Eminyakeni yamuva, indima yemfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni zaseMelika iye yaba isikhungo sengxoxo yesizwe. Njengoba ukukhathazeka ngamaKomiti empikiswano yezombangazwe kanye namavoti anciphayo phakathi kwentsha, othisha nabenzi bezimiso bafuna izindlela eziphumelelayo zokugxilisa ulwazi, amakhono, nemibono edingekayo ukuze babe nemisebenzi esebenzayo. Phakathi kwabadlali abanethonya ezindaweni ezihlangeneyo kunamaKomiti ezombangazwe (PAC) (-organtions asebenza ngaphandle kwamaqembu ezombangazwe nabathathi nxaxheba, igxile nje ekufundiseni isikole nemfundo. Lamaqembu aye aveza indawo ekhethekile ngokusekela imfundo yomphakathi ezimisele ukuveza ulwazi, ukuthembisa, ukukhokhela, nezakhamuzi eziphethe. Ngokulungiselela imithombo, ukuhlela, nokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuthuthukisa, ukusiza i-PAC, ukusiza igebesehlaka phakathi kwezemfundo nemfundo yangempela phakathi kwezembutho nezokuphatha.

Ukuchaza amaPapa angazihlanganisi

Ukuze uqonde ithonya le-PACs engaxhunyiwe emfundweni yomphakathi, kubalulekile kuqala ukucacisa ukuthi iyini kanye nendlela ehluke ngayo kwezinye izinhlobo zamakomiti ezombangazwe. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ichaza i-PAC njenganoma yiliphi ikomiti ethola iminikelo noma yenza izindleko ezingaphezu kuka-R9000 ngenjongo yokuthonya ukhetho lukahulumeni. I-PAC ihlelwe ngokwehluka-hlukene ngokwezimo ezintathu: i-PAC (ngokuvamile ihlangene nezinhlangano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma izinhlangano zezentengiselwano), ukuhola u-PAC (ocekwabantu ngabanye abafundayo), kanye nezingaxhunyiwe, ezingenazo izihlobo ezinjalo.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe yizinhlangano ezizimele ezingaphakamisa izimali kunoma yimuphi umthombo − i-Indidividial, ezinye i-PACs, noma izinhlangano() futhi zichitha lezo mali ukuze zisekele izinkinga ezithile, izinqubo, noma izimbangela. Ngenxa yokuthi azibheki ku-ontanga noma abancintiswani abathile, bayakwazi ukugxila ezimigomweni zemfundo zesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokucindezela kwemijikelezo yezemfundo. Lokhu kuzibusa kwenza ukuba zikwazi ukuzihlanganisa kahle nezikole, lapho izinhlelo zemfundo ezingadibekiwe zibaluleke kakhulu khona. I-PACs engazixhumanga ngokusemthethweni, i-octivessssss iqala ngokusemthethweni. Imfundo yezakhamuzi eziningi ezingadingi ukubuka isisekelo sobukhompuza. Umsebenzi wazo wazo wokwakha izinhlangano ezingakhi, izifundiswa, nezinhlangano zezemfundo, kodwa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikwazi ukuphumelela ngokuqondile ekutholeni inzuzo ekutholeni inzuzo yezenzweni.

Izindawo Eziningi Zemfundo Yesici Esincane E - United States

Isifunda semfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni zaseMelika siye saba umthombo wento ekhathazayo amashumi eminyaka. Ngokombiko ka-2021 ovela kuyi-National Assessment of Educational Progress, cishe amaphesenti angu-22 kuphela abaphathi besishiyagalombili abathola "iproficient" ezindaweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukwehla okukhulu kwemfundo engokomthetho yezezesizwe eyaqala phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iqhutshwa ngokwengxenye ukuphakama kokuhlola okuvamile ekufundeni nasebalweni, okuphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqhubekayo eziphelweni zezifundo zezifundo zemfundo. Amazwe amaningi awadingi izifunda-alogorio ezifundwe izifundo zokuphothula iziqu, futhi uma izinhlangano zifundiswa, ngokuvamile kuncishiswa ngokucubukisayo kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni kunokuba kuhlolwe indlela yezakhamuzi eziphila ngayo ngokubambisana kwezombangazwe.

Ukuwohloka Komlando Nokuvuselelwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile

Izazi ziye zabhala ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwemfundo yomphakathi kusukela ngawo-1960, lapho izikole ziqala ukugcizelela izihloko zemisebenzi kanye nokucwaninga zasekolishi ezibizwa ngokuthi "soft" eziqondisweni zezenhlalo. Imiphumela yalokhu kushintshwa iye yabonakala ngokulinganayo: izifundo ze-Anntenberg Public Policy Center kanye [[FLT]] isikhungo sezeNyakatho noHlaziselo lweCRIP [PUF:0] [inhlangano yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo ne-CRICUP] [IFTY:1] eTufts University zibonisa ukuthi intsha eningi ayinalwazi oluyisisekelo lwendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, ayinakusholo olukhethiwe, futhi ayibonisi isithakazelo esincane ekuvocikweni noma ekuhlanganeni komphakathi. Ekuphenduleni, ekwandaleni kwenqubo emishayo, nasemaqenjini amaqembu angayihlanganisi ne-PCCPicicsss abizwa ngokufuzezezeze kuvitience. [ieduactive:]

Indlela Ama - pacco Angaxhunyiwe Asekela Ngayo Imfundo Yesiphakamiso

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aletha amathuluzi ahlukile emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi. Ngokungafani namasifunda asesikoleni, okumelwe asebenzise iziphazamiso ze-bureaucrates futhi ngokuvamile alinganiselwe, la ma-PAC angaphakamisa futhi asebenzise izimali ngokushesha ekusekeleni imisebenzi ethile. Futhi anekhono lokusebenza nezinhlangano eziningi. Ngokungafani namaqembu omphakathi asendaweni angangeni zenza impumelelo nemiphumela yawo. Imizamo yawo iwela ezigabani eziningana ezibanzi: izinhlelo eziqondile zabafundi, ukuqeqesha uthisha, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezinhlelo, nemikhankankathi yokwazisa umphakathi. Ngezansi kweminye yezindlela ezivamile azisebenzisayo.

Ukukhetha Nokulingisa I - mock

Enye yezimo ezithandwa kakhulu neziphumelelayo ezixhaswa yi-PACs yinhlangano yokhetho lokuvota okungenamdlalo. Lemisebenzi inikeza abafundi ulwazi lwenqubo yentando yeningi, ibavumela ukuba babhalise (ngekhono lokulingisa), abahlolwa kanye nezimpikiswano, abaphonsa amabhola, futhi ngisho nabasebenza njengezisebenzi zokuvota. Izinhlangano ezifana iCicons Center[, i-PAC egxile ekuvotiseni komvoti wentsha, inikeza izikole ngezakhono ze-actom, inikeza izikole ngemisebenzi ye-accoptic, i-Propooltings, i-Propolateds, nezobuchwepheshe zokuqhuba lezenzakalo ngokushela. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kolwazi oluhle kakhulu lokuvota kanye nenhloso kokhetho lwawo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundo Nemithombo

Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe atshala izimali zokwakha nokusakaza izinto zemfundo ezilinganayo ezidlula izincwadi ezingokwesiko. Lezi zindawo zivame ukuhlanganisa amasu ezifundo, amaphepha ayinhloko, ama-mishinyana asebenzisanayo, kanye nochungechunge lwevidiyo oluhlola izenzakalo zamanje, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yesizwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC angezona ezihlangeneyo awahlangene nanoma yiziphi izitebhulo zemfundo eziphezulu, angaklama amathuluzi anikeza imibono eminingi elinganayo ngendlela elinganiselwe, i-intelense ye-mess, i-memodury edingekayo emakilasini omphakathi. Amanye ama-PAC afaka nezinhlelo zezemfundo yokufundisa ezikontini, athelela abafundisi ukuba baye ezindaweni zemfundo noma athole izikweleti zemfundo yezemfundo yomphakathi engcono, ngokuhlobisa amathuluzi nakuqeqeshwa okungcono, lezi zinhlangano zawonga ezise amakilasi nezokufunda ezivamile.

Impikiswano Yabafundi Nezinduna Zezigodlo

Izinhlelo zengxoxo nezindawo zomphakathi zezempikiswano zingesinye inkundla lapho ama-PAC angenazo izixhumaniso enza khona indima ebalulekile. Anikeza imali exhasa amaqembu angemva kwesikole, imiqhudelwano yokuncintisana, nezindawo zomphakathi lapho abafundi bengaxoxa khona ngempikiswano ehleliwe, ehloniphekile. Lemisebenzi yakha ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukukhuluma obala, kanye namakhono okuthonya okukhona okusemqoka ekwakheni impumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuveza abafundi emibonweni ehlukene nezingxoxo zomphakathi, izinhlelo zenkulumo yenkulumo yenkulumo yomphakathi zisiza ekumelaneni nokuphikiswa kwezindawo ezikhona kwezombangazwe. I-PACC ezingaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile zivumelana nezinhlangano ezifana ne-National Speach & DeseaseAdment Association zokwandisa izinhlelo ezingaphansi kwezikole eziphambili.

Inkonzo Yomphakathi Nemisebenzi Yezenzo

Imfundo ye-COVIC ayilinganiselwe kulokho okwenzekayo ekilasini. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe isekela futhi imisebenzi ehlanganisa ulwazi lwezemfundo nezidingo zomphakathi zangempela. Abafundi bangahlela izinxulumano zokuvota, bacwaninge ngezindaba zendawo, benze imikhankaso yokuqaphela umphakathi, noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Lemisebenzi egunyaziwe ifundisa abafundi ukuthi bangawenza umehluko ngomzamo womphakathi futhi bawenze izivumelwano zesizwe zidlulele ngalé kosuku lokhetho. U-PAC anganikeza imvume, umfundisi, ukusekela kwezimiso zomthetho, nokusekela ukusiza abafundi ukuba baphendule imibono yabo ibe yiqiniso. Imisebenzi yalemisebenzi ngokuvamile ibonakalisa ikhumbuleka kakhulu futhi iguqule iziqondiso ezingokwesiko.

Imiphumela Yangempela Yomhlaba Nezindaba Eziphumelelayo

Umsebenzi we-PACs emfundo yomphakathi engaxhunyiwe awucaci; kunezibonelo eziqinile zemiphumela yabo ezweni lonke. Ngo-2022, i-PACVIVIPs sizwe esingaxhumani nesizwe sakha izifunda eziningi zasungula inyathelo lokusekela "izenzo zokuvula amakamu okuqala" kubafundi besikole esiphakeme. Le zinhlelo zesonto lonke zafundisa abafundi indlela yokuthola izimpikiswano zendawo, ukuhlaziya izixazululo zezimiso, nokunikeza imibono yabo ukukhetha izikhulu. Izibalo zabonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-80 abathathi abathathi-nxaxheba babika ukuqiniseka okwengeziwe ekhonweni labo lokushintsha, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye ehambisana nohlobo oluthile lwezenzwe zomphakathi, kusukela ekuthatheni izikolo zokusebenza emikhankanti.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi-"Ikusasa Lethu, i-PCAC, engayixhumani ne-PU esekela imizamo yokuvota komfundi. Kunyaka ka-2020 wokhetho, i-PAC yanikeza ama-micro -grant amaqoqo amancane angaphezu kuka-300 ezikoleni eziphezulu ezweni lonke, iwenza akwazi ukubhalisa ama-palpithiza angaphezu kuka-50 000 amashadisi aneminyaka engu 16 kuya ku-18. Nakuba labafundi babengeke bavote kukhetho lukahulumeni, abaningi babekufanelekele ukukhetha kwendawo noma babophezele ukuvota lapho bethathe ingu 18. Uhlelo luhlanganisa nengxenye yokucwaninga: ucwaningo olunyatheliswe ephephabhukwi-[[FLT [[FLT:]] [FLT] uPlitacian Behaviorsalm] bathola ukuthi abafundi abahlanganyela ku-ontanga-ontape-ku-opera-om

Lezi zindaba zempumelelo zibonisa impumelelo engenzeka ekutshaleni izimali okufakwe kahle. Ngokugxila ekwakheni ithonya labafundi nasethonyeni lontanga, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ayakwazi ukwakha isiko lokuhlanganyela komphakathi elihlanganisa kakhulu isenzakalo noma isifundo esisodwa.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Neziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Emfundweni

Naphezu kweminikelo eqondile, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekana nezinselele eziningana eziphawulekayo eziwanciphisa amandla awo. Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukusekela noma ukuzihlanganisa nalezi zinhlangano.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ancike ngokuphelele eminikelweni yokuzithandela evela kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Ngokungafani nama-PAC enkampani noma izisebenzi, abanayo imisebenzi eyakhelwe ukusekela, futhi kumelwe bancintisane ukuze bathole ama-dollar anikeleyo nezinkulungwane zamakomiti ezombangazwe. Lokhu kuxekelelwa okungokwezimali kusho ukuthi ama-PAC amaningi angasebenzi ngemicu yemali yezicathulo, enamalungu ambalwa kuphela asebenzayo. Angaphoqelelwa ukuba ahlele imisebenzi ebonakala ngokushesha [1] njengezehlakalo ezinkulu noma imikhankankaso yezeli yezindaba [1] ngaphezu kweminyelo eqinile, umsebenzi oqhubekayo ezikoleni. Ukuncishintshwa kweminyelo kwenza kube nzima ukuhlola ngokucupheka kwemiphumela yezimiso, okwenza kube nzima ukukhanga ukuzuza imali evela ezisekelwenisweni noma emithonjeni kahulumeni.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe

Enkathini yokuhlukanisa okujulile komphakathi. Izikole zizwela kakhulu ekumangaleleni ukufundiswa, futhi abaphathi bangaqapha ngokunenzuzo ukuze balondoloze ukuthembeka nokuphumelela kwabo. Nakuba bengathathi ngokomthetho, noma yiliphi iqembu elihlanganyela ekuhlonishweni kwezombangazwe lingabhekwa njengelinecala ngengxenye ethile yomphakathi. Izikole zizwela kakhulu ekumangaleleni ukufundiswa, futhi abaqondisi bangase baqaphele ukuthi abangane benhlangano eno "PAC" ngegama layo. Ukuze banqobe lokhu kusola, ama-PAC angenamxhumanisi kumelwe abonakale ngokucacile ngemithombo yazo yezimali, indlela yokulawula, namathuba okufundisa. Kufanele bafune ukufakwa okune ngokukhululekile kubafundisi, abazali, namalungu omphakathi ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi uhlelo lwabo lulinganiselwe futhi lugcwele. Ngisho, ingozi yokubekwa kweqembu eliphawulwe "ebusweni"

Ukubuka Imilayezo Engangeni Epartisa

I-PAC engekho eqenjini idinga ukucophelela okuncane. Ngokwesibonelo, isifundo mayelana namalungelo okuvota, singagcizelela ngokungaqondi izinhlelo zomunye umkhakha phezu komunye. Ukuze kugwenywe lokhu, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile asebenzisa ochwepheshe bezifundo abaqeqeshelwe ubuchwepheshe bemfundo obufundisa imibono eminingi ngaphandle kokulawula noma yimuphi. Futhi bangase basebenzise amabhodi othisha, izazi, nabameleli bazo zombili abayinhloko ukuze babukeze izinto zobandlululo. Nokho, ukulondoloza lesi simo esingesona esivamile sisekelwe ekuqondiseni inzuzo yempahla, futhi ngisho nemizamo eqotho ingalahlekelwa uphawu ngezinye izikhathi. Ukuhlolwa kwezemfundo yezemfundo yase-Ezemfundo emisha etholakala ezimihlanganweni emihlanu yezemfundo ehlangene ehlangene, kuneziciko ezikhangwayo zezombangazwe eziqoshisiwe ngokukha phezulu kwemizwayo ye-Genethi.

Amathuba Okuhlanganyela Enkundleni Engeziwe

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ikusasa lamaPacco angekho emfundweni yomphakathi liqhamile. Izimo nentuthuko eziningana kunikeza izindlela zokwanda nethonya elijulile.

Ukuhlangana Nezikole Nezifunda

Kunokuba zisebenze ngengalo, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe angajulisa ubuhlobo bawo nezifunda zesikole ngokumisa izinhlelo ezihambisana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukuhlanganyela abaphathi besifunda nabaqondisi bezifundo enqubweni yokuhlelwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PAC ihlotshaniswa ngosuku lwesikole oluvamile kunokuba idebeselwe imisebenzi engenziwangabomvana ngemva kwesikole. AmaPaC amaningana aqala ukwakha i-pactrada engokomthetho yokuqonda (MSOU) ngemisebenzi, icacisa imisebenzi, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezithembiso. Izivumelwano ezinjalo ziyasiza ekwakheni ukwethemba futhi zinikeze uhlaka lokulinganisa abashayeli bezindiza abaphumelelayo ukuze basebenze ngokusebenza kwesifunda.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuhlasimulisayo Namathuluzi Emishini

Ukushintshela ekufundeni kwemisebe yemfundo, okusheshiswe umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19, kuvulele amathuba amasha emfundo yomphakathi. I-PAC engaxhumelene ne-patform evumela abafundi ukuba bangene kumapulatifomu omphakathi osebenza ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe, bahlanganyele kumahholo akhona, futhi baxhumane nontanga ezweni lonke. Izindleko ze Gamitiation . Ngokufana namabheji, amabhodi abaphathi, nezinselele zezehlakalo ezisekelwe kunyaka kwenza ukufunda nokuzigcina. Amathuluzi amanani akwenze kube lula ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngemiphumela yabafundi, okwenza i-PACs ikwazi ukucconga ukugcwalisa indlela yokungena nokubonisa inzuzo yabo. Izindleko eziseceleni zenombolo zivumela ngisho nokufinyelela i-PACs ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Emiphakathini Ehlukahlukene

Ukuze imfundo yomphakathi iphumelele ngempela, kumelwe ithinte abafundi abavela kuzo zonke izizinda. I-PACs engazihlanganisiyo inethuba lokuhlela izinto ngokuzibeka ngaphansi kwemisuka yesikole, imiphakathi yabafuduki, nabafundi bemibala. Izinhlelo ezikhuluma ngokuhlangana kolimi, ukuvota umlando, neminikelo yezezezezwe yamaqembu ahlukene zingasiza abafundi ukuba bazibone beyingxenye yendaba yedemokrati. Abanye ooPaC baye basungula izinhlelo zobunganiselana nabantu abasebasha abanezizinda ezihlukahlukene ukuze babe abaholi beze abe abezezezezezezembubhiso. Ngokufaka izimali ngomlando nabavoti, lezinhlangano ziqinisekisa ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sezakhamuzi esingaziboni ngokugcwele umphakathi waseMelika.

Isiphetho

Indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ekuthuthukiseni imfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni ibalulekile futhi ilungisa. Lezinhlangano ezizimele ziletha izimali, zisebenza ngokuvumelana, kanye nokuzinikela okujulile ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi eziphelelisa umsebenzi wezinhlangano zemfundo ezingokwesiko. Ngokhetho lokudlala, intuthuko yezifundo zenkulumo, izinhlelo zokufundisa, imisebenzi yenkonzo, nemikhankaso yokuhlohla, zisiza ekunqandeni ukuncipha okudala kolwazi lwezenhlalakahle nesibopho phakathi kwentsha. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengezezimali ezixhasa izifunda zezezombangazwe, ukuncishiswa kwezezombangazwe, nesidingo sokungabi namthetho wezemfundo eqinile ziyaqhubeka, amathuba okusizanabelana, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezisemthethweni kunikeza indlela ephumelelayo phambili.

Ukuqinisa imfundo yomphakathi akuyona nje indaba yenqubo; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Abantu ngabanye nezisekelo ezikhathalela impilo yedemokrasi yaseMelika kufanele bacabangele ukusekela amaPacs angaxhunyiwe afaka imfundo yomphakathi phambili. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sikulungele ukuvota, ukusekela, nokuhola, hhayi nje njengezibukeli ezinolwazi, kodwa njengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula.

Funda kakhulu ngendlela i-PAC elawulwa ngayo yi-FEC. ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe esizweni semfundo yomphakathi, bheka le Brookings umbiko[ nengcebo ye-[FLT] ye-PULT ye-FOLT ye-Social Studies [.