Table of Contents

Kuwo wonke umlando, izinkulumo ezinamandla ziye zasebenza njengezibangela ushintsho olungokomthetho, ukubumba izisekelo zezimiso zobulungisa emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela kuma-asters asendulo kuya kumagumbi okushaya umthetho anamuhla, leligama elikhulunywayo liye laba nethonya elingavamile ekusungulweni kwemithetho, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuhlobana okukhulu phakathi kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando nokusemthethweni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi izakhiwo zethu ezingokomthetho zanamuhla zaba njani futhi ziqhubeke zazisa izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngobulungisa, ukulingana, namalungelo abantu.

Isisekelo Somlando: Indlela Izimiso Zezomthetho Zakuqala Ezabunjwa Ngayo Imithetho

Umthetho wasendulo waseGibithe, owabhalwa emuva emuva ngo-3000 BC, wawuphawuleka ngenkulumo engadingi mpendulo, imisa isiqalo sendima yokukhuluma enkantolo. Emiphakathini enjenge-Arekie yasendulo, impikiswano yasobala yayiyisisekelo ekuphileni kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi e-Athene, lapho izakhamuzi zazihlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezazithonya izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, zibeka isisekelo sezimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Isiko lenkulumo ethonyayo engokomthetho lihlanganisa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane edlule. E-Athene yasendulo, umkhuba wokukhuluma wawungesona nje isici sobuciko kodwa isici esiyinhloko sokubusa kwentando yeningi nezindaba zokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi kwakulindeleke ukuba zizikhulumele ezinkantolo, zenze ikhono lokuveza izimpikiswano ezinamandla ezibalulekile ezidinga ukugcinwa kobulungisa. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubekwa kwemithetho okuyothonya amasiko aseNtshonalanga amakhulu eminyaka azayo.

Impucuko yamaRoma engokomthetho nayo yayikwazisa ukuqapha okunekhono. Isikhulumi esikhulu uCicero sabonisa indlela inkulumo enamandla eyayingabumba ngayo imiphumela engokomthetho futhi ithonye isimiso somphakathi. Izinkulumo zakhe azivikelanga nje kuphela amakhasimende kodwa futhi zachaza izimiso ezibanzi ngobulungisa, ukubusa, kanye nomthetho owawuzonanela ngezimiso zomthetho ezilandelayo. Ukugcizelela kwenkulumo esekelwe eqeqeshiwe nenkulumo ethonyayo kwagxila ngayo emasikweni angokomthetho aqala kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi ekugcineni asakazekela embulungeni yonke indawo.

Inkathi Yokukhanyiselwa: Inkulumo Ephicayo Eyashintsha Imicabango Engokomthetho

Izimiso zokukhanyiselwa zathuthukisa umqondo wokuthi ukuphana ngemibono ngokukhululekile kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umbuso wentando yeningi nentuthuko engokwesayensi, njengoba ongqondongqondo begcizelela ukuthi ohulumeni kufanele bavikele, kunokuba bacindezele, inkulumo ukuze bathuthukise isakhamuzi esinolwazi, futhi imibhalo yabo yathonya izinhlangano ezivukelayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMelika.

UJohn Locke noVoltaire baba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko yokukhuluma phakathi komongo womthetho wenkululeko. Izincwadi zabo zefilosofi nezinkulumo zomphakathi zabekela inselele izakhiwo zamandla akhona futhi zasekela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, umthetho wemvelo, nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Lemibono, yasakazwa ngezinkulumo, amapheshana, nezimpikiswano zomphakathi, yabeka isisekelo esihlakaniphile sombuso wentando yeningi namalungelo abantu banamuhla.

IziNguquko zaseMelika nezaseFrance zabangelwa futhi zabunjwa yizinkulumo ezinamandla. Abaholi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo basebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze badlulisele izikhalo, basekele, futhi bathethelele ushintsho olukhulu lwezombangazwe. ISimemezelo senkululeko ngokwaso, lapho kubhalwa incwadi, sathathwa njengenkulumo okumelwe ifundwe ngokuzwakalayo futhi iphikiswane obala. Ulimi lwaso lwalubonisa amasiko angenampendulo alenkathi, lusebenzisa izindlela ezithonyayo eziklanyelwe ukukholisa izilaleli zasekhaya nezizwe zonke zokuzimela kwenkululeko yaseMelika.

Amandla Okukhuluma Kwesisekelo SaseMelika

Izincwadi ezisungulwe nezinkulumo ze-United States zibonisa ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwenkulumo nokubekwa kwemithetho. I-Constitution ye-Constitution yayihilela ukuphikisana okukhulu, nezihambeli ezinikeza izinkulumo ezilololonga isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Lezi zinqumo, nakuba kungezona zonke ezibhaliwe eziqinile, zamisa izenzakalo zenkulumo yomthetho nencazelo yomthetho-mthetho eziqhubeka zithonya ukubusa kwaseMelika.

NgoNovember 19, 1863, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wanikeza ikheli ekunikezelweni kwamathuna ezwe eGettysburg, ePennsylvania, eliye laba enye yezinkulumo ezidumile zomlando wase-U.S., ezafika ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva komkhankaso we Gettysburg, enye yezimpi ezigcwele igazi elikhulu kakhulu zeMpi Yombango yase-U.S. iGettysburg Addresburg, nakuba i-impela, iye yasekela ukuqonda kwamaMelika ngesilinganiso nangenjongo yobuzwe. I-Lincoln isholon ukuthi lesi sizwe sasiwusuku oluthiwalwe ukuba wonke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo" yanikeza umthetho nesisekelo sokuziphatha esasizosekela amalungelo esizwe kamuva nezinqubweni zomthetho omthetho owenziwe ngokulinganayo.

Izinkulumo zikaLincoln phakathi nenkathi yeMpi Yombango zaveza okungaphezu kokubangela ukuba kuchazwe ngokomthetho nangokomthetho-sisekelo okwathonya iMelika yangemva kwempi. Izimpikiswano zakhe ngokungabi nakwenzeka kwe-Union kanye nokuphakama kwegunya likahulumeni phezu kwezwe lokuncishiswa kwemithetho-sisekelo kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla ezwe akhona namuhla.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Inkulumo Ewubuyisayo Umthetho WaseMelika

Mhlawumbe ayikho inkathi emlandweni waseMelika ebonisa kangcono amandla ezinkulumo okuguqula izimiso zomthetho kune - Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne - 1960.

UMartin Luther King Jr. neSisekelo Sokuziphatha Soshintsho Olungokomthetho

UMartin Luther King Jr. umfuziselo wenkulumo eyisichazi wendlela izinkulumo ezingadala ngayo izimo zokuziphatha nezezombangazwe ezidingekayo ukuze kuvuselelwe ngokomthetho. "Nginephupho" inkulumo yasiza kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukudlula koMthetho wamalungelo abantu ngo-1964. Yakhululwa phakathi nonyaka kaMarch eWashington yehlela Jobs and Freet ngoAugust 28, 1963, inkulumo yeNkosi yaveza umbono wokulingana kohlanga osekelwe emithethweni yemithetho ye-mthetho-sisekelo nemithetho yokuziphatha yaseMelika.

Icebo lenkosi lokuthatha iziphakamiso laliphumelela kakhulu ngoba lalikhanga ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zaseMelika kuyilapho lidalula ukuphikisana phakathi kwaleyo miqondo kanye nobuqiniso bobandlululo nobandlululo. Ngokufaka amalungelo omphakathi njengokugcwaliseka kwezithembiso ezisunguliwe zaseMelika kunokuwasusa kakhulu emasikweni, iNkosi yenza icala lokuguqula okungokomthetho kwabamhlophe abasesilinganisweni futhi yanikeza abenzi bomthetho abazimisele ukusekela ukuguquka.

Ezinsukwini ezine ngemva kokuba uRosa Parks enqabile ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe ngo-1955, uMartin Luther King Jr. wakhuluma nezinkulungwane zabantu ababeyingxenye yesimiso se-Montgomery mabhasi, ekhuluma ngokwesaba okwathatha isikhathi eside kwabagibeli bebhasi abamnyama nokubaluleka kokuqhubeka nokubhikisha. Lenkulumo yakuqala yabonisa ikhono leNkosi lokukhuthaza isenzo sasobala ekugcineni esasiyophoqelela ushintsho olungokomthetho, njengoba isinqumo se-Montgomery brandy callcott saholela eNkantolweni Ephakeme esamemezela ukuthunyelwa komphakathi okungekhona kuhulumeni womphakathi.

Inkulumo Kamongameli Namalungelo Omphakathi

Umbiko kaMongameli John F. Kennedy kuAmerican People on Civil Rights wanikezwa ngoJune 11, 1963, esikisela umthetho oveza ukuthi kamuva uyoba yi-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, uveza amalungelo omphakathi njengendaba yokuziphatha futhi udlulisa izikhalo zangaphambili zokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, usho ukushintsha kwesimiso sokuqondisa sokusekela ngokuqinile amalungelo omphakathi.

Ikheli kwakuyinkulumo kaKennedy ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu emalunga namalungelo omphakathi ase-Afrika-Melika, eguqula inkulumo yezombangazwe yalendaba kuleyo yendaba engokomthetho kusuka kweyomthetho kuya kweyomthetho. Lokhu kushintsha okungacabangeli kwakubalulekile ngoba kwahlanganisa lempikiswano ngomqondo ovumelana nezindinganiso ezibanzi zaseMelika futhi kwenza ukuphikisa umthetho wesizwe ngokwesimilo ongenakukwazi ukumiswa abamisi-mthetho abaningi nezakhamuzi.

Ngemva kokubulawa kukaKennedy, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wanikeza ithonya elingokomzwelo lenhlekelele ukuze kuqhutshwe umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi. NgoManduleli uLyndon B. Johnson wakhuluma ngesimiso esihlangene soMkhandlu ukuze anxuse ukudluliswa komthetho omusha wamalungelo okuvota. Kule nkulumo, Johnson wamukela ngokudume kakhulu ukunxusa kwenhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu, ethi "sizonqoba," ngaleyondlela ehlanganisa isisindo esigcwele sikamongameli kanye nezifiso zenhlangano.

UJohnson wakhuluma ngoMarch 15th, 1965, cishe isonto ngemva kobudlova phakathi noSelma March ngenxa yokulingana kwamalungelo okuvota e-Alabama, ekhuluma ngokucwasana kwamalungelo okuvota ama-Afrika abhekana nakho ngohlobo lokufunda, ulwazi noma ukuhlolwa kobuntu okwakungadingeki ukuba kuthathwe amaMelika amhlophe, futhi wayenethonya elikhulu njengoba lalibonisa ukuthi umongameli wayesekela inhlangano futhi ehlangene nemithetho engokomlando waseMelika. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, yadlula kamuva ngalowonyaka, ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wamalungelo abantu eMelika.

Ukunikezwa Kwemithetho Yesivumelwano Nemithetho

UMholi oMncane u - Everett Dirksen wanikeza inkulumo ethonyayo encwadini yokulwa kwesivumelwano samalungelo omphakathi ka - 1964 sokulwa ne - filbuster ngamanxusa aseningizimu, enethemba lokuqinisekisa abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka balabo asebenza nabo eRepublic ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokuvala impikiswano futhi avumele ukuvota kulencwadi, uHulumeni ayecabangela unyaka wonke.

UDirksen wacaphuna inkulumo kaVictor Hugo, "Umlindi kunawo wonke amabutho umqondo wokuthi isikhathi sakhe sesifikile", uveza umqondo wokuthi amabutho okuziphatha nezenhlalo, akhulunyelwe ngenkulumo enamandla, anganqoba ukumelana kwezombangazwe ukuze adale ushintsho olungokomthetho. Inkulumo yakhe yaba yithuluzi ekulondolozeni amavoti aseRepublic ayedingeka ukuze acele ukuvikelwa phansi futhi aqede i-Republican Rights, avumela ukuba i-Civil Rights Act ka-19649 ithathele ukuvota futhi ekugcineni idlule.

Izimpikiswano zemithetho ephathelene nomthetho wamalungelo abantu zibonisa indlela izinkulumo ezingaphakathi kwezimo zikahulumeni eziwubumba ngayo ngokuqondile umthetho. Iziphathi nabaphathi bezinkulumo zaphansi abasebenzisanga nje kuphela ukuthonya ozakwabo kodwa futhi nokwenza umlando wemithetho owawuyoqondisa ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho esikhathini esizayo ababeyimisa.

Indlela Amazwi Ayithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkulumo nokwenza imithetho busebenza ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sinezela ethonyeni eliphelele lenkulumo ezimisweni zomthetho.

Ukuphazamisa Umbono Womphakathi Nokushintsha Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Izinkulumo ezanikezwa ngaphandle kwezimiso zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho − imibuthano yemihlangano, imibhikisho, nokubuthana komphakathi — kubangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuthonya abakhi bomthetho. UPhilip Randolph waphawula ngoMashi eWashington ukuthi kwakungakafiki emigwaqweni nasemajele aseBirmingham lapho uKhongolo lwaqala ukugcwala khona ukucabanga ngomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, futhi kwaze kwaba yilapho izinkulungwane zibonisa eNingizimu ukuthi ukuphikisana kwesidlo sasemini kwahlanganiswa.

Lokhu kuphawula kuqokomisa indlela izinkulumo ezikhuthaza izenzo zomphakathi ezidala ngayo izimo ezenza umthetho ushintshe umfutho wezombangazwe noma inzuzo. Abenzi bomthetho basabela ekucindezeleni kwemikhakha, ekudluliseleni imithombo yezindaba, nasekushintsheni umzwelo womphakathi (‘konke okungathonywa ukusho okuphumelelayo. ’) Uma izinkulumo ziveza izindaba ngokuziphatha noma zibonisa ukusekela komphakathi okusakazekile koshintsho, benza kube okubizayo ngokwezombangazwe ukuba abashaya umthetho balondoloze isimo.

Ukulungiselela Imisebenzi Yokuziphatha Neyokufundisa

Izinkulumo zinezela ekuthuthukeni okungokomthetho ngokuveza izaba zokuziphatha nezingokwengqondo zokusekela imithetho emisha noma izincazelo ezingokomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo zikaFrederick Douglas ezikhuluma ngamalungelo omphakathi enkathini yangemva kweMpi yeMpi yaseMelika, zanikeza izinqumo ezinamandla zesinqumo somthetho ezazilulaza ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi. UDouglas waphikisa ngokuthi i-Civil Rights Bill, njengawo wonke umthetho wesikhathi esidlule, yayiyibhande elingaphandle kodonga lwenkululeko yaseMelika, indinganiso yokuziphatha ehloniphekile ekhushulelwe imfundo yabantu baseMelika, iveza umuzwa wobulungisa nomdlalo olungile, ikhanga kubo bonke abantu baseMelika abanobuntu nemizwelo yokushisekela izwe, futhi ibatshela ukuthi bonke babelingana nomthetho.

Izinkulumo ezinjalo zakha indikimba yokucabanga okungokokuziphatha okungathonywa abasekeli bomthetho besikhathi esizayo. Zimisa izibonelo zendlela yokucabanga ngobulungisa, ukulingana, namalungelo — izinkulumo ezingase zibe nethonya njengezibonelo ezingokomthetho ekulolongeni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho.

Ukuchaza Ngonya Ukwahlulela

Nakuba abahluleli ngokuyinhloko beqondiswa imibhalo engokomthetho, izimiso ezingokomthetho nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, isimo esibanzi sempucuko nezombangazwe esibunjwe izinkulumo ezinethonya singathinta incazelo yokwahlulela.

Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo evumelanayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Expand Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, yaqala phakathi kwendabuko ehlelwe kakhulu yilungelo lomphakathi lokukhuluma. Nakuba abahluleli bengakhulumi ngezinkulumo njengegunya elingokomthetho, izimpikiswano zokuziphatha nokuqonda kwezenhlalo ezicaciswe kulezo zinkulumo zanezela ekushintsheni imibono yokwahlulela ngokulingana kwezinhlanga namalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho.

Ukwakha Amarekhodi Emithetho Nokungahlosile

Izinkulumo ezinikezwa phakathi nezimpikiswano zemithetho ziba yingxenye yerekhodi elingokomthetho futhi zingathonya indlela imithetho echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo. Lapho abamisi-mthetho bechaza injongo yomthetho kanye nendlela ozichaza ngayo phakathi nezimpikiswano zasesitezi, lezo zincazelo zingaqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe nezinkantolo ekusebenziseni nasekuchazeni umthetho.

Izinkulumo zamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, nezinye izinqubo ezingokomthetho zemithetho zakha umlando wenhloso yemithetho abahumushi abangokomthetho abahlolayo lapho benquma indlela yokusebenzisa imithetho ezimweni ezithile. Ngakho izinkulumo ezikhuthazayo phakathi nalezi zenzakalo zingaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo endleleni imithetho esebenza ngayo, ithonya labo lidlulele kakhulu kunaleyo evoti esheshayo yemithetho.

Imishini Yethonya Lemithetho Ephathelene Nezimiso Zezomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela izinkulumo ezithonya ngayo izimiso zomthetho kudinga ukuhlola amasu aqondile okungadingi mpendulo nezici ezisekelwe kuwo ezenza izinkulumo ezithile ziphumelele ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni ushintsho olungokomthetho.

Ukunxusa Ukuba Nezindinganiso Ezifanayo Nezimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Kunokuba bacele izilaleli ukuba zamukele izinkolelo ezintsha ngokuphelele, abakhulumeli abaphumelelayo babonisa indlela izibopho ezikhona ekulungeni, ekulinganiseni, noma ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho ezidinga ngayo izinguquko ezingokomthetho.

UMartin Luther King Jr.'s "Nginephupho" libonisa lendlela. Kunokuba alahle izindinganiso zaseMelika, iNkosi yacela iSimemezelo senkululeko, soMthetho-sisekelo, neSigqizo se-Emampation, iphikisa ukuthi ukulingana kwezinhlanga kwakuwukugcwaliseka kwemiqondo esungulwe iMelika. Lenqubo edinga impendulo yasekela umthetho wesizwe ngokuvumelana nokushisekela izwe nokuthembeka komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kunokuba ishiye amasiko aseMelika.

Ukuthatha Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezingaqondakali Kubantu

Izinkulumo zingakhanyisa imiqondo engokomthetho engekho ngokomthetho futhi ivumelane ngokomzwelo ngokuyihlanganisa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu nezindaba. Lapho izimemezeli zichaza ithonya langempela lezwe lemithetho engalungile noma isithunzi sobuntu okungamelwe sivikelwe imithetho elungile, zenza izinguquko ezingokomthetho zibe nencazelo ngokomuntu siqu ezibukelini ezingase ziyibheke njengempikiswano yezombangazwe ekude.

Lomsebenzi wobuntu ubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zentando yeningi lapho ukusekela komphakathi kudingekile khona ukuze kushintshwe ngokomthetho. Ngokusiza izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi imithetho ithinta kanjani ukuphila kwabantu bangempela, izinkulumo zingakha ukusekela okubanzi okudingekayo ukuze zinqobe ukumelana kwezombangazwe nokuguqulwa.

Isikhathi Nendawo Engokomlando

Ithonya lezinkulumo ezisemithethweni engokomthetho lixhomeke kakhulu esikhathini nasemongweni. Inkulumo efanayo enikezwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene ezingokomlando ingaba nemiphumela ehluke kakhulu. Izikhulumi ziba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu lapho zichaza imibono efike ngesikhathi sayo (lapho izimo zezenhlalo, zezombangazwe, nezomnotho ziye zadala ukuguqukela ekushintsheni.

Inkulumo kaWilliam Henry Seward's "Umthetho Ophakeme" ilokhu ingenye yezinkulumo zentombi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni weSigele, ngokushesha yamisa uSeward njengomholi omkhulu wesizwe omelene nobugqila. Phakathi namasonto amathathu, amakhophi amapheshana angaphezu kuka - 100 000 asakazwa, cishe enenani elilinganayo eliphindaphindiwe emaphephandabeni kulo lonke izwe. Ithonya lenkulumo libonisa kokubili ikhono likaSeward lokuphendula iziqu zemibuzo nengxoxo eshukume kakhulu yesizwe ngobugqila babo ebenza ukuba amaphuzu akhe athathe imvume ngokukhethekile.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke: Izindlela Zokukhuluma Ziphazamisa Izimiso Zezomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yengxoxo iye yagxila ezibonelweni zaseMelika, izinkulumo ziye zafeza izindima ezibalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Inkulumo Emelene Nemibuso Yamazwe Asebuthweni Nentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Abaholi bezinhlangano ezimelene nemibuso yamazwe azimele basebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze bachaze imibono yokuzibusa nokuzilawula okwakuzofakwa kamuva emithethweni emisha nezimiso zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo zikaMahatma Gandhi eNdiya, azizange zilwele nje ukumelana nokubusa kwaseBrithani kuphela kodwa futhi zazisebenzisa izimiso ezicaciwe zokungaphazamisi, ukungalaleli komphakathi, nesithunzi sobuntu ezazizothonya umthetho we-Indiya.

Ngokufanayo, izinkulumo zikaNelson Mandela phakathi nokusuka kobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kuya ekubuseni ngentando yeningi zasiza ekulolongeni uhlelo olusha lomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ukugcizelela kwakhe ukubuyisana, ukulingana, namalungelo abantu kwathonya ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo oqhubekayo waseNingizimu Afrika, obhekwa kabanzi njengowesivikeli samalungelo kakhulu emhlabeni.

Izizwe Zonke Zamalungelo Abantu Nezentengiselwano Zezizwe Zonke

Izinkulumo ezisemihlanganweni yomhlaba wonke ziye zanezela ekusungulweni komthetho wezizwe wamalungelo abantu. Izihambeli zeZizwe Ezihlangene nezinye izindikimba zomhlaba wonke ziye zasebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze zisekele izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, imihlangano emikhulu, nezimemezelo ezimisa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenza kuyo yonke imingcele yesizwe.

Isivumelwano sika-Eleanor Roosevelt se-Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ehlaziywe ngezinkulumo nezintshumayelo eziningi, sasiza ekulondolozeni ukwamukelwa kwayo ngo-1948. ISimemezelo, nakuba singaboshelwa ngokomthetho, siye sathonya intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke futhi sanikeza isisekelo sezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezibophayo ezalandela.

Indima Yezinkulumo Ekuthuthukeni Kwezomthetho Kwangesikhathi Esidlule

Ithonya lezinkulumo ezimayelana nezimiso zomthetho liyaqhubeka kule nkathi yanamuhla, nakuba imithombo yezindaba nezindaba zezombangazwe kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Anamuhla Ayavinjelwa

Izinhlangano zezenhlalo zangesikhathi esidlule ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze zisekele ushintsho olungokomthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zithonya ngokuphawulekayo izinqubo ezingokomthetho ngokusekela ushintsho lwezenhlalo nangokugqugquzela izinguquko zezemithetho, kanye nezinhlangano ezinjengokuthatha amalungelo ezakhamuzi eziye zaholela emthethweni obalulekile ohloselwe ukunciphisa ubandlululo.

Abasebenzi bamacala bakhuluma ngezimpikiswano ezinjengezithi LGBTQ, inguquko yokufuduka, ukulungiswa komthetho wobugebengu, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile basebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze bahlele lezizindaba ngamazwi okuziphatha nawomthetho, bakhe ukusekela komphakathi, futhi bacindezele abenzi bomthetho ukuba bamise izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano yokulingana komshado, yaphumelela ngokwengxenye ngoba abameleli basebenzisa izinkulumo nenkulumo yasobala ngokuphumelelayo ukuze bashintshe umbono womphakathi futhi bathuthukise izimo zezombangazwe ezivumelana noshintsho olungokomthetho.

Ukukhuluma Kwamanani Nezilimi Ezinhle

Inkathi yokuxhumana kwemishini iye yashintsha indlela izinkulumo ezifinyelela ngayo izibukeli futhi zathonya ngayo izinkulumo zeningi. Izinkulumo manje zingaqoshwa, zihlangane futhi zibukelwe izikhathi eziningi kuyi - Internet, zidlulele ngalé kwezilaleli eziseduze.

Nokho, isimo semithombo yezindaba esihlukene sisho nokuthi izinkulumo zingase zifinyelele ngokuyinhloko izibukeli ezinozwela kunokuba zikholise labo abanemibono engafani.

Inkulumo Yokwahlulela Nefilosofi Engokomthetho

Izinkulumo zabahluleli nezazi ezingokomthetho, ezinikezwa ezikoleni zomthetho, ezihlanganisa amaqembu ezindawo, nezingqungquthela zobuchwepheshe, ziyaqhubeka zithonya ukuthuthuka okungokomthetho ngokuhlela indlela ochwepheshe bezomthetho abacabanga ngayo ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, ifilosofi yokwahlulela, nendima yomthetho emphakathini. Izinkulumo zasobala zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuyilapho zigwema ngokucophelela ukukhulumela emacaleni azayo angaphambili, ngokuvamile aveza izinkulumo ezingokomthetho futhi angafanekisela izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa: Lapho Inkulumo Ihluleka Ukuguqula Umthetho

Nakuba lesi sihloko siye sagcizelela ithonya eliphawulekayo izinkulumo ezingaba nalo ezimisweni zomthetho, kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuthi izinkulumo zodwa azivamile ukwenziwa zishintshe ngokomthetho.

Isidingo Sokusekela Ukuhleleka Nesenzo Sezombangazwe

Ngisho nezinkulumo ezinamandla kakhulu zidinga ukulandelwa ukuze kushintshwe ithonya elingenampendulo libe ushintsho olungokomthetho. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yaphumelela hhayi ngenxa yezinkulumo ezishukumisayo kuphela kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuhlela ngokuqhubekayo, ukuqashelwa kwemithetho ehleliwe, ukuvota, ukuhoxa kwezomnotho, nezinye izinhlobo zezenzo ezabangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze kushintshwe izinguquko.

Izingxoxo zingakhuthaza futhi ziqoqe, kodwa kumelwe zibe ingxenye yemikhankaso ebanzi ehlanganisa ukuthonya, ukwakha ingxubevange, ukuqoqa imithombo yezindaba, nokuhlela izimpande zotshani. Ngaphandle kwalemizamo esekelayo, ngisho nokukhuluma okuhlakaniphile kungahluleka ukuveza ushintsho olungokomthetho oluhlala njalo.

Izinkinga Zokwakha Nezezinhlangano

Izimiso zomthetho zihlanganisa izici zokwakha − njengezimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu, izimiso zamakomiti, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, kanye nohulumeni (okungavimbela ushintsho ngisho nalapho umbono womphakathi usushintshile. Izinkulumo ezishintsha izinhliziyo nezingqondo ngokuphumelelayo zingahluleka ukuveza izinguquko ezingokomthetho uma imingcele yezinhlangano ivimbela ukuhunyushwa kombono womphakathi emthethweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, i - filbuster eNdlwini Yezigele yase - United States iye yavumela ngokomlando amahlelo amancane azimisele ukuvimbela umthetho ngisho nalapho uhulumeni usekela izithiyo ezinjalo, akudingi nje kuphela izinkulumo ezithonyayo kodwa futhi nokulawula kwezombangazwe okunezimiso futhi ngezinye izikhathi nenguquko engokweziqu.

Ukuncintisana Neziphethu Eziphikisanayo

Izinkulumo ezisekela ushintsho olungokomthetho zivame ukubhekana nokuphikiswa yizisekelo ezivikela isimo noma ukukhuthaza izinguquko ezihlukene. Umphumela awuxhomekile nje kuphela embukisweni wanoma iyiphi inkulumo kodwa nasemncintiswaneni ongapheli phakathi kwemibono encintisanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi yamalungelo omphakathi, izinkulumo zabashisekeli bobandlululo zazama ukuthethelela imithetho yokucwasa isebenzisa izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, ukukhulumela kwamalungelo, nokunxusa kwesiko. Impumelelo yamalungelo omphakathi ixhomeke ekumelaneni ngokuphumelelayo nalezimpikiswano nasekunqobeni impi ebanzi yombono womphakathi nokusekela kwezombangazwe.

Amandla Ahlala Njalo Okukhuluma Emfundisweni Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngokomthetho

Umlando wemfundiso engokomthetho ubhekisela ekuqondeni ukuthi imithetho, izimiso zomthetho, nemikhuba kuthonywa ngokujulile izenzakalo ezingokomlando nezimo ezingokwenhlalo ezizithonyayo.

Izibonelo ezihlolwe kuso sonke lesi sihloko [1] kusukela e-Athene yasendulo kuya emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi waseMelika kuya ekuqondiseni kobulungisa bezenhlalo banamuhla − ziveza ukuthi izinkulumo zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni ngokomthetho. Ziveza imibono yokuziphatha enikeza izisekelo zezimiso ezingokomthetho. Zikhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi okudala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Zinikeza ulimi nemibono abamisi-mthetho nabahluleli abayisebenzisayo ukuqonda nokuchaza izinguquko ezingokomthetho. Bakha amarekhodi enhloso yokuqondisa incazelo engokomthetho. Futhi bakhuthaza abantu ukuba bahileleke ekusebenziseni inqubo eqhubekayo edinga ushintsho lwezentethelekiso ukuze baguqule umbono ongokomthetho.

Imishini Eyinhloko Ithonya Ngayo Izimiso Zezomthetho

  • [[QULT:0] Ukuguqula izimpawu: Izinkulumo zihlela kabusha izindaba zomthetho ngokwezimiso, zenza izinguquko zibe indaba yobulungisa kunokukhetha okuvamile
  • Ukuphambanisa: okunempumelelo kushukumisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ekuthatheni isinyathelo esibangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe koshintsho olungokomthetho
  • Ukwakha i-colition Building: Izinkulumo zingahlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ezimisweni ezihlanganyelwe, zakhe ukusekela okukhulu okudingekile ukuze kushintshwe izinguquko ezinkulu
  • I-Oritary Foundation: Inikeza imiqondo, izimpikiswano, nolimi oluyimpikiswano engokomthetho ehleliwe kanye nokuhlela ukucabanga okungokomthetho
  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkulumo esemthethweni: phakathi nemicimbi yangaphakathi yakha amarekhodi aqondisa ukuchaza okungokomthetho nokusebenzisa
  • Ukucultural Shift: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkulumo ezinethonya zinezela ekushintsheni ukuqonda kwempucuko okuthinta indlela imithetho echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo
  • Inkumbulo ephicayo: Izinkulumo zophawu zezwe ziba ingxenye yenkumbulo ehlangeneyo, zinikeza amaphuzu okukhomba esikhathi esizayo ukuqamba nokukhula okungokomthetho

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zokunikeza Imvume Engokomthetho

Ukuqonda indima engokomlando yezinkulumo ekulolongeni izimiso zomthetho kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo kubasekeli banamuhla abafuna izinguquko ezingokomthetho.

Ubuciko Benkulumo Engokomthetho Ephumelelayo

Izinkulumo zobukhakhakha eziphumelelayo zivumelana nezici ezithile. Basekela izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni nasemithethweni ehlanganyelwe kakhulu kunokuba bacele izibukeli ukuba zamukele izinkolelo ezintsha ngokuphelele. Bafaka imiqondo engokomthetho efingqiwe ngezindaba nangezibonelo ezibonisa ithonya langempela lezwe. Bavuma izimpikiswano eziphikisayo kuyilapho bebonisa ukuthi kungani inguquko idingekile futhi ilungile. Banikeza izimemezelo ezicacile zokusabela okungokomzwelo kuleyo ndlela ethinta imizwelo ngokwesivumelwano esingokoqobo.

Inkulumo yokuhloma abasekeli abazinikele ingase ihluke kakhulu ezinkulumweni ezihloselwe ukuthonya abagxeki noma abanezinga elilinganiselwe.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Emikhankasweni Ehleliwe

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, izinkulumo ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zihlanganiswa nemikhankaso yokuguqula engokomthetho. Izinhlangano ezifuna inguquko engokomthetho kufanele zibheke izinkulumo njengethuluzi elilodwa phakathi kwabaningi, ukuhlobanisa izinkulumo ngokuzifaka esimweni esihlukile, ukunxusa, ukusakaza, ukusakaza, izimpande zotshani, ukuhlela, nesakhiwo esihlangene.

Kubalulekile futhi nokusebenzisa isikhathi esifanelekile. Izinkulumo ezinikezwa ngezikhathi zokunakwa okukhulu komphakathi, zenza izenzakalo eziphawulekayo, phakathi nezimpikiswano zemithetho, noma ezinkonzweni ezinkulu, zingaba nethonya elikhulu kunezinkulumo ezifanayo ezinikezwa ngezinye izikhathi. Abameleli kufanele bafune amathuba okunikeza imiyalezo lapho izilaleli zisabela kakhulu nalapho izinkulumo zingathonya ngokuphumelelayo izinqubo eziqhubekayo zezombangazwe nezomthetho.

Ukuphehla Ijubane Kwemithombo Yezindaba Yanamuhla Ukuze Inciphise Ithonya

Abasekeli bezokuxhumana kufanele basebenzise iziteshi zezokuxhumana ukuze badlulisele ukufinyelela nezinga lezinkulumo. Ukuqopha nokuxoxa ngezinkulumo kuyi-webhusayithi, ukwenza izingcaphuno ezivumelanayo zezokuxhumana, kanye nabasekeli abakhuthazayo ukuba basakaze imiyalezo bangandisa izilaleli ngaphezu kwalezo ezikhona ngokoqobo. Nokho, abameleli kufanele baqaphele ukuthi imiyalezo ingamukelwa kanjani izilaleli ezihlukahlukene nokuthi izingcaphuno ezingase zisetshenziswe kanjani abamelene nomongo.

Isimo esiwumphumela wemithombo yezindaba yezokuxhumana sisho ukuthi izinkulumo ezinamandla noma eziphikisanayo zingafinyelela izigidi zabantu ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, okungase kusheshisa ithonya lazo enkulumweni yeningi nasempikiswaneni yezombangazwe.

Ikusasa Lokukhuluma Ekuthuthukeni Kwezomthetho

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ukuthambekela okuningana kusikisela ukuthi izinkulumo zizoqhubeka zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zomthetho, nakuba izimo nomongo kungase kuphendukele.

Ukushintsha Indawo Ezungezile Yemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bezezindaba cishe kuyoshintsha indlela izinkulumo ezinikezwa ngayo, ezamukelwe, futhi zikhuliswe ngayo. Iqiniso elingokoqobo, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivelayo kungadala iziteshi ezintsha namafomethi okuxhumana okuthonya. Abameleli bayodinga ukuvumelanisa amasu abo okungaphenduli lutho nalemithombo yezindaba emisha kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo ezenza izinkulumo ziphumelele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukana kwezilaleli zemithombo yezindaba nokuphakama kwamagumbi okunanela kudala izinselele zezinkulumo ezihloselwe ukwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu. Ukunqoba ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okudingekile ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokomthetho kungase kudinge amasu amasha okungaphenduli kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokufinyelela ukuhlukana kwemibono.

Izinselele Nezentengiselwano Zembulunga Yonke

Izinselele eziningi zanamuhla − kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, impilo yembulunga yonke, kanye nokusabela kobuchwepheshe kwemishini kwezindaba eziyimfihlo — kuyoba nokusabela okungokomthetho okudlula imingcele yezwe. Izinkulumo ezisekela ukumiswa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkinga zembulunga yonke cishe ziyoba ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukufaneleka okuphumelelayo kulezindaba kuyodinga izinkulumo ezingathinta isizinda samasiko nesizwe, ezikhanga izindinganiso zendawo yonke kuyilapho zihlonipha amasiko namasiko ahlukene. Ukusungulwa komthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke kubonisa ukuthi ukuthonya okunjalo okungokokuhamba kwesiphambano kuyenzeka, nakuba kuyinselele.

Ukuqhubeka Kulwela Ubulungisa Nokulingana

Izingxoxo ziyohlala zisemadolweni abalulekile abalweli abafuna ukuxazulula ukungalingani okuphikelelayo, ukuvikela abantu abasengozini, nokwandisa izinga lokuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwamalungelo abantu nesithunzi.

Izinhlangano ezintsha ezisingatha izindaba ezivelayo − njengokucwasana kwemithetho yokuziphatha, ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo, noma amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo lapho zibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu — ziyokwakha amasiko azo siqu angadingi mpendulo, zidwebe izibonelo ezingokomlando kuyilapho zivumelana nezimo zanamuhla nezinselele.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yokunikeza Inkulumo Ekuthuthukeni Kwezomthetho

Umlando ubonisa ngokungenakunqandwa ukuthi izinkulumo ziye zafeza izindima ezibalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zomthetho kuwo wonke umlando namasiko. Kusukela emagcekeni asendulo kuya emagumbini emithetho yanamuhla, kusukela ezimemezelweni zokuvukela kuya emalungelweni omphakathi, imibono yokuziphatha enamandla, ukukhulumela kuye kwathuthukisa ukusekelwa umphakathi, kwathonya abakhi bomthetho nabahluleli, futhi kwanikeza izisekelo ezingokwengqondo nezingokomzwelo zoshintsho olungokomthetho.

Umongo ongokomlando wenkululeko yokukhuluma wembula ithonya lawo elinamandla ezimisweni zomthetho nasekuthuthukeni kwezenhlalo.

Ukuqonda lomlando kunikeza isithakazelo esingaphezu kwesolwazi, kunikeza abasekeli besikhathi samanje abafuna ushintsho olungokomthetho, kukhanyisa izinqubo imiphakathi yentando yeningi eguqula ngazo izisekelo zayo ezingokomthetho, futhi kusikhumbuza ukuthi umthetho awusona nje isimiso sobuchwepheshe kodwa uyinhlangano yomuntu elolongwe izimpikiswano zokuziphatha, imishikashika yezombangazwe, namandla amazwi okushukumisa izinhliziyo nezingqondo.

Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zamanje ezidinga ukusabela okungokomthetho − kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezesayensi okungapheli kulokhu kulingana,⁠izifundo zomlando zisikisela ukuthi izinkulumo ziyoqhubeka zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekulolongeni indlela izimiso zomthetho ezishintsha ngayo ukuze zibhekane nezimo ezintsha. Abasekeli abaphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilabo abaqonda kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kokukhuluma, abakwazi ukwenza imiyalezo ezwakalayo kubantu abahlukahlukene, futhi abakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinkulumo zibe yizindlela ezibanzi zokushintsha komthetho nomphakathi.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkulumo nezimiso zomthetho buyisiqinisekiso sokuxhumana kwabantu nokucabangela ngentando yeningi. Emiphakathini elawulwa umthetho kunokuba inikwe amandla okuzicabangela, ikhono lokuthonya ngenkulumo enengqondo nokunxusa kokuziphatha lisebalulekile entuthukweni. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezalolonga izimiso ezingokomthetho zisikhumbuza ukuthi amagama anemiphumela, nokuthi abantu abazinikele abahlome ngezimpikiswano eziphoqelelayo bangashintsha inkambo yomlando kanye nalokho okuqukethwe umthetho.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokuhlangana kwe-mitapo nemithetho, imithombo yemali enjenge- National Archives inikeza ukufinyelela kwezincwadi zomthetho nezikhululo zesisekelo zaseMelika, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezifana ne iSikole se-American Libertial Union[[[[FLT:]]]] iyaqhubeka nesiko lokusebenzisa i-advoccom nenkulumo yasobala ukuze kulwe isivikelo esingokomthetho samalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko. [FOLT] iqoqo lezinhlangano zezomthetho ezinjenge [[FLT:]] i-UP] i-US [FLT] inikeza iSikole soMthetho esibanzi somthetho nenguquko yezimiso zomthetho. [FLT][5]

Ngokufunda izinkulumo ezingokomlando nokuqonda ithonya lazo ekuthuthukeni komthetho, asitholi ulwazi lwesikhathi esidlule kuphela kodwa futhi namathuluzi okulolonga ikusasa. Isiko lokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezinamandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulungisa nokushintshwa imithetho engalungile liyaqhubeka, futhi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sithathe inselele yokuveza umbono waso wobulungisa nokusekela izimiso ezingokomthetho ezibonisa izifiso eziphakeme kakhulu zesithunzi somuntu nokulingana.