Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli abayinhloko boMthetho-sisekelo, zisebenzisa amandla okuchaza amalungiselelo awo futhi zishaye imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula imithetho yawo. Lendima iyisisekelo sokugcina ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela amalungelo athenjiswa uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphandle kwejaji elizimele, ukulinganisela okubekwe ngokucophelela kwamandla abekwe ezincwadini zokusungula kungaba yinzuzo ecatshangelwayo.

Indima Ebucayi Yommeli Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

Ijaji lingelinye lamagatsha amathathu alinganayo kahulumeni kahulumeni, kanye noMkhandlu noMongameli. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko awukona ukwenza umthetho noma ukuwumisa, kodwa ukuwuchaza − ukusebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso emaqinisweni endaba ngayinye efika ngaphambi kwawo. Lamandla okuchaza adlulela ngalé kokufunda nje umbhalo; adinga abahluleli ukuba banqume incazelo nobukhulu bamalungelo omthetho-mthethweni ezimweni ezishintshashintshashintshanayo.

Abahluleli kumelwe banqume amacala nezimpikiswano ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kwezombangazwe noma umbono othandwayo. Lokhu kungakhethi kuyisizathu sokuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo. Indima yomahluleli njengommangaleli ongathathi hlangothi ivumela ukuba ixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kukahulumeni nohulumeni, futhi phakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni ahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuzwa amacala aqhamuka ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, nezivumelwano ze-United States, zizenze imvume eyinhloko yezimpikiswano zomthetho.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nezindlela Zawo

Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho bechaza uMthetho-sisekelo. i-Origalism ifuna ukuqonda umbhalo njengoba wawuqondwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. i-alticism [[ igxila kakhulu ekuqondeni okucacile kwamagama asetshenziswayo. isho ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ivela ngezinguquko ze-cicio. Lefilosofi ichaza ngokuqondile indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amalungelo abantu, amandla ombuso, negunya.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wakha ngamabomu isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya, ukunikeza imisebenzi ehlukile emagatsheni omthetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela. Kodwa ukwahlukana kukodwa akwanele; igatsha ngalinye kumelwe libe namathuluzi okuhlola amanye. Ukuhlola okuyinhloko kwejaji amandla okumemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa uMongameli. Leligunya alishiwonga ngokucacile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo (*) kwamiswa yiNkantolo eMthethweni weSishayamthetho enkantolo eqophelweni sezwe .

Uma inkantolo ithola umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ongekho emthethweni, uncishiswa ngokuphumelelayo. Lombuso awupheleli ngokuphelele; ijaji lixhomeke egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuphoqelela imithetho yalo naseMkhandlwini ukuba umise amandla ayo. Kodwa phakathi kwembulunga yayo, ijaji linegama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho. Njengoba iNkanto ePhakeme ichazwe ngokudumile ku- Cooper v. Aaron [[FLT] [1958], “i-judiary kahulumeni iphakeme ekudluliseleni umthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.”

Indlela Amagatsha Aphethe Nemithetho Ahlola Ngayo Izinkantolo

Lapho izinkantolo zihlola amanye amagatsha, ziyahlolwa futhi. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni (nesiqinisekiso seSigele), futhi uMkhandlu ungakhipha abahluleli ngenxa “yobugebengu obuphakeme kanye nonya.” ISishaya-Mkhandlu sinamandla okushintsha inani lamahluleli eNkantolo Ephakeme nokunikeza izinguquko ezingcono ezingenza izincazelo zomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Ikhorali Lokuphoqelelwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu engosini yezokwahlulela. Kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Amandla asetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazinga ejaji likahulumeni, kodwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme emibuzweni yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni zibopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela ukuze ilololonga cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula iSivikelo sika Claus oHlawulwe weSichibiyelo se-14. Lesi sinqumo sayiqeda imfundiso yangaphambili “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” ku- v.[FLT] Pnecy[FLT] [1896]] futhi sabeka isigaba senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi.

Ezinye izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa [ Roe v. [1973]), ezaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Century Claus; Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], eliqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza izigebengu ezikhonjweni; CIT]ns United [[FLT]/, elengeziwe izigwebo zokuqala ekusebenziseni imali yezezombangazwe. Zonke zalezi zinqunyulo zibonisa ukubukeza okujulileyo komthetho kuxhomeke amalungelo nenkambiso yomphakathi.

Amacala Okwahlulela Aphawuleka

  • Marbury v. Madison (103) – imisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela, imemezela umthetho kahulumeni owenziwe ngaphandle komthetho ngokokuqala ngqá.
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) – ngokudukisayo ukholelwa ukuthi ama-Afrika ayengezona izakhamuzi; kamuva wagumbuqelwa yiziphenduzelo ze 13 ne 14.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - - Imenyezelwe ukwahlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, iqeda “ukuhlukaniswa kodwa kulingana.”
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) - - Yaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokwenza isodwa.
  • United States v. Nixon (1974) - - Iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu, ngisho noMongameli, ongaphezu komthetho ngokuyala ukuba kukhululwe amakhasethi eWatergate.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngamunye Enkantolo

Ngaphandle kokuhlola amanye amagatsha, izinkantolo ziwundabalalo oyinhloko wabantu ngabanye ukuze balwele amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo. IBhili yamaLungelo ivikela inkululeko enjengenkulumo, inkolo, ingqungquthela, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, nesivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sihlanganisa eziningi zalezizigwebo kuhulumeni bendawo ngemfundiso yokungena kwempi.

Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abo aphulwe bangafaka icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinjenge- 42 U.S.C. . . . . 1983, okuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zimangalelwe uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Lelikhambi liyithuluzi elinamandla lokubeka abadlali kumacala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa enza ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni noma ukusebenzisa amandla eqile, umuntu othintekile angaletha isenzo sokufuna isijeziso somphakathi futhi athole usizo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula indikimba yamacala ebanzi echaza iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukusuka ekuvikelweni kwefulege (Texas v. Johnson, 1989) ekuvimbeleni imithetho yezezimali (Buckley v. Valeo, 1976), ijaji linenkulumo elinganiselwe ngokukhululekile mayelana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ezincintisanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi imingcele esekelwe ekukhulumeni okusekelwe kuyo iwumthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, kuyilapho imingcele ephakathi ngesikhathi, endaweni, nangendlela ebekwe ngayo.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Izinkantolo ziye zachaza inqubo efanelekile ehlanganisa kokubili isivikelo se-procededal (ithuba lokuzwakala) nesivikelo esingaphansi (njengelungelo lokuzibusa ngomzimba). Isivikelo esingalingani sidinga uhulumeni ukuba aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo ngokufanayo, futhi izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula imithetho esekelwe ebalaneni, ebuntwaneni, ewubulilini, noma emalungelweni ayisisekelo.

Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni: Ukwenza Izinkantolo Zitholakale Kubo Bonke

Ukuze inkantolo ivikele amalungelo ngokuphumelelayo, kumelwe ifinyeleleke. Ngeshwa, izindleko zemali yokukhokha i-litignore/izindleko, inkantolo, ofakazi abangochwepheshe − ngokuvamile babeka ubulungisa ukuba bungafinyelelwa ama-America atholakele kancane naphakathi. ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa iseluleko ezicaleni zobugebengu, kodwa abaqondisi bemithetho abanelungelo elinjalo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni “igebe lobulungisa,” lapho abantu abaningi kumelwe bazimelele khona (kube) ezinkantolo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zihlose ukuvala leligebe:

  • [[NTL:0] Izinhlangano ze-Aid Aid - Izinkampani zomthetho ezingazuzisi ezinikeza abantu abampofu izikhundla ezikhululekile noma eziphansi. Zisingatha izindaba ezihilela izindlu, umthetho womkhaya, ukuvikela abathengi, nezinzuzo zomphakathi.
  • [ Project Programs - Izinkampani zezomthetho eziningi kanye nama-bar zikhuthaza abameli ukuba basebenzise isikhathi sabo ngokuzithandela. I-American Bar Association’s Pro Bono Week iyisibonelo semizamo yokwandisa izinkonzo zokuzithandela zomthetho.
  • [[INTLOBO:0] Izikhungo zosizo ne-Online Resources - Izinkantolo zinikeza ngokuqhubekayo amafomu, amavidiyo, nesiqondiso salabo abazimelela bona. Amawebhusayithi okwahlulela a State ngokuvamile anezindawo zokuthatha izikhungo zezindaba ezilula njengezinguquko zegama noma izahlukaniso ezingaphikiswanga.

Naphezu kwale mizamo, kusekhona izithiyo ezinkulu. Izinkonzo zomthetho zithola imali elinganiselwe kuhulumeni, futhi umsebenzi we-probo ungeke uthathe indawo ngokuphelele isimiso sokusiza somphakathi esiqinile somthetho. Abameleli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela ilungelo elingokomthetho ukuba belulekwe ezimweni zomphakathi ezibalulekile, njengokuxoshwa kwejele noma izimpikiswano zokuwinwa kwabantwana lapho izidingo eziyisisekelo zisengozini.

Umphumela Onamandla Wezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, futhi isinqumo sayo sibumba ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. Ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo ikhetha amacala angu - 70-80 kuphela ngonyaka ezicelweni ezingaphezu kuka - 7 000, isinqumo ngasinye sinesisindo esikhulu. Izincazelo zeNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ziba isisekelo esibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinqumo zamuva nje ezibonisa leli thonya. "Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], iNkantolo yathi imibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiwe inelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokushada, inikeza isivikelo esifanayo ku LGBTQ+ ubuhlobo ezweni lonke. i-National Federation of Independent Business v. [Sebelius[FLT:] [[FLT]] (2020:3]), iNkantolo isekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye le-Afford Caree Act njengendlela yokusebenzisa intela esemthethweni yeBCreact esemthethweni, igcina umthetho wezempilo. [[FLT:]] United States v[FFFF]][5]

Inkantolo futhi ikhela amakheli ama-eddeg amakheli afana nezindaba eziyimfihlo ze-athom. Carbate v. United States (2017]), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando kwamangqamuzana, iqaphela ukuthi ukuqapha kwezemishini kuvikela iSichibiyelo sesine ngezindlela ezintsha. Izinqumo ezinjalo zigcina uMthetho-sisekelo ubalulekile enkathini yanamuhla.

Indlela Yokuvumela Isinqumo Senkantolo Ephakeme

Izakhamuzi zingathola imibono ephelele nezimpikiswano ngomlomo ngengosi engokomthetho yeNkantolo e e-website.gov. Imithombo enjenge Oyez[ inikeza izifushaniso zomsindo nezingaqondakali zesiNgisi. Izisekelo ezisemthethweni ezinjenge- Cornell Information yolwazi olusemthethweni [ inikeza imibhalo ebhaliwe.

Ikusasa Lomjuphi Oshintshayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, inani labantu, nezimiso zomphakathi zishintsha, ijaji kumelwe livumelane nemibuzo emisha yomthetho-sisekelo. Impikiswano eyenzeka emkhathini ihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nenqubo efanele, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yobuchwepheshe, amandla okulawula ezindabeni zokhuseleko zezwe, nokuhlangana kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokulinganisela kwezezokuxhumana. Izinkantolo zidinga ukusebenzisa ulimi oludala olungokomthetho ezimweni abasunguli abasoze bazicabanga.

Inqubo yokwahlulela yokuhloma ihlala iphikisana kwezombangazwe, nempi yokugunyazwa kweSigele iyanda ngokuhlukana. Okwamanje, ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo kuye kwashintsha. Abanye ababukeli bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukuvela kobuhlanga kungalulaza ukufaneleka kwejaji. Ukulondoloza ukungakhethi. − futhi umbono wokungakhethi (ne-) ubalulekile ukuze izinkantolo ziqhubeke zisebenza njengabaqondisi bencazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo abathenjwayo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekusekeleni Iculo Eliphumelelayo

Izakhamuzi azizona izibukeli ezingenzi lutho esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi ezithembisene ukugada ziqinisa inkantolo ngokufuna ukuba abantu babonakale beba ngcono, bahlanganyele emfundweni yomphakathi, futhi bahloniphe ukukhululeka kokwahlulela. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo − kuhlanganise nomehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo, kanye nokubaluleka kwabantu ngabanye ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukunikeza imvume ehunyweni lokwahlulela abahluleli bezwe (lapho kufanelekile), ukuxhumana nabameleli ngezikhala zokwahlulela, nokusekela ukuxhaswa kosizo olungokomthetho kuyizindlela eziqinisekile zokuthonya isimiso. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olungcono, lapho zingaqapha khona ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekuphathweni yikhoma igatsha. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iphawulwe Denge v. Oregon[[FLD:1] [197]], “ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuvikela umphakathi ekugumbuqedweni kwezinhlangano zethu ngempoqo nangobudlova, isidingo esikhulu sokugcina amalungelo emithetho enkululeko yenkulumo, ukukhipha imvume yokuzinhloba ngokukhululekile."

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zimi njengelungu lokugcina likahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, zihlola amandla amagatsha aphetheyo nawabezimthetho. Ngecala ngalinye, zivikela amalungelo abantu kusukela ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kuya enqubweni enqubweni efanelekile. Ngokuthola izinyathelo zokwahlulela, zilwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezisivikelo azigcinelwanga abacebile. Futhi ngezinqumo ezingokomlando, ziqondisa isizwe ezinkathini zoshintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo.

Ukugcina lendima kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Igunya lejaji ekugcineni lisekelwe ekhonweni lalo lokulawula inhlonipho ngezinqumo ezicatshangelwe, ezinezimiso. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda futhi zisekela umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo wenkantolo, sonke isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokwenjongo. UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eziqedayo.=="Ingancike kumthetho ozimele ofaka ukuphila emagameni azo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ahlala ekhona kuMelika wonke.