Ithonya Elikhulayo Lokuqala Emfundweni Engokomthetho

Kumashumi eminyaka ambalwa adlule, ifilosofi yakudala iye yasuka ekuzitheni okuqinile kwemfundo iye ephetheyo ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, ibuye ithathe kakhulu ifilosofi yokwahlulela ezikoleni zomthetho zaseMelika. Lendlela, egcizelela ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni noma izinhloso zabahleli bayo, iye yashintsha indlela abafundi bomthetho, izazi, nabahluleli besikhathi esizayo abayiqonda futhi basebenzise ngayo i-profescial ̱ ibhulo lokusungula i-ikhomba. Ukwanda komthetho wokuqala kumelela enye yezinguquko eziphawulekayo zemfundo engokomthetho eMelika kusukela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka le-A.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ubufundisi buye bazuza ukuhlangana okunjalo kudinga ukuhlola kokubili ukuqina kokuhlakanipha kwayo kanye nokuvumelana kwayo kwezombangazwe. Ifilosofi inxusa labo abafuna ukuqina okuchazayo, ukuthembeka kombhalo, nokucindezelwa kokwahlulela. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukufundisa ekuqaleni kunikeza isisekelo esingaphelele sokuphendula imibuzo yanamuhla engokomthetho. Impikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwalemibono iye yadala isimo esinamandla nesinengxabano emakilasini esikoleni omthetho, yenza ukuhlolwa kwefilosofi yokuqala yaba nemfundo engokwesiko engokwesiko.

Ukuchaza Ifilosofi Yakuqala Neziphakamiso Zayo

Ukuthatha izinto zokuqala akuyona imfundiso engokodwa kodwa kunalokho kuwumkhaya wemibono echazayo evumelanayo ekusekeleni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni okungokomlando. Esisekelweni sayo, isisekelo sikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho yamiswa ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa nokuthi amajaji akufanele ahlaziye noma aguqule leyo ncazelo ukuze abonise izindinganiso zamanje. Amagatsha amabili ayinhloko omcabango awenzile izifundo ezihlukene.

Ukusungula Okungaqondile

Ukwakheka kobuProfethi bokuqala, okuhlangene kakhulu no-Attorney General Edwin Meese III noMahluleli William Rehnquist ngawo-1980, kwagxila ekuqondeni izinhloso ezisekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo i-̱ abadwebi bezinhlelo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi ne-ratifiers. Abasekeli benhloso yokuqala baphikisa ukuthi amajaji kufanele abheke ezimpikiswaneni ze-Constitution, amaPaper, neminye imithombo elandelanayo ukuze athole lokho abafaki be-freaksi ababethemba ukukufeza. Nakuba ngezindlela ezithile, lendlela yabhekana nokugxeka okukhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana: amafreamfame ayenezinhloso ezihlukene futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisanayo, imibhalo eminingi engoko yomlando ethintanayo ayiphelele, futhi ihlose izinhloso zabantu ezihlanganisa izinselele ezingathiyo.

Ukuqalwa Kokuqala Komphakathi Okusho Ukuthini

UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia noProfesa Randy Barnett babephakathi kwabantu abaholayo abathuthukisa ukuguqulwa kobuShulumente okungaqondakali kakhulu kobuProfethi bezincwadi zokuqala ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni komphakathi wokuqala wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela isuka ekugxileni kulokho abakhi bomthetho ababehlose ukukuyibheka ngasese ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokulungisa wayeqonda ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini. Incazelo yakuqala yomthetho isho okukhulu kakhulu ezilimini ezingokomlando, i-corpus lisho incazelo yolimi, kanye nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwayo okuvamile enkathini yokuqalisa. Lendlela ivunye iqonda i-sslectivesmsmosty ifundisa izifundo zemfundo zomthetho namuhla. Njengoba uScaliant edumile, umthetho womthetho umthetho, futhi njenganoma imuphi umthetho, kufanele usho osekelwe futhi uchazwe kakhulu.

Inkolelo Engokomlando Yokukholelwa Emlandweni Wakuqala Ekwakheni Okungokomthetho

Ukuze aqonde ithonya lefilosofi yokuqala ezifundweni zefilosofi yokwahlulela, umuntu kumelwe aqonde umongo ongokomlando lapho ubuKhomanisi bakuqala bavela khona futhi baqala khona. Ngaphambi kwawo-1970, umthetho womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika wabuswa ngesibonelo soMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, owaphatha lencwadi njengesisekelo esivumelanayo esichazayo futhi okufanele ishintshe ngentuthuko yesomuculture. IWarren Court ’ izinqumo ezinkulu kakhulu ngamalungelo omphakathi, inqubo yobugebengu, namalungelo eyimfihlo zanikeza lendlela, yenza kokubili ukunconywa nokuphanambana. Imfundo yezemfundo ezikoleni zomthetho eziphambili yamukela kakhulu lokhu kuchaza ukuvumelana komthetho, futhi ubuhlakani bokuqala balahlwa njengelula noma ngisho nokusabela.

Inkathi yolwazi yafika nge-Reagan Administration kanye nokumiswa kukaMahluleli Scalia ngo-1986. UScalia waletha amandla okuhlakanipha nokungaphenduli kombono wezincwadi zakuqala, kokubili emibhalweni yakhe yezazi nasemibonweni yakhe ePhakamileyo. Ngo-1997 lencwadi yakhe yeSikhathi i-#8220; iMatter of Interpretation, i-” ekuqaleni yabekwa njengeSigebengu sikaTanner Lectures ePrinceton University, yabekwa isisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi sobukhoma i-stry njengendlela engokomthetho kuphela engokomthetho engokomthetho. Lencwadi yaba yisicilo sesisekelo somthetho we-slabi nephoqelela i-mfastristrial ̱ yaba nonya olunokhahloko ukuba ihileleke ngokungathíyo ngemisebenzi yayo. Namuhla, imibono yokuqala ayisabekwanga ngokulandelana kwezifundo ezingokomthetho noma ezingokweziko ezingokomthetho kodwa ihlangene eziwumthetho.

Izingqondo Nemibhalo Yesisekelo Emibhalweni Yakuqala

Ukufakwa kwemfundo yomthetho ezikoleni zomthetho kuye kwaqhutshwa yiqembu elincane lezazi ezinethonya nabezomthetho abasebenza ngemisebenzi yabo sebefundeka ngokwezinga elivamile. IJaji uScalia̱ imibono ezimweni eziphawulekayo njengeSithilini saseColumbia v. Heller ne-Pretz v. i-United States inikezwa izibonelo zokucabanga kokuqala okungaqondani okungokomthetho okusobala. UMahluleli uClarence Thomas, ondlela yakhe yokuqala yokuhlola isayensi i - Scalia ̱ ngokugcizelela umthetho wemvelo nezimiso zokwakha, unikeza abafundi umbono ohlukile phakathi kwesiko lokuqala. UThomas #8217; imibono ehlukene ezimweni ezihilela ukuphikisana komthetho kahulumeni, uClauslaus, ne-Edmistmersmeths, ne-Edmistmeststing ecebile yezingxoxo zemfundo yekhulu lemfundo yekhulu lemfundo yekhulu lezezena.

Ngalé kwe-judiary, izazi zemfundo zakuqala ziye zaveza iqoqo elikhulu lolwazi oludala oluhlela izifundo. UProfesa Randy Barnett ̱ usebenza ngencazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seNinth kanye namaZwe ahlangene noma i-Immunitunice Claus yeSichibiyelo se 1450 seSiphendulo semfundo yezemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo, nakuba kungeyena umsunguli wemfundo yokuqala, ufaka iqhaza ngokujulile ngomlando wokusungula nokuhlolwa kombhalo, unikeza abafundi ibhulo phakathi kwendlela yokuqala yokwenziwa kwezimiso nomthetho. INhlangano ye-Frevistrianism, eyasungulwa ngo-19822, iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imibono yezenkolo yezomthetho ezikoleni nasezikhulwini zesikole nasezixukwini zekhulumibusweni, iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bahlangabezana nombono yokuqala phakathi kwezifundo zangaphandle kwekilasi nezomphakathi.

Izindlela Zokufundisa Ngezindlela Zokuqala

Oprofesa bomthetho basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokwesiko ukuze basize abafundi baqonde izindlela zobuhlakani futhi bazisebenzise ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho eziyisisekelo.

Uhlu: I-Pradagogical Approates for Early Exchangeism

Incazelo [1] I-FUTH .[Izinketho Zesici se-Outting [1] Izifundo Zokuqala [1] Izisekelo [1] Izisekelo zenza i-FLT , "NTLT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[FLTLT[1]][1][-PiSifunda ngokuhlola i-Pinguquko Ukuhlola ukuhlola nokwethembeka imithombo yemiya-enguquko kanye kanye kanye nezimiso zezinto zezwe lamanani ehleliyodwayokuqala . Izigaba zekhulu lokuqala Lakuqala Zisebenzisa izilinganiso zezimpomposogogogogogo ezizi zezezinye izihloko ezizinye izihloko ezishicishini ezizinye izibalo zekhulu lesiNgisi,

Lamasu angokwezinqubo zokuhlola aqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungula akufundiswa njengemfundiso engabonakali kodwa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo elifuna ukuhlaziywa okunzima komlando nolimi. Ukugcizelelwa kwezindlela zolimi ezinjengezolimi lwe-corpus kuye kwanika ukubukeka kokuqala kwemininingwane engokwesayensi ekhanga abafundi ababheka izindlela zokwaziswa ezisekelwe emthethweni.

Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu Nokufundwa Kwefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Enye yezindawo ezifuna kakhulu ukuhlakanipha kwezifundo zakuqala ihlanganisa ukuphikisana phakathi kwencazelo yokuqala nokubheka. Inkolelo-lwazi yakuqala ilwa nenkinga yesiqalo: uma isinqumo sangaphambili sichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokungeyikho ngokwencazelo yokuqala, ingabe kufanele sixazululwe? Uma uMahluleli Scalia ulwa nalombuzo phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe, ekugcineni amukela ukuma okulandela isiqalo okumelwe kulandelwe ekungabini nezizathu eziqinile zokuwuguqula. Uma uMahluleli uThomas uye wathatha indlela yokungayekeleli kakhulu, uphikisa ngokuthi isibonelo esingalungile kufanele sibekwe ngisho noma sithenjwe izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Izifundo zefilosofi yomthetho zinikezela ukunakekela okukhulu kulokhu kungathi ispread syv. Caseath ne-Doybs.

Isinqumo se-Dobbs, esabusa i-Roe v. Wade ne-Casey, samelela isikhathi esicwengisisiwe semfundo yasekuqaleni. Umbono wabaningi, owabhalwa nguMahluleli uSamuel Alito, wasebenzisa uhlelo olucacile lwe-profession, uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wokukhipha isisu wawungasekelwenga kakhulu esizweni i-̱ ungokomlando namasiko nokuthi umthetho-sisekelo awuzange ubeke ilungelo lokukhipha isisu. Lesi sinqumo siye saba ukuhlolwa kwezekhokhwama ezikoleni zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, siphoqelele abafundi ukuba bahlole ukuthi iNkantolo ̱ ukuhlola kokuqala kwakunengqondo futhi lokho okuphethe ikusasa lokungahlangani. Umthetho awuzange uvume eDobbs, abafundi abaqinile abamangalelayo umlando abakhethayo kanye nenqubo engalungile, ngokuchaza izimpi zanamuhla.

Izindlela Zokuchaza Eziqhathaniswayo Kuhlelo Lokufundisa

Izifundo zefilosofi yokwahlulela eziphumelela kakhulu azifundisi ukusungula izinto ngokwehlukana kodwa kunalokho zikwenza kube yingxoxo eshukumisayo ngemibono ephikisanayo. Abafundi kumelwe baqonde zonke izindlela zokuchaza ezikhona ukuze bahlulele ukuthi yini inzuzo yokuqala kanye nalokho enikela ngayo. Indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-msuka noma incazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iphethe ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingazivumelanisa nezimo. Le mfundiso, ehlobene nezibalo ezifana noMahluleli William Brennan noProfesa Lawrence Triben, ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo njengohlaka lomphakathi othuthukayo nodinga izindinganiso zawo nezidingo ezingalindelekile ngokugcwele. Izincwadi ezivamile zivame ukuba ziqonde izinqumo zomthetho ezilandelanayo ezinqunywayo kanye nezimiso eziphilayo, zihambisa isibonelo esiwuphawu olufanayo ku-Brey Breaner &17; ukuphikisana nomthetho-Scliternstname; #17; ukuveza umbono ohlukene phakathi kwezindlela eziningi.

Olunye uhlelo olubalulekile luhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imibhalo, ehlobene kakhulu nokuhlanganisa amagama akuqala kodwa ehluke kakhulu ngezindlela ezibalulekile. I-textualism igxila ekuqondeni okuvamile kolimi olusemthethweni ngesikhathi sokusebenza kunokuba ngesikhathi sokudweba, nakuba kusetshenziswa izindlela zokubhala nokubhala i-alpistle ngokuvamile kuhlangana. Abafundi bafunda ukuhlukanisa lezizindlela futhi baqaphele lapho ukwenziwa kobufundisi kuveza imiphumela ehlukile kunokuveza ukubhalwa kwemibhalo. Ukuhlolwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, isibonelo, kanye nobuhlakani kuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bathweswa ngethuluzi elibanzi lokuhlola ukuhlaziya iphuzu lokwahlulela kunokuba baqaphele ukuzimisela okuqinile kwesikole esisodwa somqondo.

Izimpikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ezingaphakathi Kwenkolelo Yokuqala

Izifundo zomthetho wokuqala zingephelele ngaphandle kokusingatha izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zangaphakathi eziqhubeka ziphila emkhakheni. Lezimpikiswano azikona ubuthakathaka bokufihla kodwa zingamathuba okucushwa okucubungula nokugxeka. Omunye umkhawulo omkhulu uhlukanisa abaqondisi begama lokuqala abagcizelela incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo kulabo abahlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi zomthetho wemvelo namalungelo emvelo. UMahluleli uThomas uvame ukudweba ekucabangeni komthetho wemvelo emibonweni yakhe, ephikisa ngokuthi iSimemezelo senkululeko kanye nesakhiwo soMthetho-Constitution sibonisa isibopho sokuthatha amalungelo angenamthetho andulela uhulumeni. Abagxeki phakathi kwekamu lokuqala baphikisa ukuthi lendlela yokuthatha inqubo yokuziphatha esekelwe engokomthetho ngaphansi kwendlela yokuqala yokuchaza inkolelo-Ù, ilulaza inkolelo-mbono yemibono, ishoshoshosho ukunqanda ukulawula.

Enye impikiswano ephikisanayo ihlanganisa ukunikezwa kweziNguqulo zenguquko kanye nokuhlobana kwazo noMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu neshumi elinesine nesihlanu sawushintsha ngokuyisisekelo umthetho-sisekelo ngokumisa imingcele yobuzwe, ukuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo, nokunqanda ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni. Izazi zoqobo ziyaphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi ukuchaza okukhulu kangakanani ukuchaza incazelo yakuqala yalokhu kulungisa nokuqondana nokuthi kufanele kuqondwe yini ukubusa noma ukulunga kwezici zomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. UProfesa uMichael McConnell ̱ ulwazi olungokomlando ngencazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se - nyaka seminyaka engu-145817, luye lwanethonya kakhulu kule mpikiswano, luphikisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhundla zamalungelo akuqala. AbaFundi abaphikisanayo, ukuhlangana kwelungelo lokuncintisana nomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokuqala, ukuvikela nokuqondana kwezelelene.

Ithonya Langaphandle Emfundweni Yakuqala: Izikhulu Nezinqumo Zokwahlulela

Izidingo ezingokoqobo zomsebenzi ongokomthetho ziye zasheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemfundo yezomthetho yezomthetho ezifundweni zomthetho. Abafundi bomthetho abalangazelela ukuba nemishini yomabhalane, ikakhulukazi namaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme noma abahluleli besifunda ababambelele emasikweni esonto, kumelwe babonise ukushelela ekucabangeni kokuqala namagama. I-Federalist Society ̱ i-networksters iye yasiza ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamalungu emfundo yokuqala, abafundi, nabahluleli, akha ipayipi elivuza izivumelwano zemfundo yemfundo esekelwe emfundisweni yokuqala. Izikole eziningi zomthetho manje zinikeza izindlela ezikhethekile noma ukugxilisa inqubo yomthetho egcizelela izindlela zokufundisa inqubo yokuqala, futhi abalwe umsebenzi ngokuvamile baqokomisa ulwazi lwabo lokuqala noma ulwazi lokufundisa.

Ukuqinisekiswa koMahluleli bokuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme nakho kuye kwalungisa uhlelo lwezifundo. Ukumiswa kukaMahluleli uNeil Gormoth, Brett Kavanaugh, noAmy Coney Barrett, ngamunye ohlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lobu mbhalo nombhalo wokuqala, uye wanikeza incazelo engokwemvelo yezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lejaji eliphezulu. Imibono yabo inikeza izibonelo zengxoxo yekilasi futhi ibonisa ukuthi inkolelo yokuqala ayiyona nje inkolelo yemfundo yemfundo kodwa ifilosofi yokwahlulela enemiphumela yangempela yomthetho waseMelika. Abafundi abafunda ukufundela ukubhalwa kokuqala namuhla bayakwazi ukufinyelela emibonweni eminingi kakhulu esebenzisa izindlela zokwahlulela kunabafundi ngisho naseshumini leminyaka edlule, benza ukuba inkolelo ikwazi ukufundisa nokuhlola kolwazi ngezimfundiso.

Ukukhuluma Ngemizwa Nokulinganiselwa Ekilasini

Izifundo zefilosofi yokwahlulela ezithembekile azibubonisi ubuKhoma bemfundo yokuqala njengemfundiso engenasici noma emisiwe kodwa kunalokho ziphenya ubuthakathaka bayo nokulinganiselwa ngokulinganayo. Izindawo ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo zihlanganisa ubunzima bokuthola incazelo yakuqala yezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezikhuluma ngesayensi yezobuchwepheshe noma izimo zezenhlalo ezingalindelekile. ISimemezelo Sesibini sokuHlaziywa, ngokwesibonelo, sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, kodwa yini leyo nkulumo ngo 1791 mayelana nezikhali zanamuhla ezisetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inkolelo yokuqala idinga abahluleli ukuba bahileleke ekuvuselweni kabusha okungokomlando noma iholele imiphumela ewubuwula ukuthi abakhi bomthetho abangeke bayihlosile. Abaqali baphendule ngokuhlukanisa phakathi komqondo wezikhali kanye nemishini, baphikisa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala isebenza ezinjongweni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho?

Enye i-critique ephindaphindwayo ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa ngokukhetha kwenqubo yokuhlola indalo okwenziwa abahluleli abafinyelela imiphumela evumelana nemibono yabo yezombangazwe. Abagxeki bakhomba izinqumo lapho amaJaji akuqala aphikisana khona nobufakazi obungokomlando noma ancike ekuphikiswaneni nokulandisa okungokomlando ukuze asekele imiphumela ethandwayo. Icala likaTrump v. United States, elihilela ukuvikelwa kwenqubo yobumongameli ekuvimbeleni ukunqanda ukuqulwa kobugebengu, ladala impikiswano enkulu ngokuthi iningi labantu bokuqala elihileleke ekuhlolweni komlando ngokwethembeka noma esikhundleni salo lakha iprojectenno yemibono egqoke ngolimi lokuqala. Izifundo zemithetho ezinikeza abafundi inselele lendaba ukuba bathuthukise imibandela yokungatshani kobuqotho yokuhlola kokuqala nokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhlola kokwahlulela komthetho.

Ikusasa Lemfundo Yokuqala

Ukubheka phambili, indima yemfundo yokuqala ezifundweni zefilosofi yokwahlulela ibonakala ikhula futhi ijule. Ukutholakala okwandayo kwemitapo engokomlando namathuluzi olimi kuyokwenza ukuba ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokusobala kokuqala, kungaphendula okunye kokugxeka okuye kwabekwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlelwa kwemibono kwezombangazwe zaseMelika kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukho bakuqala buyoqhubeka buyindawo egqamile ezimpikiswaneni zokubusa ngokwemithetho engokomthetho nemithetho esemthethweni. Izikole zemithetho ezihlomisela abafundi ukuhlomela ukuhileleka ngokugxeka kokuqala nokuvumelana nomthetho wezokwakha izinkolelo zomthetho.

Izinqubo ezintsha zokulwa komthetho, kuhlanganise nokubambisana komthetho nezazi-mlando, abaqondisi bezilimi, nososayensi bezombangazwe, ziyothuthukisa imfundiso yokuqala. Ezinye izikole zomthetho ziye zasungula izinhlelo zamadegree ahlangene noma izikhungo ezikhethekile ezinikezelwe ekusunguleni komthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza abafundi ukuqeqeshwa okungalawuleki ngezindlela zokucwaninga ezingokomlando kanye nemfundiso yokuchaza. I-tenethiyuramende nemithombo evulekile njenge-Exritanism Blog kanye ne-Federalist Society ̱ inikeza abafundi izihloko zokunezela imfundo yegumbi lezincwadi futhi bavumela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ekutholeni ulwazi lwamanje.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lefilosofi yokuqala yefilosofi yefilosofi yezomthetho liye laguqulwa, libuye lishintshe indlela abafundi bezomthetho nabahluleli besikhathi esizayo abasondela ngayo kuMthetho-sisekelo, isibonelo, nemingcele yamandla okwahlulela. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo njengenhlangano ephikisayo ibekela isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esiphilayo inselele ekutheni simo sawo sobukhombana obuphambili njengendlela yokuchaza inqubo ebanzi yokuhlaziya inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yenkolo, ukuguqulwa komthetho wenkolo yenkolo yendabuko kuye kwashintsha ngokuyisisekelo indawo yaqala ngokulandelana kwemfundo yemfundo engokomthetho yaseMelika ewuchaza njengenkolelo eqinile kodwa njengendlela eyinkimbinkimbi nephikiswayo yokuchaza umthetho, enye efuna ukuhlelwa okuqinile, ukuhlelwa komlando, nokuhlolwa okuqotho nokulinganiselwa kwayo siqu ngokwayo. Ngokufundisa kokuqala kwemfundo engokomthetho ongokomthetho, kuzoba nokuthuthukisa ukuchaza ukuphikisana kwemibono okungokweziko phakathi nezikole ezingokomthetho, kulungiselela ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha izingxoxo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho eziwuchazayo.