Ukwanda Kwezinhlansi Zokusunduza: Ithuluzi Eliyisivikelo Lokuphazamisa Umbono Womphakathi Ezimpikiswaneni Zomphakathi Eziyimpikiswano

Kuleli zwe elinobudlelwano eligcwele udwendwe lwezombangazwe nolwezenhlalo, ulwazi lunamandla. Nokho akuyona yonke imininingwane ebonakala ifana. Ukungena ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe − inhlolo - mbumbulu eklanyelwe ukungalinganisi umbono womphakathi kodwa ukuwulawula. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okungokomthetho, okulwela ukuqondisisa nokunemba, okusunduza ukuphenya okuwukunxenxa. Zizenza zibonakale ziwukucwaninga lapho zisakaza ubandlululo, zithwele, noma ngisho nokwaziswa okungamanga okuklanyela ukuthonya izimo zemibono yomphakathi. Ukuqonda indima yokuphoqa ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha i-testsworry namuhla futhi avikele inkulumo yedemocrali ethonyeni.

Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe yisu lokufuna ukuzwana kwezombangazwe noma kwezenhlalo okuzenza ucwaningo olungokomthetho. Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kokuhlola okuphoqelelweyo kanye nokuhlola okuqotho ukhona enhloso nasendleleni yokuhlola. Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kusebenzisa imibuzo engathathi hlangothi, elinganiselwe ukuze kuqoqe ukwaziswa okumelelwayo ngokuphathelene nomzwe womphakathi. Umgomo wabo ukuqonda lokho abantu abakucabangayo. Ukuphenya, ngokuphambene, kuklanyelwe ukushintsha lokho abantu abakucabangayo. Kuhloselwe ukuveza imibuzo eholayo ehlanganisa ukukhomba intela okungaqiniseki, ukugxeka, noma ukubuza okudidelela imizwelo. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni sokubuza ukuthi, “Usekela icebo lokuhlola impilo lika-A?” ukukhuthaza ukubuza, “Ungasakusekela lokho okucabangayo uma wazi ukuthi kuphakamisa izintela ngezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali nokugomela?"

Ukuhlola okubhulayo ngokuvamile kusebenzisa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi “i-piludo-coocleast” ngokushaya izingcingo zamanje, izingcingo ezizisebenzelayo, noma izinhlolo ze-inthanethi. Bangase bathi baphuma embonini yokucwaninga engathathi hlangothi, kodwa umxhasi ongokoqobo ngokuvamile ungumbhakela, umthendeleli, iqembu lobumpofu, noma i-Super PAC. The American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) ichaza ukuhlola okuphoqeleleka ngokuthi “iiintellinethi yokuhlola” okungaqondile okuyinto engekhona neze "ukuhlola ikhankambi” ngoba inhloso ukusakaza ukwaziswa okuphambene ngaphansi kokucwaninga.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinhlansi Zokubhuntshisa

  • Inhloso eqondiswe: Impendulo itshelwa ukuthi ihlanganyela ekuhloleni, kodwa injongo yangempela ukunxenxa.
  • Imibuzo efakiwe: Imibuzo iqukethe imibono exegayo, ulimi oluholelayo, noma izisekelo ezinganembile.
  • Ubude besikhathi:[ Izinhlolo eziningi zenziwa ngemibuzo eyodwa noma emibili, vele nje yanele ukunikeza umyalezo ophambene,] kunebhethri elibanzi lezinto.
  • Isampulo Enkulu, ukubulala okusheshayo: Ukuvota okuphoqayo kuvame ukuhlasela amashumi ezinkulungwane zabavoti ngesikhathi esifushane ukuze kwandiswe ukugcwaliswa komyalezo ngaphambi kokuba abaphikisi baphendule.
  • Akukho ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa: Umxhasi akavamile ukucubungula noma ukukhipha i-“ults” ngoba imininingwane ayinanjongo. Injongo iwukuguqula imibono.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Neziphawulekayo

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo bekuyisici sezombangazwe zaseMelika amashumi amaningi eminyaka, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwaqhubekela phambili ekufikeni kokushaya ucingo oludaliweyo nokwehla kwe-tekthena. Esinye sezibonelo ezidumile kakhulu neziphikisanayo senzeka phakathi nonyaka ka- 2000 Republican purent collant eSouth Carolina. Ama-operard asebenzela uGeorge W. Bush ahlolwa ukuba kwenziwe umkhankaso osikisela ukuthi iSenator John McCain wazala umntwana omnyama ongekho emthethweni. Lokho kujikijekile kungu-decollet McCain futhi kwafaka unyawo lwe-Bhish ku-Bhidroy. Ngo-2016, kugqugquzela ukuphenduzwa kwemidantiswa phakathi nokhetho, ukuhlolwa kwemibalwa kwemibuzo emikhulu egcwele amahlebomu, ukuvalelwe amahlebo okufudu.

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa akugcini e-United States. ECanada, unyulo lukahulumeni ka 2006 lwaphoqelela ukuhlolwa okuye kwabhekiswa kumholi weLiberal Party uPaul Martin, ngokushaya izingcingo okubonisa ukuthi iConservative Party inganciphisa izinkonzo. E-United Kingdom, i-Bretityendum ikhalaza ngokuphoqelela ukuphehlwa kwemikhankaso yodwa yeSiswele neSivini. Izizwe ngezizwe, ukuphoqesha ukuhlolwa kokhetho kufakazelwe kukhetho olusuka e-Australia kuya eNingizimu Afrika, ngokuvamile kuhlasela izimpikiswano ezibucayi zezenhlalo njengempikiswano yesizwe, ukufuduka, ukuthutha, nokuzichaza okungokwenkolo.

Indlela Imibono Ehlukahlukene Ethonya Ngayo Umphakathi Ezimpikiswaneni Zezenhlalo Ezibucayi

Ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zokuhlola eziphoqelelwayo kuxhomeke ekhonweni lazo lokusebenzisa ukuthambekela kwengqondo namagebengu.

Ukuqinisa Izici Eziyingozi Ngaphambi Kokuba Uqhubeke

Abantu bathambekele ekwamukeleni ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona (ukuvumelana). Ukuhlola kokuphoqelela kusizakala ngalokhu ngokufaka imibuzo ekhangayo kukuthambekela kwezombangazwe noma kwezenhlalo okwaziwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphoqelelwa kokufuduka kungabuza umvoti ongaguquki: “Uyayisekela imithetho evumela amadolobha angcwele .avikela abafuduki abangavunyelwe ngokomthetho abaye benza ubugebengu obusemthethweni, ngokubambisana nomthetho kahulumeni?” Amazwi agcweleyo athi “abafuduki abasebenzi beze ezindaweni ezihlukene bangenza ubugebengu” aqinisa umbono wokuthi bonke abafuduki abangabangabaziwamukelanga bayingozi, ngisho noma incazelo iwudumela ikhohlisa. Ngokuqinisekisa umbuzo, abasabelayo bagxila kakhulu ekucwaseni kwabo ubandlululo.

Ukushintsha Izindlela Ngokuzilungisa

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kungabuza: “Ucabanga ukuthi kuyamukeleka yini ukuba uhulumeni avimbele amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesibili seSichibiyelo sokuvimbela izakhamuzi ngokuvala izibhamu, ngisho noma ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kungabunciphisi ubugebengu obunobudlova?” Inkulumo ephoqayo isikisela ukuthi umthetho awusebenzi futhi uphula umthetho ungaphindwa kabili. Lombuzo ungathinta uhulumeni ukuba angawavikeli amalungelo eSibili seSichibiyelo sokuvinjelwa somthetho ngokuvala izakhamuzi ngokuzishaya umthetho, ngisho noma bengakaze bacabangele neze inqubo engokomthetho.

Ukuphikiswa Okudumazayo Nokwenza Ukungabaza Kube Yimbi

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa nakho kusebenza ngokundisa izici ezibonakala zingelutho zesikhundla esithile. Bangatshala imbewu yokungabaza ngohlobo lomuntu ozohlolwa noma imiphumela yesimiso. Ngomongo wenguquko yezempilo, ukuphoqelelwa kokuvota okungasheshiwe kungase kuthi: “Ngaphezu kwecebo lezempilo elihlosiwe, izigidi zingalahlekelwa umshuwalense wazo wamanje futhi zibhekane nokungakholeki. Ingabe ukwazi lokhu kwenza ukuba ungalisekeli kakhulu icebo?” Ngokuveza icebo eliphambene nethuba elibi, ukuvota okungakhiyo kungasusa abantu ngabanye enguqukoni. Ngisho noma inzuzo iyonke ifaka kufaka ubufakazi obucacile. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kakhulu kokutholakalayo: uma ukusabela ngokushesha kulandisa okungakhiyo?

Izinkinga Zezenhlalo Ezibangela Izimpikiswano Ezixhashazwa Impova Ephoqelelayo

Ukuhlola kokucindezela kuyingozi kakhulu ezindabeni lapho ulwazi lomphakathi lulinganiselwe futhi imizwelo iphakeme khona. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziningana lapho ukuphoqelela kubhaliwe khona.

Umthetho Wokufuduka

Ukuthutha kuye kwaba yindaba yebutho elishisayo e-United States nase-Europe ngokufanayo. Ukuhlola kokucindezela ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izinguquko ezihlongozwayo nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni, izindleko zezomnotho, noma ukuthatheka kwempucuko. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuzo ingase ithi “indlela yokuya ekwakheni izakhamuzi” ikhuthaza ukufuduka okungemthetho, noma ukuthi abafuduki basemazweni athile baletha amazinga aphakeme obugebengu. Imibuzo enjalo ayinikezi umongo cishe lowo muntu owezalwe enziwa ngenani eliphansi kunezakhamuzi zakhona (kodwa) kodwa kunalokho ifaka izakhamuzi ezisaba ukuthi zikhona.

Izimpikiswano Zokulawula Izibhamu

Zombili izinhlangothi zengxoxo yokulawula izibhamu ziye zasebenzisa izinhlolo-zincwadi eziphoqelelwe, kodwa lelisu ngokuvamile lihlobene nabasekeli bamalungelo ezibhamu abafuna ukukhuthaza ukuphikisa imingcele emisha. Umbuzo oyisici ophoqelelwe wokuhlola ungase uthi: “Ingabe ungasekela umthetho odinga iziqondiso ekuthengisweni kwezibhamu zomuntu siqu, ngisho noma udala ubhaliso lukahulumeni olungasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izibhamu ezibhamu kamuva?” Impikiswano ehlanganisa ukuhlola isizinda ngemithetho yebhamu ekhudlulwayo.

Izinguquko Ekunakekeleni Impilo

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo siyinkimbinkimbi, futhi abavoti abaningi abanalwazi oluningi. Ukuhlola kwabavoti kusebenzisa lokhu ngokukhipha izicelo ezingasekelwe. Phakathi nengxoxo ye-Affordtable Care Act (ACA), kufaka ukuphenya ukuthi umthetho uhlanganisa “izikhungo zokufa” zokunikeza isiphelo sokunakekela ukuphila kwezingane," ukuthi ukuthi kwakuthiwa kabanzi ukulahlekelwa kodwa kusalokhu kugxile engqondweni yomphakathi. Muva nje, kuphoqelelwe ukuhlolelwa iMedicaras kaSonke ucele uvotice uvolo ukuthi “azosekela icebo elisekela umshuwalenselo owedwa” futhi“ bafaka intela yekilasi eliphakathi,” belishaya indiva iqiniso lokuthi amacebo anjalo ngokuvamile athatha izintela zentela futhi agcine imali emikhayeni eminingi.

Ubuhlobo Bobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

Zimbalwa izimpikiswano ezihlukanisayo kunezinhlanga. Izicelo zokucindezela ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukucasuka kohlanga nokuhlukanisa imiphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli ka-2008 no-2012, abanye abavoti bathola izingcingo zokucela ukuthi “bangavotela umbhishobhi ongase abe umSulumane ngasese noma azalwe ngaphandle kwe-United States.” Lemibuzo, esekelwe ezimfundisweni zozungu, edla ngobandlululo nenkolo. Ngokufanayo, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kweminyango ezindaweni ezihlukene ze-democracyism kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuguqula amaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene ngokusongela imiphakathi ephikisanayo njengemiphakathi emelene nemisebenzi, ukulondeka, noma isiko.

Ukukhathazeka Okungokwesayensi Nokufuna Ukuvuselelwa

Izinkinga zezimiso zokuhlola eziphoqelelwe zinkulu. Bakhohlisa abantu ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi bahlanganyela ekucwaningeni lapho beyizikhonzi zomkhankaso wenkulumo - ze. Lokhu kuphula isimiso esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi sokuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zenze izinqumo ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okunembile nokulinganisela. Ukuphenya kululaza ubuqotho bocwaningo olungokomthetho. Lapho abantu bethola izingcingo, baphelelwa ithemba ngabacuphi bangempela, banciphisa izinga lokusabela futhi balimaza izinga lokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphoqelela ukubhacekwa kufana nohlobo oluthile lokunyundela kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile basakaza izintengo ezingamanga noma ezingahambisani nalutho ngaphansi kwesembozo sokucwaninga. Ngokungafani nokuhlasela kombhalisa ezikhangisweni noma izinkulumo - mpikiswano, ukusunduza ukuphenya kunzima ukubheka iqiniso ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe ukuba kubhaliswe abaxhasi. Ezinye izimo ze-U.S. `zinje] njengezithi , Florida, kanye noColorado [] [_FLT] [imthetho efuna ukuvunywa kwalowo okhokhelwa ukuvota noma ukuvinjelwa kwemikhuba ethile yokukhohlisa. Nokho, ukuphoqesha kubuthakathaka, futhi kusunduza ukuhlinzwa okuvame ukusebenza ezweni engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma zisebenzisa imiyalezo eqoshiwe ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ngalé komthetho, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha uxhomeke kubabeluleki bemikhankaso namaqembu ombuso. Ikhodi le-APATOR ye-Ethics ilahla ngokuqondile ukusunduza ukuphenya, isho ukuthi abacwaningi akumelwe bahlole “ngenjongo eyinhloko yokukholisa abahlohli ukuba bathathe umbono othile.” Nokho ngenxa yokuthi ukuphoqa ukupheka kuvame ukuncintiswa emafemini angekho isisekelo se-tecrectetting emboni ezingakhokhisi izimboni ezikhokhisi, kunzima ukuthatha iziqondiso.

Ukuvikela Inkulumo Yeningi: Indlela Yokumelana Nezinhlansi Zokuphoqelela

Njengoba ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo cishe kunganyamalali, izakhamuzi zidinga amasu asebenzayo okuqaphela nokumelana nethonya lako.

Ukubhala Ngemithombo Yezindaba Nombuzo Obucayi

Imfundo iwuhlu lokuqala lokuvikela. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zifundise abantu ukuba bahlole imibuzo yokuhlola. Uma ucingo luqala ngombuzo oqukethe amazwi aphambene noma imibono ecatshangelwayo, umbhece ophendulayo kufanele awuqaphele njengongaphoqelelwa. Noma ubani othola ucingo olunjalo angabuza ngokuqondile umshayeli: “Ulitholephi inani lami, osekela lokhu kuhlola, futhi ungangithumelela ukuxhumana nesimiso sakho sokuvikela imininingwane?” Umthetho wokuhlola kufanele unikeze izimpendulo ezicacile; ukuphoqa umbhekishi wezicelo uzakuphaka noma unikeze izimpendulo ezimcela ukuvota.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubona Kahle Neqiniso

Uma ucingo olusolekayo lujikeleza kabanzi, abavoti kufanele bakubikele izikhulu zokukhetha noma izinhlangano ezingathathi hlangothi njenge FactCkep.org noma PolitiFct[. Lamaqembu angahlola futhi afake obala okuqukethwe yikho okukhohlisayo, anciphise umonakalo. Imikhankani nezintatheli kufanele zibuke futhi zicindezele imisebenzi yokuhlola imidlalo yokuhlola [1] ikakhulukazi encipheni(*) futhi aphinde athathe iziphakamiso zamanga ngokushesha ngemidiyamu yezenhlalo, akhiphe, anyathelise, kanye nezimiso zomphakathi.

Ukuthatha Inqubo Yomthetho Neyomsebenzi Wezentengiselwano

Izakhamuzi zingasekela imithetho eqinile kahulumeni nohulumeni efuna ukuba noma yikuphi ukuhlola okuqoqa ukwaziswa noma okusebenzisa imibuzo esobala ekhohlakele kumelwe kuchazwe njengezimemezelo zezombangazwe. Ezingeni lemboni, izinkampani zocingo kanye nezinkampani zokuhlola zingabambisana ukuveza nokuphamba izingcingo ze-intshi yomphakathi ngabenzi bezokuhlola abaziwayo abacindezelayo. Abanye ochwepheshe baye bahlongoza ukuba “bangasunduzi umbiko wezwe noma imfuneko yokuthi zonke izingcingo zezombangazwe zidlulisele inkulumo ebhaliwe ekuqaleni kocingo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola kokusunduza kumelela ubuciko obubi kakhulu ebucikweni bemikhankaso yanamuhla yezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Ngokususa inkulumo - ze yezenhlalo njengokucwaninga, bachitha inhloso yentando yeningi yokukhetha ngolwazi olunolwazi. Ithonya labo ezindabeni zezenhlalo eziphikisanayo − ukuthatha impikiswano yezenhlalo, ukulawula izibhamu, ukuphatha impilo, uhlanga olukhathaza kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi lezimpikiswano zici zigcwele ngokomzwelo futhi ngokuvamile aziqondwa kabi umphakathi jikelele. Nakuba ukususa ngokuphelele ukuphenya ukuhlola kungase kube yize, ukuqaphela kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuzinikezeni zingaphumeleli. Ngokufundisa ukubhalisa ulwazi, ukufuna ukuba bhaka, nokuqinisa izivikelo ezingokomthetho, singanciphisa amandla alokhu kwezeba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umbono womphakathi ulozwa amaqiniso nenkulumo - ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngemibuzo egcwele nezingciphelo.