Isingeniso: Ukungezwani Kwezombangazwe Nokulwa Kwezigwegwe EJapane

Isimiso semfundo saseJapane sidunyiswa kaningi ngezindinganiso zaso eziphakeme, izifundo eziqinile, futhi ukusebenza kwabafundi okuqinile ekuhloleni komhlaba wonke okunjenge-Programme for International Studentsssment (PISA). Kodwa ngaphansi kwalokhu kufeziwe kusekuncintisana kakhulu nemibono ephikisanayo yesizwe, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, nokuphikisana kwezenhlalo. Amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapana awazona izibukeli nje ezingeni lemfundo; ayizimboni eziyinhloko ezihumushela imibono yawo ezihlongosini zezezezenkambiso, izinyathelo zemithetho, nokuhlela izimali. Ukuqonda indlela lemikhakha elungisa izinhlelo zezentengiselwano kubalulekile ngayo noma ubani ofuna ukuthatha iziqondiso zemfundo yemfundo yaseJapan, kusukela ekuqaleni kuya emfundweni yaseyunivesithi.

Umthetho-mthetho wangemva kwempi ka-1947 owenziwe wamukeleka futhi wamisa isimiso esihloselwe ukukhuthaza i-democracy. Nokho, ukubuya kohulumeni abadla idlanzana ngaphansi kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kusukela ngo-19555 kuqhubeke kubekwa kabusha kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi phezu kwezindinganiso zezifundo nemvume yezincwadi. Le nqubo yempi phakathi kokubekwa phambili nokubekwa phambili kwesimiso sobukhoma kwentando yeningi, amasiko nentuthuko, iyaqhubeka ichaza isimiso semfundo namuhla. Njengoba iJapan ibhekene nokuncipha kwezesayensi yobuchwepheshe, nokuncintisana kwembulunga yonke, izigxa zenguquko ayikaze ibe ngaphezulu. Izinhlangano zezemfundo zinikeza amabala ahlukene, ngalinye linemiphumela engathi sína kubafundi, othisha, nomphakathi, nomphakathi obanziwayo.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Ukusuka Ekuvuselweni Kwempi Kuya Ezinguqulweni ZeziNkathi Zangemva Kwempi Kuya Ezingeni

Isisekelo sesimiso semfundo sanamuhla saseJapane sabekwa phakathi ne-Association Occupation (1945-19952), eyachitha ikhodi lemfundo yangaphambi kwempi yombuso egxile ekukhulekelweni kombusi nasekulweni kwempi. Inguquko ye-U.S. ehlotshisiwe yasungula umzila owodwa “63-3-4” hlelo (iminyaka eyisithupha, iminyaka emithathu ephezulu, iminyaka emithathu ephezulu, iminyaka emine ephezulu), igunyaza ukufundiswa, futhi yamisa amabhodi esikoleni ekhethekile ekhethekile. Umthetho oMthethweni wemfundo (1947) owenziwe ngethuba elilinganayo, inkululeko yemfundo, nenhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu ngamunye.

Kuwo wonke ama-1950 nangawoma 1960, i-LDP yafuna ukuvuselela izinhlangano zobuzwe, njengemfundo yokuziphatha (shūshin) namafulege namaculo ezikoleni, ngokuvamile ibhekene nokuphikiswa okunzima emaqenjini anxele nawaseJapane Teachers’s Union (Nekkyōso). Ama-1980 abona amathonya abangelwa yi-prolibralibral ngaphansi kwenkathi yakhona ka-Priminalm Yasuro Nakasone, owasekela idevolution, i-Prigatation, kanye nokugcinwa kwabantu “abaqalayo” ukuba baphikisane nezentengo yezentengo yeNtshonalanga. Imfundo yesizwe i-199091 (ix"Relax"Imfundo (yototo ōik), isikhathi sokuhlela izinhlelo zesikole, i-Rekoodaydaydayday, i-Promentium (ik) i-Revertiodmigday) i-mong, izinombolo zesizwe.

Ngasinye salezi zigaba salobubukhomanisi salotshwa amandla alinganiselwe ezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Ukuqamba kwe-LDP isikhathi eside kwakuvumela ukuba kugxilise umbono waso emfundweni, kodwa amaqembu okuphikiswa, ikakhulukazi iQela lobuSoshiyali laseJapane (kamuva i CDP) neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane, liye lathonya ngenkulumo - mpikiswano yasepalamende, ukubusa kwendawo, nokuhlelwa kotshani. Ukuqonda lomdlalo ongokomlando kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheleni izimpikiswano zamanje.

Izimpi Ezinkulu Zezombangazwe Neminyaka Yazo Yemfundo

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP): Isiko, Ukuncintisana, Nokulawulwa Okuphakathi

I-LDP iye yabusa iJapane ingxenye enkulu yenkathi yangemva kwempi, iyodwa noma ihlangene noKomeito. Indawo yayo yemfundo igcizelela njalo izinsika ezintathu: ukuqinisa ubuzwe, ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezizwe ngemfundo ye-STEM, nokugcina ukuqondisa okusemqoka kwezindinganiso zohlelo lwemfundo.

Isihluthulelo se-LDP-driven sihlanganisa ukubukezwa kuka-2006 kwe-Lifarmage Law of Education, okwanezela izigaba ezithi “ukuthanda izwe” kanye“ nokuhlonipha isiko namasiko,” ukuguqula ukugcizelela kobuzwe kwangemva kwempi. I-LDP iseke futhi isekela imfundo yokuziphatha esemthethweni eqalwe ekuqaleni kwesikole, ukuhlatshelelwa kwengoma yesizwe, nencwadi yemfundo eqinile ehlola izibalo zempi. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-LDP iye yafaka phambili izinhlelo ezandisiwe zesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe, ubunjinikazi, nezibalo zezibalo (STM), ukufundiswa kwesiNgisi emaphasekoleni okuqala, nokukhushukulwa kwe- [[FLT:]] i-GGAI School i-minuctionmentation [FFF1], uhlelo lwezinkonzo ehlome kakhulu yabafundi ne-interlineartivent.

I-LDP iphethe “iKomiti yemfundo” phakathi kwethonya layo elinamandla, elungisa iziphakamiso zenguquko ezivame ukuba yizindleko zikahulumeni. Izibalo ezivelele njenge-LDP eyayinguNdunankulu uShinzo Abe yenza imfundo ibe uphawu lokukhula kwayo, iphikisa ukuthi ukukhula kwenhloko yezezimali kwakubalulekile ukuze iJapane ivuselele izomnotho. Abagxeki baphikisa indlela ye-LDP ephikisayo yokucabanga okugxekayo, iphoqelela iyunifomu lezenkambiso, futhi i-acerbacculture i-dictionasess ngokugcizelela ukufunda ngekhanda ukuhlolwa kweminyango.

I - Constitutional Democraticism Party (CDP): I - Progressism, i - Inclusion, ne - Autonomy

ICDP, eyakhiwa ngo-2017 kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwamaqembu amaningana aphakathi kwesobunxele, izikhundla ngokwawo njengendlela eyinhloko engcono kune-LDP system. Iqembu lisekela isimiso semfundo esiphakathi komfundi, ehlanganisa, nesentando yeningi. Ipulatifomu lalo livame ukwakha efeni leQembu lakuqala laseJapani Socialist neDidemocratic Party yaseJapan, elaba namandla kafushane kusukela ngo-200 kuya ku-2012.

Izinto eziza kuqala zihlanganisa ukunciphisa ukucindezela okuphezulu kwezivivinyo zokungena eyunivesithi ngezindlela zokuvuma, ukwandisa ukukhululeka kothisha, nokusebenzisa imithombo eyengeziwe emfundweni edinga izidingo ezikhethekile nangemva kwesikole. Leliqembu liye lamelana njalo nezifundo zemfundo ye-LDP ezisemthethweni eziphoqelelwe, liphikisa abafundi ngezindinganiso zobuzwe. ICDP futhi isekela izinguquko ekukhulumeni nothisha ngokutubeka phansi, njengokunciphisa imithwalo yokulawula, ukuthatha isikhathi eseqile, nokuqasha izisebenzi ezisekela kakhulu.

Phakathi nohulumeni we-2009-2012 DPJ, leliqembu lazama ukwenza imfundo ibe nesizotha ngokunikeza amabhodi esikole endawo inkululeko enkulu ngokuqasha nokuhlela. Nakuba eziningi zalezi zinyathelo kamuva zalinganiswa ngaphansi kwe-LDP, iCDP iyaqhubeka iqhubekisela phambili ukuqondisa izikole ezisekelwe emphakathini nokuzikhulula kwezindinganiso zemfundo zemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo. Leliqembu ligcizelela futhi imfundo yokuthula, libonisa izimpande zalo eziphikisayo, futhi liye labiza ukulandisa okungokomlando okulinganiselwe kakhulu ezifundweni zezincwadi. Esigabeni sezizwe zonke, iCDP isekela [[FLT:]UNCO’SFUMY] up.

Komeito: I - coalition Primetic interism

Njengoba i-LDP ehlangene nomsizi omncane kusukela ngo-1999, iKomeito ivame ukulinganisela uhlelo lwemfundo olubusayo. Isungulwe ngezimfundiso zobuBuddha bamaBuddha baseNichiren ngenhlangano evamile i-Soka Gakkai, i-Komeito igcizelela ukuthula, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokukhula kwalo lonke. Leliqembu liye lasekela izinhlelo ezimelene nemfundo engokwesayensi evimbelayo, ukusekela kwempilo yengqondo ezikoleni, nemfundo yamalungelo abantu.

Ithonya likaKomeito lingabonakala ekudluleni komthetho wama-2019 ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqinelwa, okwagunyaza abeluleki besikole nezindlela zokubika ezingcono. Eminyakeni yamuva, leliqembu liye lasekela futhi “imfundo esebenzayo”, ekhuthaza ingxoxo kanye nenkinga ngokunganaki. Nakuba uKomeito esekela ukugcizelela kwe-LDP kwesizwe, iye yavimbela ubuzwe obudlulele, njengokusetshenziswa kwe “inkazimulo yempi” ezincwadini. Indima yeqembu ngokuvamile ikhuthaza ukuqiniseka ukuthi isimiso semfundo yesivumelwano sihlala siqinile futhi sigwema impikiswano ezindaweni zasedolobheni nesentsha.

Eminye Imikhosi: INippon Ishin, iJCP, Nezici Ezimangalisayo Zezindlela Ezihlukile

Nippon Ishin (Iparthili leNguquko yaseJapane), egxile eKansai, abasekeli bezeluleko ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuqedwa kweziqondiso zemfundo zamuva nokuvumela imiphakathi ukuba inqume lokho ekuqukethe imfundo yayo. Leliqembu lisekela “imfundo esekelwe ku” uthisha ohlolwayo nesikole, lithola ukukhuthazwa yizithombe zesikole zaseMelika zezifundo zesikole. IQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane (JCP), kuyilapho lilincane, linomlando ongaguquki wokumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zemfundo yezempi nezesizwe. Libiza ukuqedwa okuphelele kwezifundo zemfundo yezemfundo nezokubuyiselwa kwebhodi yesikole yendawo. Futhi i-JCPPPP ifuna ukuncishintshwa okukhulu kwezifundo zemfundo yasobala. Amanye amaqembu amancane, njengaseRewa Shinmin, abafundi abaphansi bezemfundo eyunivesithi kanye nezenteko.

Imfundo Ebalulekile Izinguquko Nezici Ezinamandla Zezombangazwe Ezizilandelayo

Imfundo Yokuziphatha Ka - 2015 Inguquko: Ubuzwe Ekilasini

Enye yezinguquko eziphikisana kakhulu zesimiso sokuqondisa i-Abe, ukukhushulwa kwemfundo yokuziphatha kusukela “ngesikhathi” kuya kusihloko esingokomthetho, esinezigaba ngo-2015. I-LDP yaphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwadingeka ukuze kugxiliswe izindinganiso zokuziphatha futhi kulwisane nezinkinga zomphakathi njengokuqinelwa nokunganaki. Abagxeki, kuhlanganise ne CDP, JCP, kanye nezifundiswa eziningi, babexwayisa ukuthi yayizosetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukungagxeki ukushisekela izwe nokulungisa umlando. Izifundo ezintsha zihlanganisa izihloko ezinjengesithi “uthando lwezwe,” futhi“ ukuhlonishwa kwesiko,” kanye “ukuzinikela komuntu siqu.” Nakuba iKomeito ibonelela iziqinisekiso ukuthi uhlelo lwezezombangazwe azinagunyaza ukuchazwa okuqondile kwezombangazwe, iziphakamende eziqhubekayo. Amabhodi ezindawo nezikhulu zikathisha bazama ukuzama ukukuguqula impikiswano. Impikiswano yesizwe ingabonisa kanjani ukuguqula ukuguqulwa kwempi yesizwe.

Izinguquko Etrance University: Ukulungisa Izindaba Nokulungisa

Inkani enzima yokungena emayunivesithi aphezulu iye yaba umthombo wokucindezeleka nokungalingani eJapane. I-LDP iye yamelana ngokomlando nezinguquko eziyisisekelo esimisweni sokuhlola, isaba ukulahlekelwa yi-faocratictium. Nokho, ngo-2018, uhulumeni wamemezela icebo lokususa iNational Center Viest nge- “Common Test” entsha ehlanganisa imibuzo yendaba kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlola ukucubungula imicabango enzima nokuthatha inselele. Inguquko yabambeka futhi yancitshiswa ngemva kokuphikiswa kothisha, abafundi, futhi ngisho naphakathi kwe-LDP, eyayikhathazekile ngezindleko zokusetshenziswa nokulunga. I-CDP iqhushela phambili ukuncishiswa okukhulu kokuncishwa kwendlela, ukukhuthaza ukuvunyelwa kwezindlela eziningi njengokukhishwa kweqembu, ukuhlolwa kwezindawo, ukuxoxiswa nokuxoxisana. Impikiswano yaqala phakathi “impikiswano yeze yeze kubafundi, ngisho naphakathi kwezekwethusi, futhi i-Olidiodmist , kodwa i-odvodvoced , i-oced prose, i-oce

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanani Nesimiso Sesikole SeGIGA: I - Rare Bipartisan Consensus

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sadalula ukuhlukana kwezibalo ezikoleni zaseJapane, lapho abaningi bengenazo izingcingo ezifanele ne-Intanethi. Uhulumeni we-LDPrde waphendula nge-GIGA School Program, i-cread eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-360 ukuze inikeze i-laptop noma i-tabble kumfundi ngamunye ngoMatshi 2023. Zombili i-LDP isekela lomzamo, nakuba i-LDP yayingagcizelelwa kakhulu. I-LDP yayenza njengethuluzi lokuncintisana noshintsho lwezezimali, kuyilapho i-CDP igcizelela ukuqeqeshwa komfundi nothisha. i-CDP i-equind sy nothisha bakhuthaza ukuhlanganisa i-ICVV kanye nesivikelo somuntu siqu. Umphumela, uhlelo lwaqala ngokushesha futhi manje luyi-screding. Nokho, ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngenkathi ye-temssion, ukuguqula i-eagnotemps kuveza ngisho nokunyuselwa kwe-maption ku-templigic.

Izimo Zomsebenzi Zothisha Nempi Ye - autonomy Yochwepheshe

Othisha baseJapane bahlushwa ukusebenza ngokweqile okungamahlalakhona, iholo eliphansi elihlobene nabanye ochwepheshe, kanye namazinga aphakeme okutubeka. ICDP iye yenza inhlalakahle yothisha yaba yindaba yokusayinwa, ifaka izikepisi ezingokomthetho ngokwesikhathi esengeziwe, iqasha izisebenzi ezisekelayo, futhi inciphisa imisebenzi yokuqondisa ephoqelelwe. I-LDP, nakuba ivuma lenkinga, ibinqikaza ukwandisa imfundo esetshenziswa kakhulu, ikhetha ukuthembela “ezingeni eliphansi” nemizamo yokuzithandela. I-JCP iyaqhubeka ifuna ukuncishiselwa kwesigaba sabafundi abangamashumi amabili noma abambalwa. I-LDP. I-P. I-P.KP.KP.K.K.K.Klomitatomitoms, isebenza ngokunamandla, i-2019 ukuhlela isilinganiso somthetho othisha, kodwa iyaqhubeka ngokuhlangene ne-CDPCP no-JCP, i-omple.

Indima Yesigaba Sombuso Neqembu Elinesithakazelo Esimisweni Seqembu

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awasebenzi endaweni engenalutho. I-Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) inendima enamandla ekubhaleni izikweleti zemali, ekumiseni iziqondiso zemfundo, nasekulawuleni incwadi yokugunyaza. Iqembu lezombangazwe livame ukuhlakulela ubuhlobo obuseduze ne-MEXT bureaucats, kodwa ubuhlobo abusona nje isigungu somthetho. Amaqembu asebenza emsebenzini angathonya isimiso sezentengiselwano ngokuveza iziteki zezo zezobuchwepheshe nezehlakalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaqembu ahleli isithakazelo, njengaseJapane Teachers’s Union (Nicokso) ne Japan Federation of Economic Organizations (Idrenan), izikhungo zezemfundo) isekela i-CD ne-JCP, isekela inzuzo yezemfundo, futhi isekela inzuzo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, i-IS.

Izindawo ezikhethwe ngamabhodi esikole − ngokukhetha okuzimele ngaphansi kwe-Local Autonomy Law . Uma amaqembu okuphikiswa elawula ohulumeni abaphethe noma umasipala, angamisa izinqubo eziqhubekayo ezibekela imingcele eyisisekelo, njengokwenqaba ukwamukela izifundo zemfundo zokuziphatha noma ukunikeza imfundo egcwele ubulili. Lokhu kudala umsebenzi ofanayo wokusetshenziswa eJapane, ngisho naphakathi kwesimiso sombuso esifanayo.

Umbono Oqhathanisayo: Indlela Ezombangazwe Zeqembu LaseJapane Ezihluke Ngayo Kweminye Imibuso

Ngokungafani e-United States, lapho imfundo iwumbuso omkhulu futhi ilawulwa indawo, iJapane iyakwazi ukulawula kakhulu uhlelo lwezifundo nezincwadi, yenza ukuba kube nokuncintisana kweqembu lesizwe. Ngokungafani ne-United Kingdom, lapho imibuthano ye-Labour neConservative iye yashintshashintsha ngezinguquko ezinkulu ezikhona ezikoleni (amasikole, izikole ezikhululekile), iJapane ilondoloze isimiso somphakathi esiqinile esinezinguquko ezincane. Ingxenye enkulu ye-LDP iveza ushintsho oluphezulu kunokuba ikhululeke kakhulu, ngaphandle kwaphakathi kwezinkathi zokuphikisa okuhlangene, njengango 2009-2012. Nokho, i-CDP izama ukuphoyisa izingxoxo zesizwe ezingaphandle kwenkathi yokukhetha. Indima ye-Komeriston evelele, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokwethembana kuhulumeni ohlangene, njengangonyaka ka-2001. Isikole esivamile esivamile sisekela intuthuko ekutholeni kwezentengo yombuso wenkolo (i - .)

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lenguquko Yemfundo E - Arena Yezombangazwe YaseJapane

IJapane ibhekene nenhlekelele yenani labantu abahlala ndawonye: inani labantu asebegugile ngokushesha neqembu lentsha elinciphayo lizophoqelela izikole ukuba ziqinise, zinciphise izinga lesigaba, noma isiphiwo sokuqasha. Bonke abahilelekile bavumelana ngesidingo se- “Society 5.0” abafaka i-AI nerobhothi emfundweni, kodwa bahluka ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi okufanele zihambisane nalokhu kushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. I-LDP iqhubeke iphoqelela izikole ezingokwesiko zokuziphatha okuhle, noma ukubekwa kwesizwe okuqinile. I-CDP iyomelana nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokunciphisa ukungalingani nokufuna imingcele. I-Komeito izofuna ukuthambisa imingcele yesizwe futhi iqinisekise amalungelo abantu ahlonishwa. Njengoba izizukulwane ezisencane, ezinokuzinziwayo ezikhululekile futhi ezingokwezingeni, ukuzuza kwezombangazwe, i-LD, i-LD iqhubekela imfundo yayo.[iorgis]

Ekuphetheni, indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe ekulolongeni izinguquko zemfundo eJapane ayinciphisi noma ayithathi hlangothi. Kuyi-impikiswano eshubile yemibono, ezombangazwe ezihlangene, amandla ombuso, kanye nokucindezela komphakathi. Kusukela ekubukezweni kwe-Principlegal Law of Education kuya ekuhlelekeni okusheshayo kwamakilasi, inguquko enkulu iveza ukuncintisana kwemincintiswano yeqembu. Ababheki kumelwe babheke ngalé kwezihloko zezindaba ukuze baqonde ukuthi iziphi izingqondo zeqembu manje eziseceleni futhi yimiphi imibono emelene nayo. Njengoba iJapane ihamba ngekusasa elingaqinisekile, izinqumo ezenziwa ekomitini yemfundo nasemikhakhelini yezemfundo embululweni yembulunga yonke, iphinde ibuye idlule emakilasini amashumini eminyaka. Ukusuka kokunyela ezinkambini zezimiso ezithile, abafundi bezwe izikhulu ze-MEXT zingabheka izinhlelo zeze zeze zeze i-Foctives [Foctivess] [[3][3][3]][3][3]