Ukuqonda amaPapasyu angaxhunyiwe: Incazelo nomthetho wesisekelo

I-PCAT Action Committee (i-PACs) iyikho konke okunezentengiselwano zezezimali zaseMelika, kodwa akuwona wonke ama-PAC adalwa ngokulinganayo. Nakuba abantu abaningi bejwayelene nenhlangano ethile noma i-PACs (i-Pnon-explaintions) ehlangene nenhlangano ethile). I-PAC isebenza ngesakhiwo esihlukile. I-PAC iyikomiti yezombangazwe ehlangene nezwe eliyi-[FLD:0] ayihlangene nenhlangano, i-alutho, noma elinye iqembu . Kunalokho, le PAC yakhiwa abantu ngabanye, abasekeli, noma amaqembu otshani ahlanganyela umgomo owodwa. Baphakamisa imali esekelwe esisekelweni semali esinjengeseminyango futhi bachitha leyo mithetho.

Incazelo engokomthetho ye-PAC engaxhunyiwe ivela e-Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) kanye nemithetho elandelayo. Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, noma yiliphi iqembu eliphakamisa noma elichitha ngaphezu kuka-R1000 ngenjongo yokuthonya ukhetho lukahulumeni (ne-PC engeyona ikomiti yeqembu noma ikomiti egunyaziwe yomvolontiya). Uma i-PAC ingenamsekeli exhasa inhlangano, ihlukaniswa njengengangenisiyo. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela ebalulekile yokulawula. I-PACC ehlangeneyo i-PUcs kumele ibike iminikelo yayo eFoctive Committery (EFC) futhi igcine imingcele eqinile. Umjikelezo wokhetho wama-2024, umuntu ngamunye anganikela imali engaphezu kwengu-R35 000 ngonyaka ongayihlanganisi ne-PC.

I-PACs yavuleka ngokuphawulekayo ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sonyaka ka-2010 . I-FEC. Leso simemezelo savula umnyango wezindleko ezingabekelwe ngokomthetho ngezinhlangano nezinyunyana, kodwa futhi yathuthukisa ikhono lama-PAC angaxhumaniwayo ukuphakamisa nokuchitha imali ngaphandle kokubambisana okuqondile. Ekuvukeni kwe- [FLT] , i-Citns eUnited[, eziningi ezingaxhumeki-mbandakanyayo, zaqala ukusebenza njenge "amakomiti azimele asebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo".[5] Inhlangano eyaziwa kakhulu njenge-PAC. I-PC evelele iyaziwa kakhulu ngokwenani elingagqasiwe kakhulu [ikwe-paCC] [incikelele, kodwa ingenakukhuliswa ngokuqondile, izinhlangano ezihlangene, kodwa azikwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile:[F]

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe namuhla isukela ku-issue-asciation amaqembu anjenge- i-National Rifle Association’s Political Victory Fund (i-PUM, naphezu kwegama layo, iyi-PAC engenziwa ngokobuchwepheshe ngoba i-NRA ngokwayo iyinhlangano eyilungu) ukuhlanganisa amaqembu endawo ezungezile, ukuhlanganisa izimpande zotshani ezigxile ekulungiseni ukwahlulela komthetho wezezomthetho. Ukuzimela kwazo kuyazivumela ukuba zifake ngokushesha ezingxabalweni zezenkambiso ngaphandle kwemvume yenkampani, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi kumelwe ziphakamise izimali njalo ukuze ziphile.

Indlela I-PAC Engaxhunyiwe Eshintsha Ngayo Inqubo Yomnyango Wokushayela

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenzisa indlela ehlukahlukene yokuthuthukisa amacebo awo enqubo. Ngokungafani nama-PAC, avame ukugxila ekungeneni nasekuhlobanani nabantu abaxhunyiwe embonini ethile, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe athambekele ekuhleleni impikiswano ngokulandelana. Asebenzisa amasu alandelayo:

1. Ukukhokha Izimali Nezinethi Zokunikela

Igazi lanoma yimuphi umPU, ongaxhunyiwe, ikhono lawo lokuqongelela imali. Ngaphandle kwenhlangano yomzali ukunikeza ukusekela kokuphatha noma isisekelo esithunjiwe, le-PAC kufanele ihlakulele ulwelwe lwezinkonzo ezincane ze-Dollar, iminikelo emikhulu, ngezinye izikhathi i-PAC. izimali zezezigebengu ziye zaba yi-paC evelele, nama-PAC amaningi asebenzisa izinhlu ze-imeyili, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye namapulatifomu angaphakathi anjengo-Act Blue noma u-Win Red ukuze acele iminikelo. Impumelelo ehlangene ne-PACs ngokuvamile yakha idume ngokuba "yiNzane futhi iyasebenza"" .[5]

2. Ukukhangisa Ngokuncishiswa Kwemali

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu e-PAC engaxhunyiwe yizindleko ezizimele (IE) zokukhangisa. Lezi zikhangiso zingasekela noma ziphikise abazohlolwa ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa ngemikhankaso yabo. I-PAC engaxhunywe iveza amabala eTV, amavidiyo, izikhangiso ze-meyili, nezikhangiso zomsakazo eziqokomisa irekhodi le-crive eqopha umlando othile eqokobheni elithile. Isibonelo, i-PAC egxile ekukhangiseni kwesimo sezulu ingaqhuba izikhangiso ezisheshayo ezidumisa izifunda ezisekela amandla avusenezelwe noma imela amavotimende omphisi womthetho wendawo ezungezile. Izindleko ezizimeleyo zivumela ukuba amanani angenayo angakwazi ukuchithwa (ikakhulu uma zibhalisa njenge-PCC) futhi zive ukuveza okuvame ukukhangwayo okunethengwa kakhulu kunentengo ezikhangisayo.

3. I - Grassroot Iphambanisa Abantu Nemfundo Ye - Voter

Ama-PAC angenazo izingcingo avame ukuphumelela kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamabhuloho ezixhumanisayo ngoba umsebenzi wawo uhlangene nendaba ethile, hhayi nombuthano. Angathola izisebenzi zokuzithandela ekuvoteleni iminyango, ukubhalisa ucingo, nemikhankaso yokuthumela imiyalezo. Isenzakalo sihlela i-(hhayid), i-partum, ihholo ledolobha, noma "incwadi kumhleli" ukushayela" . /___izisiza zakha ukusekela komphakathi iziphakamiso zemithetho. Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe aveza futhi iziyalezo zabavoti abaqhatha izikhundla eziqhathaniswa nezikhundla ezithile, isiza abavotisi ukuba benze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Lendima yemfundo igxeka emijahwebeni ephansi lapho igama lomfunda liphansi.

Ukuphanga Okuqondile Nokungaqondi

Nakuba ama-PAC angezwani nabaququzeli, angathintana nezikhulu ezikhethwe ngokuqondile ngokomthetho. Zihlangana nabenzi bomthetho, zinikeza iziphakamiso zezimiso, futhi ngokuvamile zakhe izivumelwano namanye amaqembu esithakazelo. Izindleko zokubophana zibikwa ngaphansi kweLobing Discloufied Act, futhi amaPUC amaningi anjalo aqasha abaceli abaqeqeshi abangochwepheshe ukuba bafake izikwele ezikweletini zabo eziphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC ekhuthaza inguquko yempilo yengqondo ingakhuthaza ukudluliswa kwe-"Mential Health Relivector Act" ngokunikeza ukwaziswa ngezindleko nokunakekelwa komphakathi okusekelwe ekunakekeleni.

5. Ukukhuluma Umlomo Nokucindezela Komphakathi

Amanye ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ahlanganyela futhi ekuhlawuliseni okukhethekile, ukufaka iziphakamiso ze-ampicus noma ngisho nokuletha amacala emithetho ephikisayo. Amanye asebenzisa amasu okucindezela komphakathi anjengemikhankaso yezezindaba, izicelo, nemikhankaso yokulandisa kwezinhlangano. Lengxubevange ngaphakathi nangaphandle yenza ama-PAC angazihlanganisi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswayo enkundleni yezenqubo.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yezimiso Nemibono: Ukuhlola Icala

Ithonya le-PAC elingaxhunyiwe lingabonakala ezindaweni eziningi zesimiso. Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi- Club for Growth, i-PAC ethathe izigidi zamadollar angexweneyo eye yasetshenziswa emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule ukusekela abangenisi abakhululekile kukhetho oluyinhloko. Ngokubeka i-Cultbet ibona ingenasubaclear, i-CUm for Development iye yasusa i-Riphabliki yeSithi yemida ezindaweni ezifana nokusika intela, ukuchitha, nokuhweba. Ngokufanayo, [[FLLT:2]] i-Lague of Conservations (VC) i-FFFON [F] [FT] [5])]

Ohlangothini oluqhubekayo, uphumele into ethile kanye ne-PAC ehlangene nayo iye yathola futhi yasekela intsha, abafuna ukuthunyelwa kwezwe nehhovisi lendawo. Le PIC engaxhumenelwanga igxila ekwakheni ibhentshini labenzi bezimiso zesikhathi esizayo, futhi umsebenzi wayo uholele ukuba inqubo engokoqobo iphumelele ezindabeni ezinjengokushiya komkhaya okukhokhelwayo, inguquko yomthetho wobugebengu, kanye namalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu. Esinye isibonelo singuluhlu [FLT] EMYY], olusekela ipro-choce Democratic Democratic commenters. Nakuba uhlu lwe-EMILY luyinhlangano enkulu ephethe izikhali zayo eziningi, iPC isebenza njengenhlangano engaxhunyiwe yimpahla enikelayo, iminikelo yomphakathi ngamunye neminikelo.

Ithonya le-PACs engaxhunyiwe alikho okhethweni kuphela. Enkundleni yezishaya - mthetho, lamaqembu angaguqula ifasitela i-Overton. Izimiso ezibhekwa njengezamukelekayo kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe Yima Ihlangene[ [ivinjelwe ikhoki]] (iphazanyiswe yikhoch ), isekelele ukuguqula komthetho womthetho futhi isekele umthetho we-ORTTST, owadlula ngo-2018. Ngokuxhasa ngokucwaninga, ukudlulisa, nemikhankambiso, i-PUCS, izicelo ezingaxhunyiwe, izinhlelo zezenziwo engokomthetho zingaguqula iziphakathano zekhothayo zeze izihlo.

Ithonya Elilinganiswayo: Izincwadi Zemali.

Izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-PAC okungaxhunyiwe ngempela kushintsha imiphumela yokukhetha. Ukuhlola okungu-2020 okwenziwa yi-Centre for Responsive Politics kwathola ukuthi nakuba ukuyisebenzisa kuthinta ukuqaphela umvoti, ukuvumelana nokuvota kwangempela kulinganiselwe. Nokho, i-PAC engahlanganisiwe ivame ukuba nomphumela omkhulu: izikhangiso zabo zingachaza ukulandisa kohlanga, futhi ukugunyazwa kwabo kunganikeza uphawu kwabanye abacela ukuvota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzimela kwabo kubenza bathembe abavoti abangethembi inkampani noma iqembu.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Neziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe

Naphezu kokushesha kwawo, ama - PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekana nezithiyo eziningana ezinciphisa ukuphumelela kwawo nokuphila kwawo isikhathi eside.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Engafani

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe akuvamile ukulingana nemali ephuma ezinkampanini ezinkulu ezihlangene ezingu-500 noma izinyunyana ezinkulu. Lapho i-PAC ingaba nemali eqinisekisweyo yaminyaka yonke ngeminikelo yenkampani kanye nezisebenzi ezizinikele, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe incintisane nemali elingana nemali elingana ne-R350 000. I-PAC eningi engaxhunyiwe isetshenziswa ngamabhodi okuzithandela noma izisebenzi ezincane ezikhokhelwayo, ezenza ukuqoqa nokuthatha inselele inselele. I-asethi engaxhunyiwe i-PAC ikhuphuza imali engaphansi kuka-R340 000 (R150 000) umjikelezo ngamunye, uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi eziphakanyiswe yi-PCs yenkampani enkulu.

Inhlangano Yokuqondisa

Umthetho wezezimali wenkampano uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-PACs engaxhunyiwe kumelwe ibhalise imibiko evamile ye-FEC, amafayela abhaliwe (kungaba inyanga nenyanga noma inyanga noma ingxenye yesine), futhi anamathele ekubekeni imingcele yeminikelo kanye nokwenqatshelwa. Amaphutha angaholela ekuhlawulweni noma ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Umthwalo wokulalela ukuvuma unzima kakhulu kakhulu kuma-PAC amancane, okungase kungabi naseluleko esingokomthetho esinikezelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-PAC angenayo ahlanganyela kokubili emsebenzini wombuso nokhetho kumelelo kumelwe asebenzise isiqephu semithetho kahulumeni, ngalinye ngemithetho yayo siqu enikeza izimfuneko nemingcele.

Ukubona kude ne "Imali Engathandeki" Ukugxeka

I-PAC engaxhunyanisiwe ivame ukudideka ne-"night mari" amaqembu (501) ezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zomphakathi ezingahlanganyela futhi emsebenzini wezombangazwe kodwa okudingeka ukuba zithulule abanikeli bazo. Nakuba i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe yambule abanikeli abangaphezulu kuka-R3, labo abanikelayo bangaba "ngapha ngokungenayo" izinhlangano ezifana nezinkampani (LLC) ezifihla umthombo wokuqala. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi abaxhumani no-PaCs, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenza njengePACIS, bavumela abantu abacebile ukuba balawule ezombangazwe lapho befihla igama le-PAC. Lomqondo uhokele uholela ekubizeni okukhulu nokuncibilikisa i-o ye-obumbanobumba ye-mthetho. [FLT] [10]

Ukushiswa Imikhosi Namahlaya

Emijahweni ephezulu, abezindaba nabavoti bathambekele ekugxileni kumakomiti afuna ukubhapathizwa kanye nama-partitude (njenge-Democratic Committee Committee ye-Democratic Committee okanye i-National Republican Senatial Committee). I-PAC engathintwanga ingalwa kanzima ukuze idlulise isigijimi sayo phezu komsindo. Futhi bazifaka engozini yokukhishwa ngomkhankaso womkhankaso noma ngamaqembu amakhulu azimele. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-20222 emaphakathini, ama-PAC aphezulu ayishumi angaxhunyiwe achitha isigidi sezigidi ezingu-R3, kodwa ingqikithi yachithwa ngamakomiti amaqembu ahlukene ahlangene (R3,5,5,5,5,5,5,000) asetshenziswa ngamakomiti eqembu eliphezulu noma amaPCS ahlangene kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe

Indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe cishe izokhula njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe kujula futhi abavoti beba baqondiswe kakhulu. Izimo eziningana zizolololonga ukuziphendukela kwabo:

  • Isikhwama semali se-digal-yokuqala: i-Online plat nezimpande zotshani ezinika ingehlisa isithiyo sokungena kuma-PAC amasha. Impumelelo yamaqembu anjengezimpande zotshani ezifakiweyo ze-Act Blueblue-ovec i-PACs ibonisa ukuthi abanikeli abancane-dillar bangahlanganisa izithakazelo ezinkulu zemali.
  • Isimo nesomkhakha wendawo: Njengoba i-track lock iphikelela, ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe ashintsha ukunakekela kombuso wezishaya-mthetho, lapho ushintsho lwesimiso sokukhishwa kwesisu, amalungelo esibhamu, amandla, nemfundo lwenzeka ngokushesha. I-PAC esendaweni ingaba nethonya elingcono emijahweni ephansi.
  • Uhlelo lwezentengiselwano: Imininingwane ehambe phambili yenza ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avumele ama-PAC ukuba akhethe izisulu ngokunembeka okukhulu. Angahlola imiyalezo, i-pastout, i-pass, futhi yandise imithombo yemali ngokunempumelelo. Amanye ama-PAC manje asebenzisa i-AIC ukwenza ikopi yokukhangisa noma ukuhlaziya amarekhodi okuvota abaphisi.
  • Ukungaqiniseki okungalawuleki: I-FEC ivame ukuvalwa emigqeni yeqembu, ishiye imithetho eminingi ididane. Izinselele zeNkantolo zomnikelo, izimfuneko zokwambula, nencazelo "izindleko ezizimele" ingaphinde ilungise indawo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ike igumbuqele noma imingcele Citazens United[[, i-PaCs ezingasebenzi njengePropule.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekene futhi nemibuzo yezimiso zokuziphatha. Njengoba ukuchitha kwawo imali kwanda, kudinga ukubonakala okuqinile ngokwengeziwe. Abanye abasekeli benguquko basikisela ukuba iminikelo ye-PAC idinge i-PC yangempela itholeke ngokungaphezulu kuka-R720, noma ifuna ama-PAC ukuze ambule abanikeli bawo aphezulu abahlanu ezikhangisweni zabo. Ukuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ziyoxhomeka ekufuneni kwezombangazwe nasezinqumweni zenkantolo.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe agcwalisa indawo ekhethekile nebalulekile esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika. Ngokunikeza abameleli bezindaba, imiphakathi enezimpande zotshani, kanye neziphiwo zemibono imoto yokuzithathela isinyathelo sezombangazwe, bahlanganisa izinhlu zamazwi athonya okhetho nesimiso. Ukuzimela kwabo kuvumela ukuba balwele izimbangela ezingase zinganakwa yizinhlangano ezinkulu noma izithakazelo zezebhizinisi. Nokho, kumelwe basebenzise izimali, ngokomthetho, kanye nezinselele zezezezedumela. Njengoba imijikelezo yokhetho i-PACs iqhubeka inguqule, i-PFF: [FF] iyaqhubeka ingaba abadlali abanamandla, ilungise izimpikiswano nezimiphumela ngendlela ezicace nezingalele. Umuntu ofuna ukuqonda izombangazwe zanamuhla, ukuqonda okuqinile ukuthi lezi misebenzi ye-PC isebenza kanjani. Ukuze kufundwe iziqondiso zezemali, ibone i-FFFF: [F] izikhulu ze-coult.[2]