlela ukuziphatha kweqembu elizibekele imingcele kusisiza ngayo ukuba sihlole ukuthi amaqembu asabela ngokufanele yini ezimweni ezisemqoka abhekene nazo noma ukuthi awakwazi yini ukuvumelana ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuqonda kungazisa izimpikiswano ngoshintsho lwezinhlangano futhi kusisize sicabangele indlela izimiso zeqembu ezihlukene namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo okungaveza ngayo izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuncintisana nezokumelela amaqembu.

Kubenzi bezimiso nabaklami bezinhlangano, ukuhlola ngokuzivumelanisa neqembu, kunikeza ukuqonda okukhulu ngemiphumela yezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha iziqu. Umklamo zesimiso sobu - Elelector, izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezimiso zeqembu ezinethonya lonke ngezindlela ezilindelekile, nakuba kunezindlela ezihlukile ezingokomongo. Umklamo ophumelelayo udinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi imithetho ehlukile izobumba izisusa zeqembu elifuna ukuhlobana kanye nezindlela zokuqhathana. Umgomo kufanele ube ukwakha amakheli amaqembu akhuthaza ukuncintisana ngezindlela zokuthuthukisa izinga lentando yeningi, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa nokuqinisekisa ukubonakala okungcono kwezithakazelayo.

Ukubheka phambili, amandla aqhubekayo ezimiso zentando yeningi axhomeke kakhulu emakhonweni amaqembu ezombangazwe okuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho egcina imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Amadili kumelwe athuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nezakhamuzi, amasu amasha okuncintisana ezimweni ezingokwezinombolo, kanye nezinqubo ezintsha zokusingatha izinselele ezintsha. Izinqubo zokuhlela lapho amaqembu ezosebenza kuzo ziyoqhubeka zihlela lezizinqubo zokuzivumelanisa, kodwa imiphumela eqondile incike ekukhetheni abaholi beqembu, amalungu, kanye nabasekeli benza khona ukuthi bangasebenzisa kanjani imingcele namathuba abhekene nawo.

Ukuhlolwa kwendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe azivumelanisa ngayo nezithiyo zesimiso esihlukile kuseyindawo ebalulekile yokufuna ukuqonda izombangazwe zentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola ukuzivumelanisa okungokwezinqubo, nokuhleleka okwenziwa amaqembu ngokusabela ezisusa zenhlangano, sizuza ukuqonda okuwusizo ekusebenzeni kwezimiso zentando yeningi namathuba okuzithuthukisa. Njengoba idemokrasi iqhubeka iguqula futhi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, amandla eqembu lokuzivumela ngokuphumelelayo ayohlala ebaluleke empilweni nasekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kwezimiso zokhetho kanye nemiphumela yazo emncintiswaneni wezombangazwe, [FLT][FLT] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Transplation kunikeza imithombo ebanzi ehlelayo yohlelo lwezinqubo zokuvota nokuhlaziya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT][FLT] [5]] [FLT]] I-Enclopedia Britannica ukuca kwamaqembu ezombangazwe[[FLT:][FLT:][FLT]] inikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngemisebenzi yeqembu nentuthuko ngaléwawolwazi oluhlukile. Izinkinga zamanje ezibhekene zezemfundo yezemfundo nabacwaningi emhlabeni wonke [Foctive][10]