Isingeniso: Ukuvuswa Kwentsha Yezombangazwe

IJapane inikeza indida eyingqayizivele ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe zanamuhla. Yizwe elinesiko eligxilile lokuvumelana kwezenhlalo nesimiso sezombangazwe esibusa isigaba esisodwa isikhathi eside, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile liye laqubuka ngokubhikisha kwentsha okunamandla kakhulu nokulandelana kwe-demokrati. Lezinhlangano, kusukela ekumisweni kwemiphakathi yama-1960 kuya ekuhlolweni kwemisebenzi yomdabu yama-2020, ziye zabekela inselele ngokuphindaphindiwe isimo nezinhlangano zezombangazwe iphoqelele ukuba zivumelane. Ezweni elibhikisha ngenani elinciphayo nesilinganiso esiphakeme somphakathi womphakathi we-Rocestery embuluke emhlabeni wonke, iphimbo lentsha iyisicilongo elibalulekile ngokokuziphatha kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye nokushaza ithonya lezelelwa kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezinhlangano zezokuxhumana zezokubusa kwezombangazwe zihluleka kanjani ukufinyelela eqenjini lezelelwa eqenjini lezelela ekutholeni kwezwe laseJapane.

Ubuhlobo abuyona nje into efunwayo nenelisayo. Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane, ikakhulukazi iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), ayiqembu elidume kakhulu elinama-bureaucracy futhi athembele emaqenjini anezithakazelo agxilile. Nokho, izinhlangano zentsha ngokomlando ziye zasebenza njengevalve yangaphandle ebaluleke kakhulu, zifaka izimpikiswano ezintsha engxoxweni yezwe futhi zifaka i-calcurus ekhetha amalungu ama-Diet. Lesihloko sihlola umlando, izinqubo, nezimiso eziphathekayo zezinhlangano zentsha ezisezingeni eliphezulu lezombangazwe eJapan.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando: Kusukela E - Anto Kuya EZenkyto

Isibonelo sezenzo zobusha zangemva kwempi eJapane saqanjwa ekuvukeleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Inhlangano yabafundi yayingesona isenzakalo esiwumgoqo kodwa isici esiyinhloko sokuphila kwezombangazwe kwaseJapane cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili.

I - Ampo Prosest Yango - 1960: Isizukulwane Esiphakamayo

Uvivinyo lokuqala olukhulu lwegunya lentsha lezombangazwe lweza ngo-1959-60 ngokubhikisha okukhulu ngokuphindwa kweSivumelwano sokhuseleko sase-U.S.-Japane. Baholwa yi-paredio yesizwe sesizwe sezwe lonke uZengakuren, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabafundi nentsha yezisebenzi athatha izigilamkhuba zokuhambela imigwaqo yaseTokyo elandelaneni yemibhikisho eyandayo. Bahlasela isakhiwo sesizwe sikaDiet futhi baxabana ngobudlova namaphoyisa. Lemibhikishobhishozo, enkulu kakhulu emlandweni waseJapane, yaphumelela ekuphoqeni ukukhishwa kweNgqoko yesikhulu uNouk Kieshi nodwelisholo oluhleliwe nguMongameli Eisenbown. IAnto yalwa i-Anpo i-ast Dietscep yamelana inguquko yesizukulwane sesigaba sombuso sombuso esiphikisa sembubhishoshoshoshoshoshoshosholo.

IZenkyto Era (1968 - 969): ICampus Revolt neNew Kwesobunxele

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1960 kwaba negagasi lesibili, elinamandla kakhulu lokwenza umsebenzi wobufundisi. I-Zenkytoto (Amakomiti Awumzabalazo) yaqubuka ezindaweni zaseyunivesithi zaseJapane. Ngokungafani ne-Apo, eyayibhekene ne-Anpo, eyayinemingcele yesizwe, iZenchoto yagxila ezindabeni zangaphakathi zeyunivesithi, i-athoric i-athoric ephethe amayunivesithi, i-adecuria, kanye nokuhlangana kwe-academia eMpini yaseVietnam. EYunivesithi yase Tokyo, abafundi bazivalela eYasuselwa eYasupparium izinyanga eziningi. Lenkathi yafaka imingcele yenkulumo yezombangazwe, ingenisa amandla aphakeme omphakathi nawawo womphakathi womphakathi omphakathi kanye nawombuso. [umbuso omkhulu] Waholela futhi ekulawuleni ngokunamandla. [umbuso omkhulu we-F.]

Iminyaka Engamashumi Alahlekele Nokunganaki Okukhulu

Ngemva kokuphela kobudlova kwe-Zenkyoto, i-provictism yaseJapane yangena ebusika obude. Iminyaka yawo-1970, ama-80, nama-90 yaphawulwa yilokho izazi zezenhlalo ezikubiza ngokuthi "ukuthomba kwezombangazwe" (]]seijutiki shishuniki[)) .(ingxenye yokuphila lapho intsha yayilindeleke khona ukuba ithakazelelwe impucuko ye-pop nentuthuko yomuntu siqu, hhayi izombangazwe. Ukuwa kwegebengu lezomnotho ngo-1991, kwadala isizukulwane sabashana abah[5] "inkululeko" ne "ETRET"" (eT) futhi benontethe kakhulu futhi benokonakalisa kakhulu ngokumiswa kwezombangazwe.)

Lokhu kunganaki kwaba nethonya eliqondile emabuthweni eqembu. I-LDP, elondekile egunyeni layo, ikakhulukazi inganaki izimpikiswano zentsha eziqondene. Amaqembu okuphikiswa, aphukile futhi angasebenzi, ahluleka ukunikeza enye indlela egunyazayo. Ama-1990 no 2000 abona ukuphakama kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi, kodwa ekuqaleni kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-internet yahlukana. Ukuphikisa kwango199 kwaba ukumelana nokuhlasela kwempi yase-U.S. u-Okinawa ngemva kokudlwengulwa kwentombazane endala enkulu yomphakathi kodwa eyayigcwele ngokushesha uhulumeni ophakathi. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amazwi entsha ayengekho eshashaleni yezombangazwe, neqembu lezokulima labonakalisa ukugxila ekwakhekeni, nakwezolinywa.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo: Ukwanda Kwama - 2010

Ngonyaka ka-2015 kwaphawulwa isikhathi esichithile sokwenza umsebenzi wentsha yaseJapane. UNdunankulu uShinzo Abe's ucindezela ukuchaza kabusha uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze avumele "ukuzihlanganisa ngokwakho" nokudlula kwezindleko ezintsha zokuphepha kwabangela ukubuyela emuva okukhulu. Kulokhu, inhlangano yabonakala ihluke ngokuphelele.

AmaLWD Nenhlangano Emelene Nokhuseleko

Iqembu Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy (SEALDS) laba nokuphikiswa. Ngokungafani namaqembu afundayo aphambili o-1960, ama-SEALD ayehleleke ngokuqeqeshiwe, i-media-saving, futhi ngokusobala engekho eqenjini le-Liberal. Bafaka ukuphikiswa kwabo hhayi e-Marxgon kodwa olimini lobushini lwe-democracyism. Imikhosi yabo yayishaya indivane kakhulu, izixuku zakhona (indilingahlelekile) nezingcathu zezimpawu zombili zamaJapane naseNgilandi, zilalele izinkulumo ezicutshiwe ngobuciko. Basebenzisa i-Twivvy ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlela nokukhipha izigelekeqe, nakuba bedumela izikhulu zeze ngokomthetho phakathi kwezezindaba ezivamile.

Ukusuka Emigwaqweni Kuya Ebhokisini Lebhola

Inkathi yangemva kwe-SEALDs yashintsha inkathi yokubhikisha isuka ekuvukeleni i-volution. Amaqembu afana No Youth No Japan ugxile kuphela kumavoti. Baqhuba i-"mock votion" ezikoleni eziphakeme naseyunivesithi futhi basebenzisa osaziwayo futhi basebenzisa izikhuthazo ukukhuthaza ukuvota. Lokhu kucindezela kwathonya ngokuqondile amaqembu aphikisayo. Iqembu elisha elimiswe ngoMthetho-Constitional Democratical Party of Japan (CDP) ne-Buthomu yase-Japanist Party (JCP) yaqala ukuqophela ngokucacile ukuvota intsha, ukuthembisa izinkambiso zemfundo, isikweleti sezentengiselwano, nezobulungisa emphakathini wezentengiselwa ezinkongweni zezentengongo nezeze. Izikhulu zezentekozo zezentengo yomphakathi zikhokhwaze kakhulu futhi zivuse izinte ezinkoleni ezise.

Imishini Yethonya: Indlela Iqembu Lentsha Elishintsha Ngayo Iqembu

Ithonya lentsha alizenzakaleli, lisuka ezimisweni eziningana ezihlukene ezicindezela abaholi beqembu ukuba bazivumelanise nezimo.

I - Electoral Volution and Sung District

Nakuba intsha yonke ivoti incane kakhulu kunevoti yakudala, iguquguquka kakhulu. Abavoti abasebasha ababoshelwa emaqenjini angokwesiko futhi basengozini enkulu yokujezisa abameleli besizwe. Esimisweni sokuqala sezikhombo esinezihlalo eziningi eziphephile, ngisho nokushintshwa kwezingane ezisha eziqala ukuvota emadolobheni ambalwa ukuvota. Izingxenye ezifana neCDP neReiwa ziye zabheka lezi zanda, kuyilapho i-LDP iye yaphoqelelwa ukuba ithambise imifanekiso yayo futhi inikeze imvume engokomfanekiso, njengoba nje umphathi weKoike egxila "endlela yokulungisa inguquko" nemishini.

Ukuhleleka Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Esikhathini esidlule, amapulatifomu eqembu ayenziwa amagumbi avalelwe abadala beqembu nenkambiso yabo "izizwe" ( zoku giin). Namuhla, amaqembu ezokuxhumana afuna ukusabela ezindabeni ezingokoqobo. I-hashtagtag ethambekele kuX (ngaphambili i-Twitterdate) ingaphoqelela unobhala-genal ukuba aphikise indaba. Inhlangano yezezindaba , eyabekela abesifazane izithene ezimelene kakhulu emsebenzini, njengoba kwaqala ukunxusa kwe-ilayini futhi ngokushesha iveze ngendlela yayo esobala ephikisayo, ethembisa ukuvala ukucwasana kweqembu. [iKT], ngesikhathi iqala ukuxoxa umthetho obala, lapho idingiwe umthetho.

Amaphiko Eqembu Lentsha Nokuziphindiselela Kwalo

Yonke imikhandlu emikhulu ihlukene ngokusemthethweni ebusheni (umz., i-LDP' ye-Youth Division). Ngokomlando, lena kwakuyizikhungo zomphakathi nezimiso zokuxhasa. Nokho, njengoba isimo sezombangazwe sesiye sashintsha, lamaphiko aseyaqina kakhulu. Amalungu ama-Diet asukela ezizukulwaneni ezisha (umzz., isizukulwane se-HIBIKI" e-LDP noma "Tubasa" eCDP") ngokuvamile asebenza njengabameleli bengaphakathi bezindaba zontanga yawo. Iqembu labadala liye lamukela izimo eziqhubekayo ezingokohlelo lwezinombolo, isimo sezulu, ukushintsha, kanye nezinqumo zomphakathi ukuze zilondoloze isizukulwane sazodwa.

Isakhiwo Esiyinkimbinkimbi Esinama - NGO

Izinhlangano zentsha ziyinkimbinkimbi. Bakha ngentshiseko imifelandawonye ne-NGOS emisiwe, ethinta amapulatifomu athile eqenjini. Ngokwesibonelo, 350.org Japan[ ne[FLT]] Fiversssss yeSikhathi seSizayo [ ifake i-LGBQ qt] isivikelo se-CD kanye ne-JCP ukuze ithole izisulu ezinamandla zokwehliswa ngo-2030. Amaqembu amalungelo abantu anjenge-FOMFLT:4] Amalungelo e - Watch Watch Japan [ asebenza nezimpindelo zabafundi ukuze ahlanganise izikhuthazo ezithile ze-LGTQ+s (njengemithetho emelene nokuncitshiswa kwe-dikmin). Lokhu kusebenza okungadingi ukusebenza okunga okungaqondakali okuthiwe.

Izinkundla Zomthetho Ziguqulwa Yintsha Eyiqaphile

Kwezinye izindawo, ziye zathola amashifu amakhulu, kanti kwezinye, intuthuko iyaqhubeka ikhona.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nomthetho Wendawo Ezungezile

Young people are the demographic most concerned about climate change in Japan. In the 2021 general election, the CDP and JCP ran on ambitious platforms calling for an end to coal-fired power and a swift transition to 100% renewable energy. The LDP, historically reliant on the coal and utility industries, responded with its "Green Transformation" (GX) plan. While heavily criticized by activists as insufficient, it represents a significant rhetorical shift from the LDP's previous denial and foot-dragging. The youth movement has successfully made climate a non-negotiable issue for any party claiming to be progressive.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nezinguquko Zomsebenzi

Ukuguguleka kwe "isikhathi somsebenzi" nokwanda komsebenzi ongajwayelekile ([[FLT: 0] hisiki koyo ) kubangele isizukulwane esineholo elimile nesokulondeka komsebenzi okuphansi. IReiwa Shinsengumi iyiqembu eliqondiswe ngqo lalenhlangano. iqonga laso lezenhlalaphansi ("ifaka iscreenzo sezenhlala-khaya sezezisebenzi ezifikayo, ivimbele "ukususa" kwezisebenzi zesikhashana", futhi yakha umsebenzi oqinisekisa ngokuqondile ukuthi inhlekelele yezomnotho yentsha."Ne-LDP iphoqeqelelwe ukuxoxa ngalokhu, isebenzisa "isimo sokulungisa isimo somsebenzi" imithetho yokuqeda isikhathi esiqhubekayo, ithembisa ukuqeda igebese-mali phakathi kwezisebenzi ezivamile nezisebenzi ezingekhona ezinhlanganweni ezinhlanganweni zezomnotho.

Ukulingana kwesizwe ne - LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Lena indawo yoshintsho olukhulu. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, umshado owenziwe ngoshende wawungekho emgangathweni wanoma yiliphi iqembu elikhulu. Namuhla, i CDP, iJCP, neKomeito (ilungu le-LDP elisemshaneni) liyisekela ngokucacile. Kunyaka ka 2023 G7 weSishaya-G7 eqhutshwe iJapane, iLGBTQ + amalungelo aba yihlazo elikhulu emhlabeni wonke le-LDP. Abashisekeli bentsha, abasebenza nezazi ezingokomthetho, bafaka igagasi lokufuna ukulingana komshado. Nakuba i-LDLDP's platifomu esemthethweni ihlala iqinile, iqembu laphoqelelwa ukuba lidlule i "LBTQultive Act" ngo-2023, umphumela oqondile wokuzicindezela kwezentengiselwano. Inhlangano yaseKuo iphoqelela ukucwa kweqembu lezempi yezombangazwe.

Ukuthula, Ukulondeka, Nesihloko 9

Lena indawo eyinkimbinkimbi. I-CANDLS yahluleka ukunqanda ukuchazwa kabusha kweSiphakamiso 9. Nokho, impikiswano eyaqalwayo isekude kakhulu. Ingxenye enkulu yevoti yentsha ihlala imelene ngokuqinile nempi, iqiniso lokuthi ithonya amapulatifomu okuphikisa. iCDP ne JCP igcine ukuzimisela kwayo ekuhlonishweni "ukuchazwa kweSiphakamiso 9" ne "ukuma kwe-difensen-on". Inhlangano futhi iye yadala izinga elinamandla lokumelana ne-LDP's's ukuma okuqinile kwempi. Isenzo sobusha siye sakwazi ukuhlanganisa nanoma yimuphi umzamo wokulungisa iSiphakamiso 9 njengesenzo esimelene nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, yenza ukuba kube nempikiswano yesithathu ye-LDP, nakuba iphethe i-smouse kakhulu, iye yagwema kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Isizukulwane se-"digital" sizwela kakhulu ezindabeni zokuhlola i-inthanethi, imininingwane eyimfihlo, nenkululeko yokuveza izinkulumo. Ukuphoqelelwa kwe-"digital Agency" kwakuthandwa kulo lonke ibhodi, kodwa abashisekeli bentsha baye babaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi phakathi kwenguquko yemiba engokwezinombolo yaseJapane. Baye bagxeka isimiso sikahulumeni senhlala zincwadi zangasese zezincwadi zezindaba zezindaba futhi baye baphoqa imithetho eqinile emishinini emikhulu. I-CDP neReiwa iye yasabela ngokuhlanganisa nobukhosi obukhethekile bemininingwane kanye namapulatime e-antive compation ezindaweni zabo zamapulatifomu.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukhetho LwaseTokyo Lwe - “gubernator ”

Ukhetho lwama-2024 eTokyo lwe-gubernator lusebenza njengesifundo esifundisayo sezendaba zethonya lentsha kulenkathi yamanje. Umjaho owavezwa ku-Yuriko ophambili (LDP-aligneike), ukuphikiswa kweRenho, kanye nozimele we-Shinji Ishimaru. Ishimaru, owayengumphathi wedolobha elincane, wayengasekelwanga iqembu lesizwe kodwa wayenemithombo emikhulu yezindaba yezenhlalo elandela. Umkhankaso wakhe wawugcwele izisebenzi zokuzithandela, uxhaswe yiminikelo emincane, futhi wahlelwa abantu abasebashana ababedumele izinhlangano ezinkulu.

Ukuhlongozwa kwe-Ishimaru kwaqhutshwa "Imate" (Yima phezulu!) , umholi, i-inthanethi-driven icindezela ukuba isuse indawo esunguliwe. Nakuba i-Ishimaru ekugcineni yabekwa okwesithathu, wavota ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6, ebonisa amandla amahle okhetho omntwana odlula izakhiwo zeqembu elingokwesiko. Lokhu kwathumela isisha esisha nge-LDP ne-CDP. Kwabonisa ukuthi umuntu ongenasisekelo osekelwa inhlangano kodwa ngendaba yezimiso zezindaba nentshiseko yobusha ekwazi ukuncintisana ngokungathi sína. Iqoqo manje libhalwe ngeso le-"Irur") evotela ngokwayo, ngokumelene ne-i-iekhothone.

Iqembu lentsha liphikisana ne - Graying Electorate: Impi Yokwakha

Akwenzeki ukuxoxa ngethonya lentsha ngaphandle kokuvuma inselele enkulu yokwakha abantu asebekhulile baseJapane. Abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-29 abantu bakhona baneminyaka engu-65. Le "intando yeningi" idala ukudonsela phansi okunamandla emaqenjini aqondene nezithakazelo zasebekhulile: ukulondoloza impatho yempesheni yomusa, ukugcina ukunakekelwa kwempilo kubiza imali ephansi kwabagugile, futhi ukwenqaba ukwanda kwentela. Icebo eliyisisekelo lezombangazwe se-LDP ibiyisivikelo se-"nethi ephephile" kwasebe-sendali, abavotela izinombolo ezinkulu.

Ngakho - ke, izinhlangano zentsha zisebenza endaweni ezungezile eyingozi kakhulu. Kumelwe zivezwe phezulu kakhulu futhi ziphumelele kakhulu nje kuphela ngenxa yomsindo wempesheni yomnyango wempesheni. Ithonya lazo alivamile ukushintsha ngokuqondile i-LDP' futhi liyakwazi ukushintsha i-platfomu futhi lishintshe kakhulu ingxoxo ende nenkathi yobupolitiki yamaqembu aphikisayo. Amandla okhetho lwentsha awasekho esimweni sawo kodwa ahlanganisa izinqubo zikakhonkolo njenge "kukhuphuka" inani labantu abakhona. Okhethweni oluqinile, iqembu elingakhomba ukukhungathekisa intukuthelo kanye nethemba lentsha. Lokhu kuphoqeqeza zonke izimpi ukuba okungenani zikhokhele inkonzo yomlomo yentsha eyisiphendumiso, futhi ngokuqhubekayo, zihlanganise izinqubo zikakhonkolo ezisobala.

Isiphetho: Umkhankaso Waphakade Wesizukulwane Esizayo

Indima yezinhlangano zentsha eJapane iqondwa kangcono njengempi yamandla alawulayo, avumelanisayo. Ayiyona indlela elandelanayo yentuthuko eqhubekayo kodwa uchungechunge lokuqhuma okushayelela izulu lezwe elingokombangazwe ngaphambi kokuba liphinde liphele. Ukubhikisha kwe-Ampo ngo-1960, i-Zenkytoto ukuhlubuka, umzabalazo we-SEALDs, kanye nokhetho lwamashumi amabili anesine lumelela uphawu oluphezulu lwamanzi lwesivumelwano sobusha.

Ushintsho oluphawulekayo kulenkathi yamanje luhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwenqubo ye-minuctive nokusetshenziswa komsebenzi. Izinhlangano zentsha zanamuhla azinangqondo futhi azinawo amamenenja amaningi. Zigxila ekubhaliseni abavoti, ekuqoqeni i-internet, nasekwakheni imifelandawo ne-NNGO. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukusebenzisa ithonya eliphikelelayo, elinamandla emaqenjini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo ezinjengo LGBTQ+ amalungelo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nendawo yokuzimela. Nakuba i-LDP ingase ingadinjwa yile lezinhlangano, iyaphoqelelwa ukuba ivumelane. Ukudlala ngothando kwamuva kweqembu ngenqubo eqhubekayo yezenhlalo nokugcizelela kwalo kwezimiso zezimiso zezokuxhumana kuyinto enkulu, ukusabela okukhulu ekudingenweni kokuhlala kanye nezigidi ezingu-30 ngaphansi kuka-1964.

Njengoba inani labantu baseJapane liqhubeka likhula, ithonya lobusha liyokhula libaluleke kakhulu. Ukungalingani kwenani labantu akunakusekelwa phakade. Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayosinda futhi achume emashumini amathathu eminyaka azayo yilawo alalelayo, akhe, futhi ahlanganisa izimfuno zezingane ezisezingeni lazo eliphakathi namuhla. Izwi lesizukulwane esilandelayo aliseyona inhlebethi emasangweni kagesi, okuwumfuno oqhubekayo, ongapheliyo wezicelo ezithatha kancane kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile ezihlanganisa incwadi yezokudlala yezombangazwe yaseJapane.