Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeQembu Le - Ulster Union

Amaqembu ambalwa ezombangazwe eUnited Kingdom aye abumba isifunda esiqinile njenge - Ulster Unionism Party (UUP) eyabumba i-Northern Ireland. Ingxenye engcono yekhulu leminyaka, i-UUP yayingewona nje iqembu likahulumeni kuphela − kwakuyiqembu likahulumeni, esebenzisa amandla angenakuphazanyiswa ekuhlukaniseni i-Ireland phakathi namashumi eminyaka okugcina ekhulu lama - 20. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yaleliqembu, ukuphakama kwalo, ukubusa kwalo okuthatha isikhathi eside, nokuwohloka kwalo ekugcineni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda iDNA yezombangazwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland yanamuhla.

Indaba ka-UUUP ayiqali egumbini lephalamende kodwa ekucindezelekeni kokuzichaza nombuso. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 iUnited Kingdom yabhekana nombuzo kahulumeni we-Ireland, futhi yayiphikisana naleyo nhlangano (eyaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho Wasekhaya) ukuthi leliqembu lathola isizathu salo sokuba khona.

Inkinga Yokubusa Kwasekhaya Nokuzalwa Kobunye Obuhleliwe

Imbewu ye-Ulster Unionism Party yahlwanyelwa ngawo-1880, lapho uhulumeni weLiberal ngaphansi kukaWilliam Iwart Gladstone usungula uMthetho wokuqala wasekhaya uBill ngo-1886. Umthetho wahlongoza ukwakha iphalamende elikhucululayo eDublin, unika i-Ireland ukulawulwa kwezindaba zayo zekhaya kuyilapho iWestminster yayinegunya lokuvikela, inqubo yangaphandle, kanye nezohwebo. KumaProthestani, ikakhulukazi inani labantu baseHabeseHabe nelaseSheshi e-Ulster, lokhu kwakuwusongo olukhona. Babesaba ukuthi iPalamende yamaKatolika ayizigeleji eDublin yayizobeka imithetho emelene nenkululeko yabo engokwenkolo, izithakazelo zezomnotho, nesizoko.

Ukuphikiswa koMthetho Wasekhaya ngokushesha kwafakwa enhlanganweni engokomthetho yezombangazwe. Ngo-1885, ama-MP avumelanayo kakade ayeselawula imizamo yawo eWestminster, kodwa kwakuwukunqotshwa koMthetho wokuqala wekhaya uBill owashukumisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezihlala njalo. i-Ulster Union Council yamiswa ngo-1905 njengenhlangano yesambulela sokuxhumanisa ukumelana kobunye ngaphesheya kwesifundazwe.

Isikhathi sokusungulwa kwe-UUP asibanga yingozi. I-Liberal Party yabuyela embusweni ngo-1906, futhi uNdunankulu uHerbert Asquith wacacisa injongo yakhe yokuvuselela ukuBusa Kwasekhaya. Ngomthetho wePhalamende ka1911 ususa iNdlu Yolawulo LoLords, indlela kaBill wesithathu weSishaya-Mpawu. AbaBalawuli base-Ulster baqaphela ukuthi babengasakwazi ukuthembela kumaLord ukuvimbela umthetho futhi kwakuzodingeka ukuba bahlele njengebutho elikhulu lezombangazwe.

Isivumelwano Sezinduna: Isivumelwano Esiwukubusa

Asikho isenzakalo esithatha umoya wenyunyana yokuqala ye-Ulster ngokucace kakhulu kunokusayinwa kwesivumelwano uBunuster ngo-September 1912. Sahlelwa nguSir Edward Carson noJames Craig] . Izinombolo ezimbili ezinde emlandweni wangaphambili weqembu `Isivumelwano sasiyisiqinisekiso esiqinile sokumelana noBuso Lwasekhaya nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekile. Sabekwa eSivumelwaneni sesizwe sase-Scotland sekhulu le-17, sahlanganiswa i-Spectriold of the synding forfictal etwomperation ukuze sivikele indawo yaso phakathi kombuso ohlangene.

Amadoda nabesifazane abangaphezu kuka-470 000 basayina isivumelwano, abaningi begazi labo. Lesi senzakalo sasingesona nje isibhikisho sezombangazwe; sasiwukubonakaliswa kwesimiso esiluhlaza, esihlelwe. Abaholi be-UVF basungula i-Ulster Monitor Force[ [UVF], indikimba yebutho lempi eyayihlose ukumelana nokumiswa koBusa base Home ngempone ngempoqo. I-UVF yashushumbisa izinkulungwane zezibhamu yangena eLarne ngo-1914, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Larne Gunning, imelana nohulumeni waseBrithani obala.

Lapho iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ingenela, uBusa Basekhaya bamiswa isikhathi eside, kodwa isikhundla sokuhlangana sasenziwe sacaca: IUlster yayingeke iye ngokuthula epalamendeni laseDublin.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nesisekelo Senyakatho Ye - Ireland

I-Government of Ireland Act 1920 yayiwukuvumelana okwaxazulula umbuzo wase-Ireland − noma mhlawumbe ngokunembile, wawenza waba izicucu. Isenzo sadala izinhlangano ezimbili ezizilawulayo: i-Ningizimu Ireland (eyasenqaba ngokushesha indawo futhi yaba yi-Irish Free State ngo-1922) ne-Northern Ireland, ehlanganisa izinombolo eziyisithupha kweziyisishiyagalo se-Ulster. i-UUUUP, ngaphansi komholi kaJames Craig (kamuva iNkosi uCraigavon), yamukela leli lungiselelo ngosizo. Kwakungezona zonke izinyunyana ezazizibe zifuna ngo-2010) kodwa zazinethemba lenani eliyisishiya isishiyagalo singu-9.

IPhalamende elisha lase-Northern Ireland lavulwa ngo-1921 eSpomont, futhi i-UUP yakha uhulumeni wokuqala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaze kwaba sekubekeni umthetho oqondile ngo-1972, leli qembu labusa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 50, i-UP yayibusa i-Northern Ireland njengezwe elilodwa elinombuso.

Umklamo We - Unionism Dominance (1921 -1965)

Ngaphansi kweUup, iNorthern Ireland yakha isisekelo sayo sezombangazwe nezenhlalo. leliqembu lakhela ukuhleleka okucophelelayo kwamasonto obuProthestani, iOrange Order, nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi. Lomfelandawonye wasekelwa ngenhlanganisela yobunjiniyela bokuvota, umphethi, futhi abagxeki, bephikisa, bebandlulula ngokuhlelekile idlanzana lamaKatolika.

Izici eziyinhloko zokubusa kwe - UUP zazihlanganisa:

  • Ukusebenzisa kabi imingcele ye-Exlector: kwadwetshwa ukuze kwandiswe ukumelelwa kweqembu, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymanindering. Isibonelo esibi kakhulu kwakungu-Londonderry (Derry), lapho idolobha lesizwe elinobuzwe elinamageleji laqoshwa khona egunjini elilawula ukuhlanganiswa kwe-octive-detalog.
  • Isabelo sokuhlanganisa: imikhandlu yendawo elawulwa u-UUP Holy Faiths yabela umphakathi izindlu ngezindlela ezilondoloza izakhiwo ezisemqoka zobunye futhi yaqinisa ukwahlukaniswa kwamahlelo.
  • ukucwaswa kobukhazikhazi:[ Izimboni eziyinhloko, kuhlanganise neHarland & Wolff lard ne Short Short perther fektri, zaziwa ngokuthanda izisebenzi zobuProthestani.
  • I-Peocratic Powers Act (192): Lomthetho omkhulu wanikeza uhulumeni igunya elibanzi lokungenela ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, izinhlangano ezivimbelayo, nokubeka imithetho yezikhathi zomthetho. Ekuqaleni wawuhloselwe ukuba ube yisilinganiso sesikhashana kodwa uqhubeke usebenza amashumi eminyaka, usetshenziswa cishe ngokumelene nomphakathi wesizwe kuphela.

I - UUP yavikela lezizimiso njengezidingekile ukuze kulondeke futhi kulondeke, iphikisa ngokuthi i - Irish Free State (kamuva eyaba iRepublic of Ireland) yenqaba ukuqaphela ukufaneleka kweNyakatho Ireland nokuthi inani labantu abashisekela ubuzwe kuleyondawo lalingathembekile.

Inkathi Yangemva Kwempi Nama - crack E - Edifice

Ngo-1960, i-UUUP yabhekana nokucindezela okukhulayo kwenguquko. Inkathi yangemva kwempi yaletha ukuchuma eNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi i-Northern Ireland yayingagonyiwe ekufuneni ubuchwepheshe banamuhla. UNdunankulu uTerence O'Neill, owathatha ihhovisi ngo-1963, wazama ukuqondisa iqembu entweni eyayingasasebenzi kuyo yonke indlela. Wahlangana no-Taoissuch (undunankulu) Seán Lemas ngo-1965, isenzo esinzima sokubulala isiphambano se-rapchement, futhi wazama ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo nomphakathi wamaKatolika.

Izinguquko zika-O'Neill zazizinhle kakhulu − kodwa zabangela ukuphambana okukhulu phakathi kweqembu lakhe nomphakathi weqembu elihlanganisa abantu abaningi. U-Ian Paisley, umfundisi we-Presbyterian, wavela njengezwi lokuphikisa kotshani, esola u-O'Neill njengembuka ezimisweni zobuhlanga. UUP, ngokokuqala, wabhekana noqhekeko olungathi sína ngaphakathi.

Lenkathi futhi yaqala ukuzalwa kwe-Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), inhlangano eshukunyiswa umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu waseMelika owawufuna ukuba kuqedwe ukucwaswa kwezindlu, umsebenzi, nokuvota. Ukuma kwe-NICRA kwahlanganiswa nenhlanganisela yokunganaki nenzondo kahulumeni we-UUP, kanye neRoyal Ulster Consabulary's (RUC) esingatha ukubhikisha kwalezi zikhalo ngokuvamile kwabonakala kuhlukile kubalweli abaphikisa abaphikisanayo.

Ubudlova basemgwaqweni waseDerry naseBelfast baholela ekumisweni kweButho LaseBrithani, ekuqaleni ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo zamaKatolika.

Ukuwa Kwe - durpont Nokuqala Kwezinkinga

Uhulumeni waseBrithani, ngaphansi kukaNdunankulu uHarold Wilson, wafuna ukuba uhulumeni waseNyakatho Ireland usebenzise izinguquko ezinkulu. I-UUP yavuma ngaphansi kwempoqo, kodwa igunya leqembu lancipha kakhulu. Ngo- 1971, kwafakwa ukuquliswa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala (okuye kwabhebhethwa ukuthi kwakuwukuhlasela kwezerba) umbono wesizwe onamandla futhi wafaka abaningi ezihlalweni ze-Irederal Republican Army (IRA).

Igalelo lokugcina lafika ngo-30 January 1972, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Bloody Sunday, lapho ama-paratrooper aseBrithani edubula ukufa kwabamashayeli bamalungelo abantu abangu - 13 abahlomile eDerry. Ekuphenduleni, uhulumeni waseBrithani wabeka iPhalamende laseNyakatho Ireland ngo 24 March 1972 futhi wabeka umthetho oqondile eWestminster. Igunya lika-UUP’s elineminyaka engu-50 lokubusa lase liphelile, futhi alizange liphinde lilulame ngokuphelele.

Ukuhamba Isikhathi Eside Ezinkingeni (1972-1988)

Kuyikota elandelayo yekhulu, i-UUP yayisebenza endaweni yezombangazwe eyaguqulwa ubudlova nobuqaba. Iqembu lahlala liyiqembu elikhulu kakhulu elizibandakanyayo ezinkingeni eziningi, kodwa lalilokhu libhekene nenselele. I-Democratic Unionist Party (Dupu), eyasungulwa yi-Ian Paisley ngo- 1971, yakhula kancane kancane ngokuzimela ngokuqina ekumelaneni kwayo nanoma yikuphi ukuvumelana nobuzwe.

I-UUP yabhekana nenkinga eyisisekelo: yayingenakubuyela esimisweni esidala se-Squarint, kodwa yayisola kakhulu nganoma yiliphi ilungiselelo lokulawula amandla nesizwe. Lokhu kucindezeleka kwachaza indlela yeqembu elalizothatha ngayo inqubo ehlukahlukene yomthetho-sisekelo wama 1970 nawo 1980, kuhlanganise ne-Sundingdale Revension ka 1973, eyawa ngemva kokuhlasela kwesikhulu esiphethe i-Sconsont, ne-Anglone-Irish Aguide ka- 1985, okwanika i-Riphabliki yase-Ireland indima ehlolwayo eMphetho - ntshona Ireland.

Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaJames Molyneaux (1979-19995), i-UUP yathatha ukuzivikela, ukuma okuqaphile, igxile ekulondolozeni ubunye obuhlangene kunokuqala ukucabanga okusha kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwavumela i-DuP ukuba izenze izwi elinamandla nelinezimiso.

Inqubo Yokuthula Nesivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Konke kwashintsha ngokhetho lukaDavid Trimble njengomholi weUUP ngo - 1995, uTrimble wayekade eyisazi futhi engummeli oqinile ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo, kodwa wazibonakalisa ezimisele ukuzifaka engozini yokuthula. Wangena ezingxoxweni nohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland kanye noSinn Féin, iphiko lezombangazwe le - IRA, ngemva kuka - 1994 ukupheliswa kwemililo.

Le ngxoxo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba eGood Wesihlanu Agreement (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Belfast Advement) ngo-10 April 1998. Isivumelwano sasiwukuhlehla okuyinkimbinkimbi: sadala isikhulu esilawulayo esihlanganisa kokubili amaqembu ahlangene nawabuzwe, samisa izinhlangano ezinqamule imikhawulo neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, futhi salungiselela ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa zempi ngokuncishiswa kwezikhali.

Kuyi-UUP, isivumelwano sasimelela kokubili ukufezwa nokuncintisana okunobuthi. Ingxenye yazuza uMklomelo Wokuthula kaNobel ngenxa yendima yakhe, futhi ekuqaleni leliqembu lathola ukusekela okunamandla kwebhizinisi ngo-1998. Nokho, ukumiswa kwalesivumelwano kwakuthatha kancane kakhulu, futhi i-UUP yahlukaniswa izingxabano zangaphakathi ngokukhipha i-IRA, inguquko yezenqubo, kanye namandla ahambisana noSinn Féin.

Izingozi Zangaphakathi Nokukhula Kwe - qupu

Inkathi kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2005 yayingokobuholi obuqhubekayo be-UUP. u-Trimblebes wabekelwa inselele kaningi phakathi kweqembu, ngokuphawulekayo nguJeffrey Donaldson, owayehola iphuzu elaliphikisa izici zesivumelwano. i-Dup, eyayimelene ne-Good Wear Fever Reconstice kusukela ekuqaleni, yazibeka njengezwi eliqinisekile lobuProfethi futhi yaqala ukuheha u-UP.

Iqophelo lokunqamuka lafika kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2005, lapho i-Dup iwina izihlalo ezingu-9 ku-UP. I-Trimble yayeka ngokushesha, futhi i-UP yangena enkathini yokuphinde ithathe ijubane elibuhlungu. Ngaphansi kwenkathi ebuhlungu yokubuya futhi. Abalandeli be-Reg Empey, uTom Elliott, Mike Nesbitt, noRobin Swann, leliqembu lazama ukuchaza ukuhlukanisa okuhlukile kwezwe lezombangazwe manje elibuswa i-Dupus ne-Sin Féin.

IQembu Le - Ulster Union Elasekhulwini Lama - 21

I-UP yanamuhla incishisiwe ngokuphawulekayo uma iqhathaniswa nokubusa kwayo komlando. Iqembu liphethe izihlalo ezimbalwa e-Northern Ireland Assembly, e-UK Parliament, nasemikhandlwini yendawo. Liye lazama ukuzihlukanisa ne-Dup ngokuthatha iphimbo elilinganiselayo, elinesilinganiso esiphakathi kwezindaba zomphakathi nangokusekela ubuhlobo obuhle neRiphabliki lase-Ireland phakathi komongo wenyunyana.

Leliqembu liye labhekana futhi nezinselele zokwanda okusheshayo kwabantu baseNyakatho Ireland. Inani labantu bamaKatolika liyanda, futhi inani labantu elingu-2021 laveza ukuthi amaKatolika manje adlula amaProthestani amaningi eNyakatho Ireland ngokokuqala ngqá. Lokhu kushintshwa kwenani labantu kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile kuyo yonke imiphakathi ehlangeneyo, kodwa i-UUP ibizimisele kakhulu kune-DuP ukuqaphela isidingo sokuhlanganiswa kwezizwe.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Namathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

I - UUP kumelwe isebenzise izinselele eziningana ezihambisanayo uma izohlala ibalulekile:

  • Ukubekwa indinganiso: Leliqembu manje liyindawo yesithathu ekhuliswe kakhulu eNyakatho Ireland, ngemva kweSin Féin ne-Dup. Izimiso zokukhetha ezidlulile ze-past eWestminster nesidingo sokuwina izihlalo endaweni ebandayo kwenza kube nzima ukululama.
  • [[[NT:0] Uphawu lwe-Internal: Iqembu kumelwe linqume ukuthi lizimise ngokwalo njengendawo elinganiselwe kune-Dup noma njengeqembu elingokwesiko elikwazi ukuphinde likhiphe i-Dup abavoti abakhishwe. Lamacebo awavuseleleki kalula.
  • Ukungaqiniseki kwe-Constitugation: Amalungiselelo okuhweba eNyakatho Ireland nge-Burtik ngaphansi kwesakhelo se-Windsor Frames, adala izingxabano ezintsha phakathi kobuhlanga. I-UP ibilokhu igxeka uhlelo lwesisekelo kodwa iye yagwema ukulahla i-Dup ngokuphelele.
  • Ushintsho lwe-DEmographic: Ukuthambekela okude kwesikhathi eside ngakumaKatolika amaningi eNyakatho Ireland kuphakamisa ithuba lokuhlola umngcele ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-Irish. Ukusabela kwe-UUP kulelithemba kuzakuhlela ikusasa layo.

Imifanekiso Eyinhloko Eyalolonga I - UP

Umlando we - UP awuphelele ngaphandle kokuqaphela abantu abakha umkhondo wawo:

  • Umnumzane Edward Carson (1854-1935): Nakuba ayengamiswanga ngokobuchwepheshe umsunguli weqembu, uCarson wayengumholi we-Ulsterism phakathi nenkinga yokubusa kwasekhaya. U-Eltrister ohlakaniphile nomphathi, wasungula inhlangano futhi wayinikeza igunya lokuziphatha.
  • [[FLT: 0] uJames Craig, Lord Craigavon (1871-1940): UNdunankulu wokuqala wase-Northern Ireland, uCraig wayengumklami wezwe lobuhlanga. Ukuhola kwakhe okuqinile nokungazenzisi kwagcina i-UP ihlangene phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yeziyaluyalu.
  • I-O'Neill (1914-19990): Umshisekeli wenguquko omizamo yakhe yokuguqula i-Northern Ireland yavula umnyango wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu futhi, ekugcineni, ukuwohloka kwesimiso esidala. Ifa lakhe lisalokhu lincintisana.
  • uDavid Trimble (1944-2022): Umholi we-UP omkhulu kakhulu kusukela kuCraig. Trimble wathatha iqembu wathatha i-Foold Wesihlanu Agreement wawina uMklomelo woKuthula kaNobel, kodwa izindleko zezombangazwe embangweni wakhe zabhubhisa.

Ifa Nesiphetho

IUlster Unionism Party iwucwaningo lwengxenye yombuso wezombangazwe. Isuka emzamweni wayo njengenhlangano enkulu eyakhelwe ukumelana nobuzwe base-Ireland, yakhula yaba iqembu elibusayo elingaphazanyiswanga lesifunda esithile, isebenzisa amandla ngezindlela ezavikela futhi zahlukanisa umphakathi wayo. Ukubusa kwayo isikhathi eside kwabangela ukuwohloka kwayo: zona kanye izakhiwo ezaqinisekisa ukuphakama kwenyunyana futhi zabangela izikhalo ezabangela ukuba izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kanye nezinkinga.

Ukuzimisela kweqembu ukwamukela i-Good Wear Advement kwakuyisenzo sesibindi, kodwa saphumela ekulahlekelweni kwendlela yalo yokukhetha. Endaweni yezombangazwe manje ehlelwe yiDup ne Sinn Féin, i-UP isendaweni ephakathi engaqinisekile, isazimisele enyukweni kodwa ingasasebenzi empilweni.

Uma i-UP ingaqala ukuvuselelwa noma izoqhubeka inyamalala emaphethelweni ezombangazwe zase-Ireland yasenyakatho kuseyindaba esobala. Okuqinisekile ukuthi umlando weqembu uhlangene nomlando we-Northern Ireland ngokwayo. Ukuze kube yi-aup, abafundi bangahlola [[[FL:] iPalamente] ka-UK eMthethweni kahulumeni wase-Ireland 1920, [[FLT], [[FLT:]] i-Enclopedia Britannica ukungenisa eUlt Union , [indlela engokomlando [FLT] e-URC] e-UST] e-US, [FLT] elungiselelwe i-URLET] e-USPT] ne-UNIK [FLT] egcwele ukuthula.[FFT]

I-UUP yazalwa imelene noBusa base Home, yenziwe isivumelwano, futhi ithonywe yimpi, ihlukana, kanye nengxenye yengxenye yokubusa okunganqanyulwanga. Indaba yayo ikude kakhulu nengaphezudlwana kwe-$/kodwa iqembu alisekho phakathi kwayo.