Ukuqonda Incazelo Yezombangazwe Emiphakathini Ehlukahlukene

Emiphakathini ephawulwe ukuhlukana okujulile kwezinhlanga, inkolo, noma ulimi, umklamo wezinhlangano zezombangazwe uba ukuvimbela okugxekayo kokuthula, ukuzinza, nokulunga. Izisekelo ezimbili ezihlukene zokuhlela amandla ezombangazwe ("consocialism") nokulawula okungalinganiyo) kunikeza izimpendulo ezihlukene zombuzo wokuthi ukumelelwa kufanele kuhlelwe kanjani. Nakuba kokubili kuzimisele ukubusa ngokuphumelelayo, izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo, izimiso, nemiphumela ihle kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili, ukuhlola izakhiwo zazo ezicatshangelwayo, impumelelo yazo, amandla, amandla, nobuthakathaka, nomongo olwazi olungcono kakhulu.

Ososayensi bezombangazwe sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngenzuzo yokuphathana kwegunya nomthetho omkhulu. Ukukhetha phakathi kobukhomanisi nobuphathi kungeyena nje ulwazi; kunemiphumela yangempela ezizigidini zabantu abahlala emiphakathini enjenge Lebanon, Belgium, Northern Ireland, Kenya, i-India, ne-United Kingdom. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kusiza abahleli bemithetho, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ukuba bahlole izinqubo ezingathuthukisa ukubusa okuzimele noma ukulawula i-internch revotation.

Kuyini Ukuzihlukanisa? Ukujula Kwesimiso Samandla

I-consociationism, eyaziwa futhi njengedemokrati yentando yeningi ye-consociational noma i-demokrati elawula amandla, iyisibonelo sokubusa okuqondiswe ngokukhethekile emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu. Leligama lathandwa kakhulu usosayensi wezombangazwe u-Arend Lijphart ekupheleni konyaka ka-1970, ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwakhe idemokratistiki encane yaseYurophu njengeNetherlands, iBelgium, iSwitzerland, ne-Austria. Lijphart waphawula ukuthi lamazwe, naphezu kokuba ehlukene emigqeni engokwenkolo neyolimini, afinyelela ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuzinziwa ngamabo esemthethweni eyaqinisekisa ukufakwa kwawo wonke amaqembu abalulekile.

Umqondo oyinhloko wobuconationism uwukuthi emphakathini ohlukene, ukubusa okuningi kukodwa kungaholela ekuhlukanisweni okuhlala njalo kwamaqembu amancane, kubangele ukucasuka nokuxabana. Kunalokho, amandla ahlanganyelwa phakathi kwezikhulu zezindawo eziyinhloko noma imiphakathi. ULijphart waveza izici ezine eziyinhloko eziphawula isimiso sokulawula ngokugcwele:

  1. Umkhulu - Zonke izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zimelelwe egatsheni eliphethe igatsha. Esikhundleni sikahulumeni omkhulu oyingxenye eyodwa, ikhabethe lihlanganisa abaholi abavela emaqenjini ayinhloko esizwe, enkolo, noma olimi. Ngokwesibonelo, eBelgium, uhulumeni wamazwe uhlanganisa kokubili izikhonzi ezikhuluma isiDashi nesiFulentshi.
  2. I-Mutunial Veto or Connucal Majoity - Amaqembu amancane anawo amandla okuvimbela izinqumo ezithinta izifiso zawo ezibalulekile. Lokhu kuvimbela iningi ekucindezeleni izinkathazo zamaqembu amancane ngokuphelele. E-Northern Ireland, isikhulu esilawulayo sidinga ukusekela kokunqamula kwezinqumo ezithile ngokunxusa kwenqubo yokukhathalela.
  3. Iprojekthi - - umelelo epalamente, inkonzo yomphakathi, futhi ngokuvamile ekwabiweni kwemithombo kahulumeni kuyalingana nobukhulu beqembu ngalinye. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngezimiso zokukhetha ezilinganisiweyo, njengesimiso sohlelo lweqembu noma ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo. ELebhanoni, izihlalo zephalamende zabelwa ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwamahlelo enkolo aqaliwe asekelwe kwisilinganiso esimisiwe.
  4. I-Autonomy - Amaqembu anikezwa izinga elithile lokuzilawula ezindabeni ezithinta amasiko, njengemfundo, ulimi, nemithetho yesimo somuntu siqu. Lokhu kungathatha uhlobo lwe-confederalism, noma uzibuse. Isimiso solimi nenkolo sase Switzerland sinikeza imiphakathi yolimi nenkolo ngokulawula okukhulu kwendawo.

I-Consocialist ayilona ikhambi elilodwa elinobukhulu. Liye lasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Good Wearver Audict e-Northern Ireland ka-1998 yamisa ingqungquthela ehlangene nesikhulu esiklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa (abaningi abaProthestani) nabashisekeli besizwe (abaningi abangamaKatolika). Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano saseLebhanoni (1999) sabukeza uhlelo lwe-convocation ukuze siphinde silinganisele amandla phakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwezifunda zenkolo ngemva kwempi yombango yombango. Eposi-aparadid South Africa, umthetho-omsclist (1993) wahlanganisa uHulumeni woBunye besizwe (onke ubuKatolika) owawuqinisekisa amandla phakathi kwe-Afrikan National Congress and National Party ye-Party yenkathi yokuguqulwa.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwe-consociation kungaqeda ukuqaqa ubandlululo, ukuhlukana kwe-internch, futhi kwenza ukwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe zithathe kancane noma zikhubazeke ngenxa yesidingo sokuvumelana okukhulu. Nokho, abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu, ukubusa okungasetshenziswa kanye nokunye okungalawuleki, okungakho okungaholela ekucindezeleni nasekuhlubukeni.

Iyini Inkolelo - ze Yokubusa Kwabaningi?

I-Majoritarianism, engaphakathi, yisimiso sokuthi iningi (noma ubuningi) lezakhamuzi kufanele libe namandla okwenza izinqumo zibopha umphakathi wonke. Ezimisweni zezombangazwe, ukuthatha iziphakamiso ngokuvamile kuguqulela emalungiselelweni ezinto ezikhethelwayo njengakuqala umboniso wesikhathi esidlule (FPTP) noma izimiso ezimbili ezizijikelezile, lapho umvoti noma iqembu elinamavoti amaningi liwina khona isihlalo noma isikhundla. Lendlela icacile futhi iveza abawini abacacile, okungaholela ekuqineni, uhulumeni oqinile.

Imsuka yesimiso sobufundisi isemqoka emfundisweni yentando yeningi. Izazi zeClassic njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau zaphikisa ngokuthi intando yabaningi kufanele iphumelele ukuze babonise intando kawonkewonke. Eqinisweni, izimiso eziyinhloko zivamile emazweni anamasiko ezombangazwe ama-Anglo - America. I-United Kingdom, United States, iCanada, ne-Indiya (nge-Lok Sabha ukhetho) bonke basebenzisa i-FPTPPP kumphakathi wabo ophansi, nakuba i-Indiya iyindawo evelele kakhulu, isimo sesimiso sayo sokhetho esiyinhloko sezwezwe siye saba yingxoxo engamashumi eminyaka amuva.

Izici eziyinhloko zezimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Uhulumeni wesigaba esisodwa[-Phakeme, omunye uthola izihlalo ezanele ukuze akhe uhulumeni kuphela, ngaphandle kokudinga abangane abahlangene. Lokhu kwenza i-pacus ecacile yokulandisa.
  • Isiphathimandla [ - Iqembu elibusayo lingadlulisa umthetho ngokushesha kakhulu, ngoba akudingekile ukuhlehla kunohulumeni abahlangene.
  • Ithatha-indawo-yonke izifunda - [EFTP] , i-cofftitucy ngayinye ikhetha ummeleli oyedwa, futhi ovota kakhulu uyaphumelela, ngisho noma engatholi inani elikhulu. Lokhu kungakweqisa ukumelelwa kweningi nedlanzana elikhona.
  • [ ... Kheta-Mikhathi ye-Pinary Policy [ - Izimiso zaMajoritarian zivame ukukhuthaza umncintiswano oyingxenye ezimbili, ovumela ukukhetha umvoti kodwa okwazi ukubeka imingcele yesigaba sesithathu namazwi amancane.

Abasekeli bobushiqela baphikisa ngokuthi buveza ukubusa okuphumelelayo, isiqondiso sesimiso esicacile, nokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Bakhomba ekusimameni kweUnited States neUnited Kingdom njengobufakazi bokuthi ukubusa okuningi kungahlala ndawonye nezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezikhululekile, uma kunesivikelo esiqinile samalungelo abantu ngabanye nesimiso sokuzimela esizimele.

Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi izimiso zobushiqela zingahlukanisa ngokulandelana ezingeni nasebusweni. Emiphakathini ehlukene ngokwezinhlanga, iningi lohlanga oluhlala njalo lingabusa isimiso sezombangazwe, lishiye izigaba ezimbalwa zingenalo ithonya elibalulekile. Lokhu kungaholela ezimpini zombango, njengoba kuboniswa eSri Lanka lapho izimiso zikahulumeni weSinhalese-majorius zahlukanisa idlanzana elincane lamaTamil, okwabangela impi yombano engamashumi eminyaka. Ngokufanayo, eRwanda, uhulumeni wangaphambi kobuHutu-joride wasebenzisa khona ukuhlukanisa kohlanga ukuze ususe futhi kamuva ujekele amaTutsi amancane.

Ukuqhathanisa Isimiso Sokuzivumelanisa Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni: Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi isiphi isimiso esingase sisebenze kangcono emongweni onikeziwe, kubalulekile ukuba uziqhathanise ngezilinganiso eziningi. Itafula elingezansi lifingqa umehluko oyinhloko, kodwa ukulandisa kunwebeka eqophelweni ngalinye.

Dimension Consociationalism Majoritarianism
Inclusivity High – all major groups guaranteed representation in government and decision-making. Low – large minorities can be permanently excluded from executive power.
Efficiency of Decision-Making Slow – requires negotiation and consensus among multiple parties. Fast – a single party can implement its agenda quickly.
Electoral System Proportional representation or mixed-member proportional. First-past-the-post, two-round system, or other plurality-based systems.
Representation of Minorities Explicitly institutionalized; groups have veto power over vital interests. De facto marginalized; no guaranteed access to power.
Stability Can be stable if elites cooperate; risk of paralysis or group entrenchment. Stable if majority is moderate; risk of majoritarian tyranny and rebellion.
Accountability Diffuse – many parties share responsibility, making voter judgment difficult. Clear – voters can easily reward or punish a single ruling party.

Ukuzwelana no-v. Ukunquma

Ukuthutha okuyisisekelo kakhulu kuphakathi kokungalawuleki nokunganqikazi. Inkinga edinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ifaka isibindi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu abalulekile anesihlalo etafuleni, kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile kuvela ngezindleko zejubane, ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima. Ukungathembani okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi kungabonakala njengosongo, okuholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esisheshayo esibangela ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokwemvelo noma ukuwa kwezomnotho.

Imiphumela Yesimiso Se - eector

Isimiso sokhetho yinqubo eguqula amavoti ezihlalweni. Izimiso ze-consocial zivame ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokumelela okulinganayo (PR) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla eqembu ngalinye ephalamende ahambelana nobunzima balo bokuzalana. Ngokwesibonelo, eNetherlands, umnyango wokungena uphansi (0.67% wevota yesizwe), uvumela amancane amaqembu ukuba aphumelele izihlalo. Ngokungafani, izimiso ezinkulu ezifana ne-FPPPPPPrace zilingana nenani elincane kakhulu elisakazekele ngokwezinga lomhlaba. E-UK, i-Liberal Democrates ngokuvamile yamukela isabelo esincane sezihlalo ezingaphezu kwenani labo abavotayo, kuyilapho ama-Conservative ne-Labour ebekwe ngaphezulu.

Iqembu Amalungelo Amalungelo limelene namalungelo omuntu ngamunye

I-Consociationism ivame ukuncika ekuqashelweni kwamalungelo eqembu, okusho ukuthi ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe kuhlangene nobuzwe, inkolo, noma ulimi. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga ngoba kuthatha ukuthi i-codentium imisiwe futhi i-homogeneus, futhi inganqanda ukuncishwa kwemidanti. Ngokwenkolelo, ubuMajoliyanti, buphatha zonke izakhamuzi njengabantu ngabanye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingamalungu eqembu, ahambisana nobunye obukhululekile. Nokho, ngokoqobo, izimiso ezinkulu ezingokwesiko ezisemiphakathini ehlukene zingaveza ukukhishwa kweqembu ngaphandle kokuqashelwa okungokomthetho.

Umphumela Wobunye Bezenhlalo Nokuqina Kwezombangazwe

Ukucwaninga ngesinqumo sempi kunikeza ubufakazi obuxubile bokuthi yisiphi isimiso esithuthukisa ukuthula okuhlala njalo. Ukuhlola okuphawulekayo kukaLijphart kwathola ukuthi idemokrasi yentando yeningi yayizinzile futhi ingenabudlova kakhulu kunezezikhulu ze-consicationals ezisemiphakathini ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, iBelgium, naphezu kokungezwani kwezilimi phakathi kwamaFleming namaWalloon, iye yahlala idemokrati yentando yeningi ngaphandle kwempi yangaphakathi iminyaka eyikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezici zayo zokuthula. Ngokufanayo, i-conociationationalism yase-Switzerland iye yangenisa izakhamuzi zayo zaseJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiTaliyane, neyane, neRomash-ixoxoxod.

Nokho, i-consociationism ayiyona ikhambi. Abagxeki abanjengoDonald Horowitz baphikisa ngokuthi kungabangela ukuqashelwa kobuzwe futhi kunciphise izisusa zokuba amaqembu ezombangazwe ancintisane neqembu. ELebanon, isimiso sokuzihlela siye sasolwa ngokusungula amahlelo, ukwenza inkohlakalo, nokubangela ukukhubazeka kwezombangazwe. I-2019 ngokwengxenye yayiwukusabela esigabeni sezombangazwe esisebenzisa kabi isimiso sehlelo lokuhlukanisa amahlelo ngokwenzuzo yaso.

Nakuba kunjalo, ukuphumelela kwemiphakathi efanayo kodwa inomlando ophansi kakhulu ohlukene kakhulu. Ukuwa kweYugoslavia, ukuqothulwa kwesizwe, nempi yombango yase-Sri Lanka konke kwenzeka emazweni anezimiso ezinamandla noma zesigaba esikhulu ezahluleka ukuvikela amalungelo amancane. Kodwa i-Indiya, isizwe esikhulu nesihlukene, iye yalondoloza isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi sezwe kusukela ekuzimeleni, naphezu kokusebenzisa isimiso sombuso wezwe esiyinhloko sabavotisi bendlu yayo ephansi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokwengxenye ngenxa yeqembu eliqinile lezifunda zaseNdiya, isimiso sengxenye enkulu ye-FPPPP, nesivikelo semithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho seqembu eliphansi.

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando Nelangesikhathi Esizayo

IBelgium: Isifundazwe Sezincwadi Ezinabantu Abahlukahlukene

IBelgium yavela esifundeni esikhuluma isiFulentshi esinezwe elihlukene kakhulu elinolimi olufanayo. Izivumelwano zesivumelwano se-concociation zekhulu lama-20, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwesigaba solimi ekhabetheni, ukuzikhethela kwempucuko kwemiphakathi ye-Flemish ne Francophone, kanye nesakhiwo sikahulumeni, ziye zavimbela izimpi ezinobudlova. Nokho, kusukela ngo-2010, iBelgium iye yaba nezikhathi ezinde ngaphandle kukahulumeni ogcwele ngenxa yezingxoxo zesivumelwano, eziqokomisa ukuhluleka kwe-conciationism engathi sína.

Inyakatho ne Ireland: Ukuguqula Okungqubuzanayo Ngogesi

I-Good Wear Agreement ka-1998 yamisa isikhulu esiphoqelelwe senhlangano lapho izinyunyana nezinhlangano zesizwe kumelwe zihlanganyele khona igunya. Leli lungiselelo lesivumelwano, kanye nezinhlangano ezinqamule imingcele nenkululeko enkulu, zaqeda ukubusa okuqondile eLondon futhi ikakhulu kwanqanda ubudlova bamahlelo. Nakuba i-Good Flocky yezombangazwe iye yenzeka (umz., kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020), inqubo yokuthula ibhekwa kabanzi njengempumelelo. Isimiso sihlala sintekentekenteke, kanye nezimpikiswano zesikhathi ezimayelana nolimi lwe-Ireland kanye nezinhlelo zezokuhweba nge-Brrish.

E - United Kingdom: Isimiso Sezisebenzi Ezinkulu Esingaphansi Kokucindezeleka

I-UK’s Westminster iyisimiso sakudala sokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-EU ne-Scotland, nokhetho oluno-FPTP, amakhabethe ahlukene, kanye negunya elinamandla. Iye yanikeza uhulumeni ozinzile amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa futhi iye yaveza izingxabano zesifunda nezobuzwe. Ukuhoxa kwe-UK ekubusweni kwe-EU kwadalula ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kweNgilandi ne-Scotland, nohulumeni waseScotland (ukuvunyelwa kwe-okakhulu) ifuna ukuthathelwa phambili kwenkululeko yesibili. ENorthern Ireland, isiko elikhulu lokuzimela umthetho "obala" (isibalo esibanzi" isimiso sobubhishobhishobhisi (ngaphambi kuka-1971) saphumela ekubushiqelani nakucwani kwamaKatolika, kuholele ekubangeleni kweNhlupheko.

Kenya: Ukuhlola ngokugunyaza amandla

Ngemva kwenkinga yobudlova yangemva kokukhetha ngo-2007-2008, iKenya yamukela umthetho-sisekelo omusha ngo-2010 owasungula isimiso sobumongameli esinegunya elikhulu, kodwa futhi nemfuneko yamandla: umongameli nesekela likamongameli kumelwe bevela emiphakathini ehlukene yezinhlanga uma kungekho mathikithi anqoba iningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ukuncitshiswa kwemiklamo engu-47, enikeza amaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene inkululeko. Le zimiso ze-proteni ehlangeneyo (umongameli onamandla) kanye ne-conciation (ukulinganisa kwesizwe, izakhi ze-devolution), futhi uye wavimbela ubudlova obukhulu obuyisilinganiso sokhetho, nakuba ikhona.

Izimpikiswano Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esidlule

Ingabe Ukuncintisana Kwezenhlalo Kuwukwehlukana?

Enye yezinsolo ezinamandla kakhulu ukuthi ukusekela ubuzwe noma inkolo kuqinisa ukuma kwesizwe noma ukulahlekelwa yisizwe esihlangane. EBelgium, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zamaFlemish namaFrancone zivumelana ngokuyinhloko nomphakathi wazo kunokuba zifane nezwe laseBelgium. ELebhanoni, amahlelo aye aqina, futhi isimiso sivame ukusolwa ngokukhuthaza ukusekela abathengisi nokuhluleka. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi "i-intergrade" ingeniswa nokuhlanganisa ukubambisana okukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu kunokuba kukhuthaza ukuhlukana kweqembu.

Ingabe Isimiso Sokubusa Kwabefundisi Singahlotshiswa Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo?

Amanye amazwe aye aguqula ubufundisi obunezici ezifana ne-constianism, incwadi esemthethweni yamalungelo, isivikelo somthetho wejaji esizimele, kanye nezokuvikela ulimi oluncane. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uhlanganisa ukuvikela okukhulu kwezigaba ezihleliwe, izizwe ezihleliwe, nezizwe ezimbalwa ezingokwenkolo. ICanada isebenzisa i-FPTP kodwa futhi inamalungelo aqinile olimi oluncane kanye ne-Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Lokhu kushintsha kunganciphisa imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokubusa okuningi ngaphandle kokufuna ukulawulwa kwemithetho egcwele. Nokho, incike emasikweni ezombangazwe athinta amalungelo amancane .

Indima Yomklamo Wesimiso Sezinto Eziphilayo

Ushintsho lwesimiso se-Electoral luyinqubo eyisihluthulelo. Amazwe anezimiso ezinkulu ngezinye izikhathi acabangela ukwamukela ukuvota okuxubile okuhlanganisa i-modeli (MMP) noma okusemthethweni ukuze athuthukise ukumelelwa kwedlanzana ngaphandle kokususa yonke indlela yokuguqula i-consociationism. E-New Zealand, ukushintshwa kwe-FPTP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 kwanda ukulingana futhi kwanika amaqembu amancane (kuhlanganise nabameleli bama-Maori) izwi elinamandla. Lendlela yokuhlanganisa i-convolution yezakhi ezinkulu (izifunda ezizimele ezizimele) ngokuhlanganisa izifunda ezizimele.

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Isibonelo Esifanele Somphakathi Ohlukene Phakathi

Akuyona i-consociationism noma i-asterism ephezulu kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Ukuphumelela kwabo kuxhomeke ekutheni ihlelwe kanjani ngokomlando, ngokomphakathi, nangokwenani labantu. I-Consociationalism inikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula izimpi ezijulile zesizwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu abalulekile ahlanganyela amandla. Ingavimbela ubudlova nokubambisana, kodwa ngokulahlekelwa kokuhlukanisa nokunciphisa izinqumo. I-picationalismism, ngesithembiso sayo sokulawula kahle nokwenza izivumelwano zikahulumeni, isebenza kangcono kakhulu emiphakathini eqinile noma ngamanye ama-conetic vikele, kodwa ingavimbela ukubambisana okuhlukanisa okukhulu.

Kubenzi bezimiso, isifundo sicacile: alikho ikhambi lomhlaba wonke. Umklamo wezinhlangano zezombangazwe kumelwe uvumelaniswe nesisekelo sezenhlalo yalelizwe. Ezimweni lapho ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo kukhulu futhi amaqembu ezwe ekhona, indlela yokulungisa ingadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukuthula. Emiphakathini lapho ukuhlukana kunganzima kakhulu noma lapho kunesiphambano somphakathi esiqinile, isimiso somphakathi esiqinile esilawulwa kakhulu amalungelo amancane singafaneleka kakhulu. I-hybrid / i-syd / synd / i-atting medias i-modential exmatic thraptions.

Ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka bobuzwe nokuzisebenzela kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekufinyeleleni lokho kulinganisela emiphakathini ehlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Arend Lijphart's Classic Imisebenzi ye-Consociation Democracy, Donald Horowtitz's critique ku " i-Ethnic Group in Conflict"[, kanye neNyakatho ye-Ireland yenqubo yokuthula yezincwadi e-[FLT:] i-Intection [[FLT:]]. Ukuhlaziya okungafaniyo kwezimiso zokhetho, bona [FLT] i-Exlectal Information Societys [FLT]