Table of Contents

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba, zisebenza njengabavikeli besinye sezinsika eziyisisekelo kakhulu zentando yeningi. Inkululeko yezindaba ivikela ilungelo lokuqoqa ukwaziswa futhi ibika kwabanye, inkululeko ebalulekile esiza ekuvikeleni idemokrasi. Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela nezinqumo zezehlulelo, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli namazwi akhishwayo ezindaba angasebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungadingekile noma ukucubungula. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo lelilungelo elibalulekile, izimiso zomthetho ezizisebenzisayo, kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekene nenkululeko enkathini yanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Inkululeko yezindaba yisiqinisekiso soMthetho-sisekelo esiseSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, esiyingxenye yeSiphendulo somthetho-mthetho. Lenkululeko ivikela ilungelo lokuqoqa ukwaziswa futhi ikubike kwabanye. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sithi "Icala aliyikwenza mthetho... ovala inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba," ukumisa isivikelo somthetho-mthetho esicacile semisebenzi yabacosheli bezindaba.

Nakuba ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezincwadi ngo-1791, isigqebhezana somaphephandaba esikhululekile esibhekiswe kumaphephandaba, manje sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuqoqa nokubika izindaba, ngaphandle kwe-media. Ithelevishini, umsakazo ne-webhusayithi ye-intanethi ivikelekile ngisho noma ingasebenzisi imishini yokunyathelisa. Lokhu kubonakalisa ukuqonda kwezinkantolo okucindezela inkululeko okumelwe ivumelane nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho igcina injongo yazo eyisisekelo.

Okwenza Inkululeko Ibaluleke Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yokuveza imibono yomuntu ngokukhuluma noma ngokubhikisha ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbula kukahulumeni noma ukuziphindiselela iwuphawu lwentando yeningi esebenzayo. Namuhla, lokhu kusebenza hhayi kuphela ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke kodwa nakubezindaba, okuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abanegunya banikwa icala nokuthi umphakathi uyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa nengxoxo evulekile. Iphephandaba lisebenza njengesethubeni lokuqapha imisebenzi kahulumeni, lidalula ukonakala futhi lazisa izakhamuzi izindaba zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala esinelungelo lokukhipha imvume yezindaba ezikhululekile samiswa njengesehlo segunya likahulumeni futhi sigxile ngokujulile ekuzinikeleni kwethu embusweni wentando yeningi. ngaphandle kwesivikelo sezindaba ezinamandla, ohulumeni bangacindezela ukwaziswa, basebenzise inkulumo yeningi, futhi basebenze ngaphandle kokulandisa. Izinkantolo ziyawuqaphela lo msebenzi obalulekile lapho zihlaziya imingcele yemisebenzi yezindaba.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezivikela Ngayo Inkululeko Yokusebenza Kwamaphephandaba

Inkululeko yezindaba eUnited States ibhekisela ekuvikeleni ekunyatheliseni, ukubika, ukukhetha komhleli, nokusho okuhlobene nalokhu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Endleleni, lezozisivikelo zivela kumthetho ngokomthetho kanye namashumi eminyaka encazelo yokwahlulela, futhi ezindaweni eziningi, zisho imithetho enezela izivikelo zemidaba. Izinkantolo zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba, kusukela ekubukezeni imithetho ephikiswayo ukumisa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho eziqondisa izindaba zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwemingcele Yezindaba

Izinkantolo zivikela inkululeko ngokubukeza amacala lapho leli lungelo libekelwe inselele. Zinquma ukuthi imithetho noma izenzo ezivimbela abanyathelisi zingokomthetho futhi zingokomthetho. Uma izinkantolo zithola imingcele engafanele, zingayivimbela noma ziyigumbuqele, ziqinisekise ukuthi inkululeko yokubuthelwa phansi ihlala ivikelekile kuhulumeni ophambanayo.

Inqubo yokwahlulela ihilela ukulinganisela ngokucophelela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlaziye inkululeko ngokumelene nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuqulwa ngokufanelekile, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, nokuphepha komphakathi. Lesisenzo sokulinganisela sidinga ukuba abahluleli basebenzise izimiso ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kuyilapho becabangela izimo eziqondile zecala ngalinye.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

IziNguquko Zokuqala esizaziyo namuhla zavela kakhulu ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ekhulwini lama - 20 leminyaka. Ngezinkantolo eziphawuliwe, ziye zasungula indikimba echaza izinga nemingcele yenkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Umthetho wamacala nezimiso zisebenza ndawonye: izinkantolo zichaza iSichibiyelo Sokuqala bese izishaya-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi zamukela imingcele noma izivikelo ezisebenza ngokwemithetho ethile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinqumo zokwahlulela nezenzo zomthetho kwenza uhlelo olubanzi lokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba.

Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme Avikela Inkululeko Yezindaba

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zahlela isivikelo senkululeko yezindaba e - United States.

Eduze neMinnesota (1931): Ukulahla Imingcele Engaphambili

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. eseduze neMinnesota saqaphela inkululeko yephephandaba ngokuyenqaba ngokuphelele imingcele eyayikhona ngaphambi kokuba inyatheliswe, isimiso esasisebenza ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ngokuvamile ngokulandela ukubusa komthetho. inkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthetho waseMinnesota owawuhlasela abamemezeli abanonya noma amaphephandaba ahlazisayo wephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala (njengoba sasisetshenziswa ngeSichibiyelo Saka - 14 Kanethi).

Ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wawuwumthetho ovimbelayo ngaphambi kwalokho, iNkantolo yathi wawuyisephulo esingavumelani neSichibiyelo Sokuqala esingenisweni sokukhululeka. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwemfundiso yokuvimbela yangaphambili. Lemfundiso iveza ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke avimbele ukunyatheliswa kusengaphambili ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile, njengokusongela ukulondeka kwesizwe phakathi nesikhathi sempi.

INew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): IMalice Standard

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala namuhla singanikeza izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba inkululeko enkulu, kodwa kwakungenjalo ngawo-1960 lapho amalungelo ezindaba ayevinjelwe kakhulu imithetho kahulumeni eyayivikela izibalo zomphakathi ekuhlanjalazweni nasekuhlanjalazweni. Icala likaSullivan lashintsha le ndawo ngokuphawulekayo.

Ngo-1960, i-New York Times yakhipha isikhangiso esigcwele sephepha lenhlangano ezimele eyayicela iminikelo ekusekeleni uMartin Luther King Jr. Isikhangiso saveza i-Montgomery, i-Alabama, umnyango wamaphoyisa ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kweNkosi kanye namanye amalungelo omphakathi. Ekuphenduleni, uKhomishane we-Montgomery Police L.B. Sullivan wavuna iTimes for libel, wacaphuna amaphutha amancane embhalweni wesimemezelo, njengaseqophelo sezikhathi ezaboshwa iNkosi.

INkantolo yathi umthetho osetshenziswa izinkantolo zase-Alabama wawungagunyazi umthetho ukuba unikeze izikhungo zenkululeko yokukhuluma nezezindaba ezaziqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala neseshumi Nesine secala esithathwe isikhulu somphakathi esimelene nabagxeki bokuziphatha kwakhe okungokomthetho. INkantolo yathi isiqinisekiso somthetho somceli sasithi umthetho wesimemezelo sasidinga umthetho owenqabela isikhulu somphakathi ukuba silungise umonakalo owenziwe ngecala likahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sifakazele ukuthi lenkulumo yayiyicala linenzondo engokoqobo. INkantolo yachaza inzondo engokoqobo njengolwazi lokuthi inkulumo yokuhlambalaza yayingamanga noma ingenziwangahlonisiwe ukuthi yayiyiphutha noma cha.

Lendinganiso yangempela yonya inikeza indawo ebalulekile yokuphefumula yenkulumo - mpikiswano yasobala eqinile ngezikhulu zikahulumeni nezikhulu zomphakathi.

INew York Times Co. v. United States (1971): IPentagons Paper Case

INew York Times Co. v. United States (1971), ebizwa futhi ngokuthi icala "ISichibiyelo Sokuqala samaphephandaba akhululekile, ivikela ilungelo lokuvimbela uhulumeni ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni avimbele ukukhishwa kwamaphepha ahlelwayo ngeMpi yaseVietnam.

INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvumelana nezindaba, igcizelela isimiso sokuthi ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe iziphakamiso zibhekene nombono onzima kakhulu ngokumelene nokusebenza kwawo komthetho-sisekelo. Ekuvumeni kwakhe, uMahluleli uHugo Black wabiza imizamo kahulumeni ngokuthi "ikhulu, engathandeki, futhi iqhubeke iphulwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala," neJaji uWilliam O. Douglas waphawula ukuthi "ukuchashaza [ukungasho okungasho lutho olungathi sína. Kodwa leso akusona sisekelo sokugunyaza ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambili kwezelelwe ephepheni.""

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972): Ilungelo Lezindaba Nemithombo Eyimfihlo

Elinye icala elivelele lachaza ikhono lezindaba lokuvikela imithombo eyimfihlo esetshenziswa ekubikeni. EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), intatheli yaseLouisville, eKentucky, yaxoxa nabantu ababexhumanisa nokuhweba ngezidakamizwa ngendaba ethile, futhi yenqaba ukusho ukuthi imithombo yakhe ivela emajajini amakhulu.

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi lokhu kwaziswa kwafeza isithakazelo esishukumisayo nesiyinhloko sikahulumeni esathatha indawo yamalungelo akhe okuHlazisela Umthetho wokuqala, njengoba kwakudingeka ukuba kwenziwe uphenyo lobugebengu. Nakuba lesi sinqumo singamisanga ilungelo lentatheli yomthetho-mthetho, saholela ezinqubweni ezibalulekile emthethweni wezwe.

Isabela kuBranzburg nakulokhu okwenzeka kamuva, izifunda eziningi zamisa imithetho yezihlangu enikeza izintatheli isivikelo esingokomthetho ekwambulweni okuthile okuphoqelelwe. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka ngokobubanzi futhi ivame ukuchaza ukuthi yimiphi intatheli noma izinto ezithola isivikelo futhi ngaphansi kwezindlela ezingase ziphoqelelwe. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yezihlangu ingokomthetho, ukufinyelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekubhaleni kombuso nasekuchazeni kokwahlulela.

Miami Herald Polishidayo Co. v. Tornillo (1974): Ukuzimela komhleli

ETornillo, inkantolo yawisa umthetho waseFlorida owanika abazobhapathizwa ilungelo lokusakaza imvume yokukhipha impendulo ekugxekweni kwephephandaba "ubuntu babo noma umlando ongokomthetho". Yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba aqondise amaphephandaba "ukuhlakanipha kokuhlela," okungukuthi, izinqumo zokuthi yini okumelwe inyatheliswe futhi imbozwe kanjani izindaba ezihloniphekile. Ngaphandle kwalesivikelo, inkantolo yathi, uhulumeni ungahlola lokho abantu abavunyelwe ukukufunda nokwazi.

Lelicala lifakazela ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke aphoqelele abezindaba ukuba banyathelise okuqukethwe yindaba ethile, bavikele ukuzimela komhleli njengengxenye eyinhloko yenkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976): Ukuvikela Ukuqubuka Kwecala

ENebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umyalo wokujezisa ngaphambi kokuba kube nesimiso sokukhipha izigebengu wendlu yomthetho wephula ilungelo lokuqala lenkululeko yezindaba. Lelicala lagcizelela ukuthi izinkantolo azinakusebenzisa iziyalezo eziqinile ukuze zivimbele ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, ngisho nalapho ukubhaliswa okunjalo kungase kuthinte ukukhethwa kwamajaji.

IJaji eliyinhloko uWarren Burger lathi "umphakathi wonke akufanele uvinjelwe ukuxoxa ngendaba ethinta ukuphila okungaphakathi," kanjalo uvikele umthwalo wemfanelo wezindaba wokunikeza ukwaziswa okuthakazelelwa umphakathi. Isinqumo siyaqaphela ukuthi ukutholakala komphakathi ekwazisweni okuphathelene nobugebengu kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yentando yeningi.

Izindaba Ezivamile Ezingokomthetho Zibhekene Neziphephelo

Izintatheli nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zivame ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezivivinya imingcele yenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni lezi zimpikiswano nasekucaciseni indlela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esisebenza ngayo emongweni oqondile.

Imithetho Yokuvukela

Iziphakamiso zokulahla isigwebo zimelela enye yezinselele ezivamile ezingokomthetho ezibhekene nezindaba. Lezi zikhangiso ezinyathelise izinkulumo zilimaza idumela lothile ngokwaziswa okungamanga. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isithakazelo sommangalelwa ekuvikeleni idumela lakhe nelungelo lezindaba lokubika izindaba zomphakathi.

Indinganiso yangempela yenzondo eyamiswa kuyiNew York Times v. Sullivan inikeza isivikelo esiphawulekayo sokubika ngezikhulu zomphakathi nangezibalo zomphakathi. Nokho, izindinganiso ezihlukile zingasebenza lapho kubikwa abantu ngabanye. Izinkantolo zihlola ngokucophelela isimo somlindi, indaba yokubika, nezinga lokusola eliboniswa ummemezeli.

Ngalé kwendinganiso yeSullivan, izinkantolo ziye zaveza ezinye isivikelo sabamangalelwa abacindezelwe emacaleni okuhlambalaza. Lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuthi abamangalelwa bafaka izaba zokuqamba amanga, imingcele elimazayo ehlongozwayo, nezindinganiso ezikhuliswe kakhulu zokubonisa ukuthi kubangelwa ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngokumelene nabamangalelwa abezindaba.

Iziqondiso Zokungabekezeli Nezokuqondisa

Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni avimbele ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi, uzama ukuvimbela inkulumo ngemva kokunyatheliswa, kunokuba ajezise abantu.

Icala lasePentagon Papers laveza ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima ngokungavamile ukuze uthethelele ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa. Izinkantolo ziyovumela kuphela imingcele enjalo ezimweni ezingavamile, njengalapho ukunyatheliswa kwencwadi kuyobangela ukulimala okukhulu nhlobo ekulondekeni kwesizwe.

Nakuba izinkantolo zinesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, azikwazi ukunqabela njalo ukuqulwa kwezindaba. Kunalokho, izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise ezinye izinto ezivimbelayo, njengokukhetha abahluleli ngokucophelela, ukuqulwa, noma ukushintsha indawo.

Ukufinyelela ezimpikiswaneni zolwazi

Inkantolo ePhakeme igcizelela ngokuqinile isiphetho sokuthi i - Free Press Claus ayinikezi abanyathelisi amandla okuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze ukwaziswa noma ngezinye izindlela anikeze abezindaba ukwaziswa umphakathi ongenakho.

Kukhona ilungelo leSichibiyelo sokuqala lokuthola inqubo yokwahlulela enikezelwe noma ehlobene uma (1) kunomlando wokuthola ukuqhubekeka okungatshazwayo futhi (2) ukutholakala kuzuzisa ukusebenza kwalokho okuqhubeka kanye nohulumeni wentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlola, okusungulwe e-Richmond Maphephandaba v. Virginia, kunikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukungena.

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, amalungelo amaningi okungena atholakala emithethweni njenge Freedom of Information Act futhi aveza imithetho evulekile. Inkululeko yokuQhunyushwa kokuqala kokukhuluma nokunyathelisa inganciphiswa kakhulu uma uhulumeni engafihla ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokusebenza kwayo. Lokhu kwakuyimdlandla oyinhloko obangela ukuba i - Freedom of Information Act ka- 1966, eyanikeza ukutholakala komphakathi kwezincwadi eziningi zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zichaza futhi ziqikelele lemithetho, ziqinisekisa ukuba ngcono kukahulumeni.

Isivikelo Semithombo Eyimfihlo

Ikhono lokuthembisa imfihlo emithonjeni libalulekile ekuhloleni amaphephandaba. Izindaba eziningi ezibalulekile zixhomeke ekwazisweni okuvela emithonjeni okuzobhekana nokuphindisela uma kuqashelwa. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo semithombo yezindaba sokuvikela imithombo kwezinye izifiso, njengokuphenya ngobugebengu noma ukusungula umphakathi.

Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme eBranzburg yenqaba ukuqaphela ilungelo lentatheli yomthetho-sisekelo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yezihlangu enikeza isivikelo somthetho-mthetho. Lemithetho ihluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu nangamandla ayo. Eminye inikeza isivikelo esiphelele emithonjeni eyimfihlo, kuyilapho enye ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziphoqelele ukuveza isidingo esiphoqelelwe.

Izinkantolo ezisebenzisa imithetho yesivikelo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi umuntu othi uvikela ufanelekela yini ukuba abe yintatheli, ukuthi ukwaziswa okufunwayo kuhlanganiswa yini nalelolungelo, nokuthi kungenziwa ngakuphi. Lezi zinqumo zingaba yinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi njengencazelo ye "izethumela" ukuguqula izakhiwo, izintatheli, nezinye izikhulu zezindaba ezingezona ezesiko.

Igumbi Lokuhlola Izindaba Nezinhlayiya Ezingaphansi Kwephepha

Imizamo kahulumeni yokuhlola ama-stades noma izinto zezintatheli ezingaphansi kwe-topena iphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwenkululeko yezindaba. Izenzo ezinjalo zingaveza imithombo eyimfihlo, zidalule izinqubo zomhleli, futhi zidalule imisebenzi ebandayo yokuqoqa izindaba.

Izinkantolo zivame ukukholelwa ukuthi abanyathelisi abanaso isivikelo esikhethekile emithethweni esetshenziswayo emayelana nokuphenya kanye nokuthatha izimpondo. Nokho, imibuso eminingi iye yathatha izinqubo ezikhethekile ezidinga uhulumeni ukuba akhiphe imithombo ehlukile ngaphambi kokuba afune izinto ezintathelini. I-Asspen Protection Act inikeza i-accompary statery kuphenywa kwama-stateory ezimweni eziningi.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko yezindaba nokulondeka kwezwe uveza amanye amacala anzima kakhulu ezinkantolo.

Icala lePentagon Papers laveza ukuthi uhulumeni akanakumane ucele ukulondeka kwesizwe ukuze uvimbele ukunyatheliswa. Izinkantolo zidinga ubufakazi obucacile bokulimala okuqondile okusheshayo.

Ngokuvamile lamacala ahilela ukwaziswa okungatholakali ezintathelini zikahulumeni.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Yemishini Namanye Amalungelo Nezithakazelo

Izinkantolo zivame ukusingatha amacala enkululeko ngokulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nomphakathi nesidingo sokubika ngokukhululekile. Zihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele iyalunga futhi ayisetshenziselwa ukuthulisa iphephandaba. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo eziphikisanayo kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi.

Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwecala Afanelekile

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala banelungelo lokuqulwa icala ngokungakhethi.

Kunokuba zivimbele ukuqulwa kwezindaba, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuvikela amalungelo afanele. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuqapha okunengozi phakathi nokukhethwa kwejaji, iziyalezo zokungayinaki imibiko yezindaba, ukuqulwa kwamajaji, ukuqhubekelwa phambili kokuvumela ukusakazwa kwezindaba ukuba kunciphe, nokushintsha kwendawo. Kusezimweni ezingavamile kuphela izinkantolo ezizocabangela ukuvimbela ukuqulwa kwezindaba.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu ziwufanele nini umngcele wokunyatheliswa kwezincwadi noma ukubeka indiva ekuhlaseleni abantu ngenxa yezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ukulinganisela kuxhomeke ekutheni ukwaziswa kuhilela indaba yomphakathi noma umuntu ungumuntu oyisigebengu yini. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu sokubika ezikhulwini zomphakathi nasezindabeni zomphakathi ezithakazelisayo, kuyilapho ziqaphela amalungelo aqinile ezindaba zomuntu siqu abantu ngabanye ngokuphathelene nezindaba zangasese.

Inkululeko ecindezelayo kanye yimfihlo yomuntu ngamunye akuwona amalungelo aphelele futhi kufanele ilinganisele. Izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele isithakazelo esifanelekile somphakathi. Lendlela yokulinganisela ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zivikele kokubili inkululeko epholisayo nemfihlo ezimweni ezifanele.

Ukudunyiswa Nokulimala Ngokomzwelo

Nakuba umthetho wokuhlambalaza uvikela idumela, izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile yomphakathi ngokungenakugwenywa ihilela ukugxeka okuthile okungase kulimaze idumela.

Izinkantolo ziye zakhuluma futhi ngokusho ukuthi ubangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngenhloso emaphephandabeni. Lokhu kuphawula akunakusetshenziswa ekugwemeni isivikelo esinikezwa umthetho wokuhlambalaza. Izibalo zomphakathi azinakukwazi ukululamela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo okubangelwa izincwadi ezicasulayo ngaphandle uma lencwadi iqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga ezenziwe ngenzondo yangempela.

Amalungelo Empahla Ezokwahlulela

Umthetho wamacopyright uvikela imisebenzi yendalo, kodwa ukunyathelisa ifuna ikhono elithile lokusebenzisa izinto ezigunyaziwe emaphephandabeni. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa imfundiso elungile ukuze zilinganise lezi zithakazelo, zicabangela izici ezinjengokusetshenziswa, uhlobo lomsebenzi ogunyaziwe, isilinganiso semali esetshenziswayo, kanye nomphumela wemakethe yomsebenzi wokuqala.

Izindaba zifaneleka njengokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele lapho zihilela ukucaphuna noma ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ezibhalwe ngokusemthethweni ngenjongo yokuhlaziya, yokugxeka, noma yokubika.

Ukuziphendukela Kwenkululeko Yokusebenza Ngemishini

Ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwalolongwa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, izimo zezenhlalo namafilosofi okwahlulela.

Icala Lenkululeko Lakuqala

Elinye lamacala okuqala ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yabanyathelisi lavivinya ukufaneleka kweqiniso njengesivikelo ekuxoxisweni. Kulokhu, ikoloni laseNew York uJohn Peter Zenger lazama ukulwa nombusi ngokuvukela umbuso. Ngaleso sikhathi, iqiniso lalingabhekwa njengesivikelo ezicabeni zokukhulula.

Ummeli kaZenger waphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli babenamandla nesibopho sokwahlulela umthetho kanye namaqiniso; abahluleli bakhulula uZenger. Lesi sinqumo samelela ukunqoba okuphawulekayo kwenkululeko yabanyathelisi - nakuba icala lingakaze lifike phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Icala le-Zenger lamisa izimiso ezibalulekile ezathonya izivikelo zomthetho sisekelo kamuva.

Ukuhlalisana NgeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ekuqaleni, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sasisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo babengalinganisela inkululeko ngaphandle kokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kwashintsha ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa, eyasebenzisa izivikelo zokuKhulula ISichibiyelo kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ngeSichibiyelo seSimende se 14 se-Claus.

Umthetho kahulumeni ovumela ukuvinjelwa ngaphambi kokuba kube khona wawungavumelani nemithetho. Lesi sinqumo futhi sandisa isivikelo senkululeko yokubukwa kwezwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okunwetshwe ngokuphawulekayo kwenkululeko yezindaba, kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazinga kahulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Ukwenezela incazelo ye "Pros"

Inkululeko yezindaba yachazwa ngo-1971's Branzburg v. Hayes njenge- "ilungelo lomuntu siqu eliyisisekelo", hhayi emaphephandabani nawamanani. EDolobheni laseGriffin (1938), uMahluleli Omkhulu uCharles Evans Hughes wachaza u-"yonke incwajana enikeza imoto yokwaziswa nombono" lelilungelo liye lanwetshwa kumaphephandaba, izincwadi, imidlalo, ama-movie, nemidlalo yamavidiyo.

Lencazelo ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko esicindezelayo sivumelana nezindlela ezintsha zemithombo yezindaba nokuxhumana. Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi izinjongo eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yokucinezela − ukuguqula umphakathi nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuphoqelela Inkululeko

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba njengoba ubuchwepheshe, imithombo yezindaba nethonya lezombangazwe kushintshashintsha.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezincwadi Ezisetshenziswa Kuyi - Internet

Amaqiniso asetshenziswa ezinombolo, njengalawo asebenza kuyi - Internet, abonisa ukuthi izimfundiso ezindala zisebenza kanjani namuhla; lawo magalelo ashintsha ngaphandle kokushintsha izimiso zomthetho sisekelo wakuqala. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi imingcele yenkululeko yokunyathelisa engokwesiko isebenza kanjani kubaqondisi bezindaba, kubantu abasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba, nasema - Internet.

Kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi ubani ofanelekela "ukucindezelwa" ngezinjongo zemithetho yezihlangu kanye nezinye izivikelo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izakhamuzi zezindaba, izigelekeqe, nabasebenzisi bezokuxhumana bajabulela isivikelo esifanayo nezinhlangano zezezindaba ezingokwesiko. Lezi zinqumo zingathinta kakhulu inkululeko yezindaba emananini.

Yenza Ukuhlakanipha Nokuhlaziya

Uma kuziwa emacaleni amabili amasha phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, izintatheli nemithombo yezindaba kumelwe bamele amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala — noma bafake izingozi ezizodwa. I-netchoice v. i-Paxton ne-Moody v. I-Netchoice yomibili ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthatha iSichibiyelo sokuqala samapulatifomu ukuze bahileleke ekulinganiseni okwanele, noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho entweni abayisebenzisayo ekusebenzelani kwezenhlalakahle. Lamacala angenza ukuba aphinde athole amalungelo eSiphendulo Sokuqala sezehlakalo kuyi-intanethi.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimiso ezihlungwe abahleli ezimayelana namacala anjengoTornillo zisebenza kanjani ezitejini zezokuxhumana. lezi zinqumo ngeke zithinte kuphela imisebenzi yasesiteji kodwa futhi nezimiso zemvelo ezibanzi zamaphephandaba nenkulumo yeningi.

Ukuphindiselwa Kukahulumeni Ngokumelene Nezindaba

Icala lamuva nje liye lakhuluma ngemizamo kahulumeni yokuphindisela ezinhlanganweni zezindaba ukuze zingadluliswa kahle. Isinqumo somahluleli Moss sikwenza kucace ukuthi ukuziphindiselela okusekelwe embonweni ezinhlanganweni zezindaba kuphula isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo.

Isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba angaqiniseki ukuba umthetho wakhe ongekho emthethweni uSishaya-NPR noPBS ubheke phambili kuNPR ngenxa yokuthi uMongameli akakuthandi ukubika kwabo izindaba kanye nezinye izinqubo. Njengoba inkantolo yaqaphela ngokucacile, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sikhipha umugqa, uhulumeni angeke awunqamule, emizamweni yokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni — kuhlanganise namandla esikhwama semali — 'ukujezisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo elahlwayo yabanye. I-Ordernedition yawela lowomugqa.

Ukuboshwa Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwezintatheli

Izinkantolo ziye zakhuluma ngamacala ahilela ukuboshwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwezintatheli ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo yokubika. Lelicala lihlanganisa omunye wezenzo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zezintatheli zazo zonke: ukucela imithombo kuhulumeni ukuze uthole ukwaziswa. Usuku ngalunye, izintatheli ezingenakubalwa zilandela lomkhuba, zifuna ukukhulumela, ukuqinisekiswa, noma ngisho no-'amaphoyisa avela emithonjeni kahulumeni.

Uma iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisho okuthile, ngokuqinisekile kusho ukuthi intatheli inelungelo lokubuza isikhulu somphakathi umbuzo, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuboshwa. izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izintatheli ekuphindiseleni kukahulumeni ngokuzenza zibe yize umthetho.

Izingcindezi Zezomnotho Ezinhlanganweni Zezindaba

Nakuba kungezona impikiswano engokomthetho ngokuqondile, izinselele zezomnotho ezibhekene nezindaba zithinta indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo izikhankaso zenkululeko. Izithiyo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe akuzona kuphela izithiyo ezibhekene nezindaba. Intengiselwano yezindaba, futhi ikakhulukazi izindaba zendawo, ziyahluleka. Ukufika kwe-intanethi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ivumela ukuba izinhlangano ezise-inthanethi zingene ephepheni ukuze zincintisane namaphephandaba, omagazini, kanye nethelevishini ukuze umphakathi unake.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele indlela izinqumo zazo ezikuthinta ngayo ukuphumelela kokubheka izincwadi enkathini yokucindezeleka kwezomnotho. Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisinda kakhulu noma isivikelo esinganele singalinciphisa kakhulu ikhono lezindaba lokufeza imisebenzi yalo yentando yeningi.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngesivikelo Sokwahlulela Senkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho zinikeza inkululeko ngokumelene nezinye izithakazelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zinikeza ukuqonda ngezinye izindlela izinkantolo ezingase zicabangele.

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokwahlulela inkululeko yokunyathelisa, nakuba izilungiselelo ezikhethekile zomthetho zihlukile. Amanye amazwe anelungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo elivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko yokunyathelisa, kuyilapho amanye ethola isivikelo esinjalo emalungelweni abanzi asuka ekukhulumeni ngenkululeko. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise ne - European Convention on Human Rights ne - International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, iqaphela inkululeko yokunyathelisa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo.

Ukuqhathanisa ukubheka izinkantolo kungasiza ekuqondeni izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubhekana nalezi zingxabano ezingapheli futhi kuphawule nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela inkululeko yokunyathelisa kuyilapho kuhlonipha ezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile.

Indima Yezinkantolo Eziphansi Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yokucindezela

Nakuba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinakekelwa kakhulu, izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi nezingaphansi zisingatha amacala amaningi enkululeko ezindaba.

Izinqumo zazo zingathonya indlela umthetho wenkululeko okhula ngayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kunezinqumo zesifunda noma izinkantolo eziphikisanayo zenkantolo yenkantolo ePhakeme zibangela ukuba kubukezwe. Izinkantolo futhi zenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokuthola izinto, iziyalezo zokuqala nezinye izindaba ezithinta kakhulu inkululeko.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ezindaweni lapho umthetho kazwelonke unikeza khona isivikelo esikhulu kunemithetho engaphansi kahulumeni. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yombuso iqukethe amalungiselelo enkululeko achazwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuzimele. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zichaza futhi zisebenzise imithetho kahulumeni evikelayo, imithetho evulekile, kanye neminye imithetho yombuso evikela abezindaba.

Izivikelo Zemvelo Zenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezingaphansi, izinkantolo zivikela inkululeko ngokunyathelisa ngezimiso zokuxhumana.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakeme

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula imithetho evimbela inkululeko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi imingcele ifeza izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo futhi ihloselwe ukufinyelela lezozithakazelo. Lendinganiso efuna okukhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ecindezelayo ayibekwanga ngokunganaki noma ngezinjongo ezingekho emthethweni.

Izinga lokuhlola liyahluka kuye ngohlobo lomthetho nomongo. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethwe ivame ukuhlolwa kakhulu, kuyilapho imithetho equkethe i-oral ingahlolwa phakathi nendawo. Izinkantolo zihlola ngokucophelela ukulunga kukahulumeni futhi zicabangele ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezingasibekeli imingcele ingayifinyelela yini imigomo efanayo.

Ukubukeza Okuxoshiwe

Izindaba zenkululeko zivame ukuhlanganisa izindaba ezithatha isikhathi, njengamathikithi angaphambili ekunyatheliseni noma ukuvunyelwa ukuqulwa kwecala okuqhubekayo. Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukwahlulela okubambezelekayo kungakuncisha ngokuphumelelayo ukukhipha inkululeko yokunyathelisa, njengoba isithakazelo somphakathi siya siphela.

Imibuso eminingi inikeza izinqubo ezicatshangelwe kahle zezindaba zenkululeko yokunyathelisa, ivumela ukubukezwa okusheshayo kwezinqumo zenkantolo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zenkululeko ecindezelayo zithola isinqumo esisheshayo, kuvinjelwe imingcele yesikhashana ekubeni ibe yimingcele ehlala njalo.

Imithetho Yesimiso Esikhethekile

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imithetho ekhethekile esemthethweni yokuhlela izikhalo zenkululeko. Lezi zingahlanganisa izimfuneko ezincishiswa uhulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ufune ubufakazi bezintatheli, izindinganiso ezikhuliswe kakhulu zokukhipha izintatheli ezingaphansi kwe-odoli, noma izinqubo ezikhethekile zokuyala okunzima.

Lezi sivikelo semithombo yezindaba ziphelelisa amalungelo enkululeko emisakazo yezindaba, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abezindaba bangazisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. Zinciphisa futhi umthwalo nezindleko zokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba, zenza kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ngezinhlangano zezindaba ukuba zimelane nemingcele engenasisekelo.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokwahlulela Senkululeko Yokusakazwa Kwemishini

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, umphakathi nezombangazwe kuqhubeka kuguquka, izinkantolo ziyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nezincwadi Ezitholakala Ngobuchwepheshe

Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kufeza indima eyandayo ekuqoqweni kwezindaba nasekubikeni, izinkantolo kuyodingeka zinqume ukuthi izivikelo zenkululeko yokunyathelisa zisebenza kanjani. Imibuzo ingaphakama mayelana nokuthi okuqukethwe yi-Al efakwe kuyo ithola isivikelo esifanayo nesobuntatheli babantu, ukuthi ungawabeka kanjani umthwalo wemfanelo ngamaphutha ekubikeni ngemishini, nokuthi ukuhlelwa kwezindaba okusemthethweni kuhlanganisa yini ukuvikelwa komhleli okuvikelekile.

Iqoqo Lezinto Nemininingwane

Ikhono lokuqapha likahulumeni liyaqhubeka landa, kunyuse izinkathazo ezintsha zenkululeko yezindaba. Izinkantolo kumelwe zikhulume ukuthi ukuqapha izintatheli zokuxhumana, ukuqoqwa kweminye imisebenzi yokugada kuphazamisa inkululeko. Lezi zimpikiswano zihlangene nemibuzo yeSichibiyelo sesine ephathelene nokuqashelwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuqapha kukahulumeni.

Ukusakaza I - Journal Nomhlaba Wonke

I-Journalism inqamula imingcele yezwe ngokwandayo, izintatheli zisebenza emhlabeni wonke futhi zishicilele izilaleli zomhlaba wonke. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingazisebenzisa kanjani izikhuselo zenkululeko yokunyathelisa ezizweni zonke, kuhlanganise nemibuzo ephathelene nemithetho yamazwe ahlukene, izingxabano phakathi kwemithetho yamazwe, kanye nesivikelo kubalobi bamazwe angaphandle.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Izinkinga eziphathelene nokungaqondi kahle nokungavumelani nemininingwane ziye zabangela ukuba kuqashelwe kakhulu izinto ezikuyi - Internet. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlukanise ngokucophelela phakathi kwemizamo engokomthetho yokusingatha ukwaziswa okungamanga nokungaqondi kahle. Noma iziphi izimiso kumelwe zicindezele inkululeko kuyilapho zisingatha ukulimala okuqotho kokungamanga noma okudukisayo ngamabomu.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezintatheli Nezinhlangano Zezindaba

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo inkululeko yezindaba kunemiphumela ebalulekile ezintathelini nasezinhlanganweni zezindaba.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Izintatheli kufanele ziqonde isivikelo esingokomthetho ezitholakalayo kuzo, kuhlanganise namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, izivikelo zemithetho engokomthetho njengemithetho yezihlangu, nezindawo zokuvikela imithombo yezindaba. Lolwazi lusiza izintatheli ukuba zimelane nezicelo ezingafanele zokwaziswa, zibekela inselele yemithetho engekho ngokomthetho, futhi zivikele ekusongweni okungokomthetho.

Izindawo ezihlukene zinikeza amazinga esivikelo ahlukene, ngakho izintatheli kufanele zijwayelane nemithetho ethile esebenzayo endaweni yazo.

Bhala Yonke Into

Inkululeko yezindaba ichazwa njenge-litigation, imibhalo yokuqoqwa kwezindaba kanye nezinqubo zomhleli ingaba bucayi. Izintatheli kufanele zilondoloze amarekhodi emithombo yazo, ukucwaninga, ukuhlola amaqiniso, nezinqumo zomhleli. Le mibhalo ingasiza ekuboniseni ukuthi ukubika kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe futhi kuqhutshwa ngokholo oluhle.

Nokho, izintatheli kumelwe zilinganise imibhalo emelene nezinkathazo zomshoshaphansi. Amarekhodi angaveza imithombo eyimfihlo kufanele avikelwe ngokucophelela, futhi izintatheli kufanele zithintane neseluleko somthetho mayelana nokuthi yimaphi imibhalo okufanele igcinwe.

Funa Iseluleko Esingokomthetho Kusenesikhathi

Iseluleko somthetho sakuqala singasiza ekugwemeni izinkinga, silondoloze izindlela zomthetho zokukhetha, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo aqashelwa ngokufanele.

Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba zeluleko noma ubuhlobo nezinkampani zezezomthetho wezokuxhumana. Izikhulumi zezikhulu zezindaba nezinhlangano ezincane zingafuna usizo ezinhlanganweni zenkululeko yokunyathelisa ezinikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kokunyathelisa imithombo yenkululeko engokomthetho, vakashela iKomiti yenkululeko ye-Press[FLT:].

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo

Izintatheli kufanele ziqonde imingcele yesivikelo esingokomthetho nezimo lapho izinkantolo zingase zivumele khona imingcele noma zibeke imingcele.

Ukuqonda le mingcele kusiza izintatheli ukuba zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe ezingqondweni mayelana nokukhokhelwa kwemali, zihlole izingozi ezingokomthetho futhi zinqume ukuthi kufanele zilwe nini ezimpini ezingokomthetho.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho Wenkululeko

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yalabo abafuna ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo inkululeko.

Izinhlangano Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano eziningana zigxile ngokukhethekile ekucindezeleni umthetho wenkululeko nezindaba. I-Preats Committee for Freedom of the Press inikeza imithombo engokomthetho, ukugunyaza, kanye nokumelela izintatheli. IFreedom of the Press Foundation isebenza ukuze isekele futhi ivikele ukuthakazelelwa komphakathi. I-Spreaders Press Law Center igxila ekucindezeleni izindaba zenkululeko ezithinta izintatheli zabafundi.

Lezinhlangano zinikeza izinsiza - zincwadi ezingokomthetho, izinyunyana ezifuna ukudlulisa izigwebo ezibhekene nezindaba zomthetho, futhi zigunyaza ukudlulisa izindaba zenkululeko. Zibuye zibhale iziphakamiso ezifingqiwe emacaleni abalulekile enkululeko ezindaba, zisiza izinkantolo ukuba ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo zazo zithintani.

Imivubukulo Engokwemfundo

Izikole zomthetho nezikole zokudayisa amaphephandaba zinikeza izifundo, imitholampilo, nezikhungo zokucwaninga ezigxile emthetho wezokuxhumana futhi zifaka inkululeko. Lezinhlelo zemfundo ziveza ulwazi oluhlaziya izinqumo zenkantolo, oluchaza izimo, futhi luhlongoza izinguquko. Imithombo ye-Academic inganikeza ngokuhlaziya okunganqamukiyo izimpikiswano zenkululeko yezindaba kanye nomongo womlando ukuze kuqondwe izinselele zamanje.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala nenkululeko yokunyathelisa, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sencwadi yeSichibiyelo eYunivesithi yaseTennessee State inikeza izihloko eziningiliziwe ezikhuluma ngezindaba eziyinhloko, imiqondo, nezindaba.

Imibono Yenkantolo Nezincwadi Ezingokomthetho

Ukufunda imibono yangempela yasenkantolo kunikeza ukuqonda okunegunya kakhulu komthetho wenkululeko ephepheni. Izinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile zitholakala ngemithombo yamahhala ye-inthanethi enjenge-Google Schemont, Justia, kanye namawebhusayithi enkantolo. Izinhlelo ezingokomthetho njengoWeslaw noLexisNexis zinikeza ithuba elibanzi lokuthola izinqumo zenkantolo, nakuba zidinga izikhokhelo.

Lapho ufunda imibono yasenkantolo, qaphela kokubili imibono eminingi nemibono ephikisayo. Ukungavumelani nemibono kungaveza ubuthakathaka ekucabangeni kweningi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuthonye intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo emthethweni.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba, zikhonza njengabavikeli balelilungelo eliyisisekelo lentando yeningi. ngezinqumo eziphawulekayo, ngokulinganisela ngokucophelela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, nangokuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaphepha - zincwadi angafeza imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile yokwazisa umphakathi nokubeka uhulumeni icala.

Isivikelo sokwahlulela senkululeko yezindaba sixhomeke ekuqapheleni ukuthi iphephandaba elikhululekile libalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ziye zamisa izimiso ezibalulekile zokwenza ngaphambi kokuba zivinjelwe, zidinga inzondo yangempela yokuhlambalaza okushiwo izikhulu zomphakathi, zivikela inkululeko yokuhlela izihloko zomhleli, futhi ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezindaba zikahulumeni. Lezizimiso zinikeza indawo ebalulekile yokuphefumula yokuthola amaphephandaba aqinile nengxoxo yomphakathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokunyathelisa ayiphelele. Zilinganisela ngokucophelela ngokuncintisana kwamalungelo acindezelayo nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa ngokufanele, ukuqashelwa, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nedumela. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuhlaziywa okucacile kanye nezinqumo zecala ngalinye ezicabangela izimo ezithile kanye nezindinganiso eziphikisanayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezindaba.

Ikusasa lenkululeko yezindaba lixhomeke kakhulu endleleni izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo le zinselele. Isivikelo sokwahlulela esiqinile senkululeko yokunyathelisa sidinga amajaji aqonda imisebenzi yedemokhrasi, aqaphela amaqiniso asebenzayo okuqoqa nokubika izindaba, futhi amelane nemizamo kahulumeni yokucindezela noma ukujezisa.

Kudingeka izintatheli, izinhlangano zezindaba, nezakhamuzi, ziqonde indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo inkululeko yokunyathelisa. Lolu lwazi lusiza ukuba kuqinisekiswe amalungelo, kwenziwe izinqumo ngolwazi, futhi kuhileleke okunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nesimiso senkululeko. Kuqokomisa futhi ukubaluleka kokusekela izinkantolo ezizimele ezikwazi ukumelana nokucindezela kwezombangazwe nokuvikela amalungelo omthetho sisekelo.

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa ixhomeke ekugcineni ezinhlanganweni nasemidlalweni eminingi (hhayi izinkantolo kuphela), kodwa futhi nezishaya - mthetho, izikhulu, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi ezithembisene. Nokho, izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile kakhulu njengabasunguli bokugcina bencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nenhlolo yokugcina kuhulumeni ngokuphamba. Ukuqapha kwazo ngokuvikela inkululeko yokufuna ukubuswa kwesimiso sokusebenzela intando yeningi kusadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa kwentando yeningi kanye nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezindaba zenkululeko zamanje nendlela ongasekela ngayo ukuthunyelwa kwamaphephandaba okuzimele, vakashela i- ukukhululeka kwe-Press Foundation kanye ne- i-American Free Special Libersion Union's Free Special transcent ikhasi.