Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokucabanga yokuqala kuye kwaba isihloko esiyinhloko enqubeni yanamuhla eMbusweni oPhakeme nenqubo yokuqinisekisa, ngokuvamile kusebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yokulwa nokungquzulana kwemibono. Njengoba ukunamathela kwenkantolo ephakeme enkantolo ephendula imibuzo engokomthetho, ukunamathela kokuqala kungalolonga indlela yabo ukuze baqinisekise futhi baphawule ithonya labo elingase libe khona emthethweni waseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuphakama kwefilosofi yakuqala, indima yayo enqubweni yokuqinisekisa, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ngezahlulelo zokwahlulela esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuchaza Ukucabanga Kwabantu Abaqanjiwe

Ukucabanga kwakuqala kuyindlela yokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo efuna ukuthola incazelo yombhalo woMthetho - sisekelo njengoba wawuqondwa abantu ababewufaka, bewugunyaza, noma bewumukela. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengesikole esisodwa sokucabanga, ukukholelwa komthetho - sisekelo kuhlanganisa imicu eminingana ehlukile:

  • I-Intrial Informent - Lendlela ibheka ezinhlosoni zabahleli bomthetho-mthetho. Ibuza: Abantu ababhala le dokhumende babehlose ukuthi basho ukuthini?
  • Incazelo yomphakathi ebanzi [ - Inguquko yanamuhla evame kakhulu, esekelwa uMahluleli uAntonin Scalia nabanye, igxila kulokho umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo owawuyokusho kumuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi uthathwa. Lokhu kugwema ukuncika enhloso efihliwe futhi kunalokho kusebenzisa incazelo evamile yamagama.
  • [ Izindlela ezisungulwayo[ – A intuthuko esikisela amajaji kufanele asebenzise izindlela zokuchaza ezazamukelwa ngesikhathi somthetho-sisekelo wokuchaza, kunokuba achaze izindlela zesimanje.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukukholelwa kokuqala kunqanda amajaji ukuba ahlulele futhi kuvimbele ukuba athathe isikhundla sezimiso zawo siqu zomthetho. Ngokuma nezimiso ngomqondo ongokomlando, ukukholelwa ekudalweni kuhloselwe ukunikeza umthetho oqinisekile nozinzile womthetho-sisekelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungaveza imiphumela ehlukile ezindinganisweni zomphakathi wanamuhla futhi kungaba nzima ukusebenzisa uma ubufakazi obungokomlando bungaqondakali noma buphikisana.

Ukuvela Komlando Komlando Wenkolelo Yokuqala

Ukuthathela phambili izinto kwakungabuswa ifilosofi yokwahlulela. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa “umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo”, ivumela izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zishintshe ngezimiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo. Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaboniswa ingcindezi eshubile yokuvuselela ukucabanga kokuqala, ikakhulukazi njengokusabela okuqinile kulokho okwakubhekwa njengokuphambaniswa kwejaji phakathi neWarren neBurger Courts.

Izibalo Eziyinhloko Entuthukweni Yobusunguli Bemfundiso Yokuqala

Abantu abaningana bafeza izindima ezibalulekile ekubangeleni imfundiso yokuqala yabaningi:

  • UJenene u-Edwin Meese III - Ngawo- 1980, uMeese wanikeza uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezikhuthaza “icala lenjongo yokuqala,” ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwenhloso yabafaki.
  • Umehluleli Robert Bork - Isazi esivelele somthetho nomahluleli odumile, imibono ye-Bork yokuqala yayisemqoka ku-palement yakhe yeNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1992 ehlulekile. Ukuqinisekisa kwakhe kwaphenduka impikiswano yesizwe ngendima efanele yejaji.
  • Justice Antonin Scalia - --kahdt ngo-1986, u-Scalia waba umsekeli obonakalayo nonethonya kakhulu wencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi. Imibono yakhe ehlakaniphile nokuphikisana okunamandla kwaphikisana ngezindlela zombhalo nezokuqala.
  • Ubulungisa Clarence Thomas[[FLT] – Thomas kaningi uye wenza ngaphezulu kunoScalia, esekela “ukuqala okusekelwe ku-" okumholela ekubekeni inselele yesiqalo eside.
  • Ubulungisa William Rehnquist – NjengoMahluleli Omkhulu, imibono kaRehnquist yayivame ukuveza izihloko ezichaza kuqala, nakuba ayengenawo umfutho omkhulu kune-Scalia.

Ukuvela kobuKhomanisi bokuqala kwasungulwa futhi ngamaqembu anjengeFederalist Society, eyasungulwa ngo - 1982, eyanikeza abameli ababambelele ezimisweni ezingaguquki nabasekela imvume ukuba bathuthukise imibono yokuqala neyokubhala imibhalo. Lenethiwekhi yathonya kakhulu ukukhetha kokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Reagan, uGeorge W. Bush, noTrump.

Ukuqamba Iziqu Enkantolo Ephakeme Kuqinisekisa Ukuqulwa Kwamacala

Ukucabanga kokuqala kuye kwaba isihloko esiphindaphindwayo ekugunyazweni kwezindaba zeSigele. Ama-mine acelwa kaningi ukuba achaze isibopho sawo ekuthatheni isisekelo, indlela esisebenza ngayo emalungiselelweni athile omthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi ayibheka njengendlela engokomthetho yini. Lemibuzo ayiyona nje imfundo nje; anikeza abanikazi bezikhundla cishe ngezikhundla zomminee ekukhipheni isisu, amalungelo okuphatha izibhamu, nezinye izindaba ezishisayo.

Uma u-nonminee angaqinisekisa noma aphule isiqinisekiso sakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nonyaka ka-2017 wokuqinisekiswa kukaNeil Gorfoth, wazichaza ngokuthi “ungumkholelwa ekudalweni” futhi wagcizelela ukubaluleka ‘ kwencazelo yomphakathi yokuqala” yombhalo. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa abaqondisi abangaguquki lapho bekhipha umlilo kuDemocrates owayesaba ukuthi uzowanqabela amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu nemithetho yezezimali. Ngokufanayo, u-Amy Conney Barrett ngo-202020 washo ukuthi imibono yakhe yokuqala yayingahlangene nomphumela wombhalo, nakuba abagxeki babecabanga ukuthi uzakuvotela ukugumbula uRoe v. Wade futhi bandise ukukhulula kwezenkolo.

Isiqinisekiso sikaBrett Kavanaugh ngo-2018 sasiphikisana kakhulu, ngenxa yenkolo yokuqala eyayifeza indima eyinhloko. UKavaugh wafakazela ukuthi wayezolandela inqubo engokomuntu siqu futhi angaphoqeleli uhlelo oluthile, kodwa imibhalo nezinkulumo zakhe kwabonisa ukunamathela okunamandla ekucabangeni kokuqala. UDemocrats wamcindezela ukuthi ubuShona bungahlanganiswa yini nomthetho wanamuhla olwa nobandlululo, futhi izimpendulo zikaKavanaugh zazinganikezwa izimpawu zokuthi wayezosingatha kanjani izindaba ezibucayi.

Ukuqamba Amanga Kuwumkhuba: Izimpi Eziyinhloko Eziqinisekisayo

Izihloko ezilandelayo ezingokomlando zibonisa indlela ukucabanga kwasekuqaleni okwayithonya ngayo inqubo yokuqinisekisa:

IBork Nomication (1987)

I-conometic’s jaji Robert Bork kaMongameli Reagan ichazwa kaningi ngokuthi “isiqinisekiso esivamile” sokuqala saguqula ukuqhuma kwezombangazwe. Imibono kaBork enamandla yokuhlola umthetho, njengoba ivezwe ezihlokweni zomthetho nasencwadini, yamenza waba isisulu samaqembu anesithakazelo ayesaba ukuthi wayezobuyisela amalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo sangasese. ISigele sanqaba i-Bork ngevoti engu-42-58, isinqumo esiqhubeka sithatha indawo ekwahlulele kwezombangazwe zomthetho. Ukunqotshwa kukaBork kwabonisa amandla efilosofi yokuqala ukuba athamele kokubili abasekeli nabaphikisi, futhi kwaholela ekutholeni okukhulu kwezindlela zokuchaza i-mine.

UThomas Ukuqinisekisa (1991)

Ubufakazi bukaClarence Thomas phakathi nokuqinisekisa kwakhe ukuqulwa kwecala bukhumbuleka ngokuphika kwakhe ukuxoxa nge-Roe v. Wade namaqembu ezombangazwe. Kodwa ngemva kwaleyompikiswano, ukuqamba uThomas ngokuqinile kwakuyimbangela eyinhloko. Wayebhale izihloko ezibiza ukubuyela ezimisweni zokuqala futhi waphikisa ukuthi umthetho wemvelo wawusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Imibono yakhe yabangela ukuphikisana ngokuthi ubudala bungahambisana kanjani nendima yeNkantolo ekuvikeleni amalungelo angancishisiwe. UThomas wagcina eqinisekisiwe ukuthi u-52-48, kodwa ifilosofi yakhe yokuqala yayiyisihloko esihambisana nesalokhu.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Atalito (2006)

Samuel Alito, owabekwa uMongameli George W. Bush, wabhekana nemibuzo ngefilosofi yakhe yokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ukunamathela kwakhe ekubhaleni nasekubhaleni imibhalo. Alito washo ukuthi wayekholelwa “ekuthembekeni embhalweni nasekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni,” kodwa wagwema lapho ebuzwa ukuthi u-ronalism yayiyindlela ekhethekile. Ukuqinisekisa, 58-42, kwabonakala kuhlukene kakhulu. Imibono ka-Alito elandelayo ezimweni ezifana Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [202]]

AmaGor anjenge, amaKavanaugh, namaBarrett Ingqiniso (207-20)

Umongameli Trump uchaza zonke izikhombo zakhe njengezazi zakuqala noma abaqondisi bemibhalo. uNeil Gorfo wagcizelela ukuzinikela kwakhe emfunweni wokuqala womphakathi futhi wagxeka abahluleli ababenombono “womthetho ophilayo”. UBrett Kavaugh, ngesikhathi enikeza ukunakekela okwengeziwe ekwakheni inqubo yomthetho, wacindezelwa emibonweni yakhe yokuqala ngokuphathelene namandla ombuso nokukhishwa kwesisu. U-Amy Coney Barrett, owayengumScalimaster, wasekela ngokucacile ubukhomandarist phakathi nokuzwa kwakhe ngo-2020, ethi “indlela yokuchaza eqondisa indlela yami yomthetho.” Zonke ezintathu zaqinisekiswa, zinikeza ubuningi obuqinile eNkantolo.

Izimpikiswano Zokusekela Nokumelana Nokuqala Embhalweni Oqinisekisayo

Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokuqamba Kwakuqala

  1. I-Legitacy and Constract - UbuQuqu bunikeza indinganiso emisiwe yencazelo, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthi amajaji athathe isikhundla sezindinganiso zawo zomthetho. Lokhu ukugunyaza kwentando yeningi kubonisa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo akufanele ishintshe ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa.
  2. Ukuzimela nokubikezela - Ngokunamathela encazelweni yokuqala, abahluleli bangaveza imithetho engaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ivumele izakhamuzi nabenzi bomthetho ukuba bathembele ohlelweni oluqinile lomthetho-sisekelo.
  3. Jodicial Balmentt - Umthetho woqobo ulinganisela amandla okwahlulela ngoba ufuna ukuba abahluleli bathobele amagatsha akhethiwe kahulumeni uma uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokucacile. Lokhu kuyakhanga kubantu abathatha imingcele eqinile abangakholelwa ukuthatha inqubo yokwahlulela.

Izimpikiswano Ezimelene Nokuqalwa Kwabantu

  1. I-Ambithity engokobuProtocal - Ukuthola incazelo ye-“intengiselwano” ngokuvamile kunzima noma akunakwenzeka. Imithombo engokomlando ingahlukahluka noma iphikisane, ivumele amajaji ukuba asekele ubufakazi obusekela iziphetho zawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungafihla izenzo ngokufihla ukuthembeka emlandweni.
  2. Ukungaxegi – Isibopho esiqinile sencazelo yokuqala singaveza imiphumela engavumelani nezindinganiso zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kwakuqala eSichibiyelweni sesibili kungawanaki amaqiniso angamashumi amabili aphezulu ngobudlova bezibhamu.
  3. Ngaphansi kwe-Precedent - Uqobo lungakhuthaza iNkantolo ukuba igumbuqele izenzakalo ezinde uma ziphikisana nokuqonda kwasekuqaleni. Ukugumbuqelwa kweRoe v. Wade eDobbs kuyisibonelo esiphambili, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi kuphazamisa umthetho futhi kukhubaza ukuthembeka kweNkantolo.
  4. Uhlelo olukhethayo - Abanye basola abasekeli bokucubungula kwakuqala ngokukhetha kuphela lapho beveza imiphumela engaguquki, kuyilapho beyilahla ezimweni ezihilela, amandla abaphathi noma ubuzwe. UMahluleli Scalia ngokwakhe wavuma ukuthi u-Scalia ngokwakhe ngezinye izikhathi angaholela ekuphumeleni imiphumela enganakwayo, njengokufundwa okukhulu kwe-Bhastial Claus.

Ithonya LobuShishozi Esikhathini Esizayo Endulo Yenkantolo Ephakeme

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka inquma imibuzo emikhulu ngokukhishwa kwezisu, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, inkolo, namandla obumongameli, ukusungulwa kwenkolo kuyohlala kuyindinganiso enqubweni yokukhishwa kwezisu nokuqinisekiswa. Izindlela eziningana cishe zikhona:

Ukwenziwa Kwelanga Kuqhubeke

Ubufandanda buye baba ukuhlolwa kwe-litmus ku-enmines ethatha isikhathi eside, kuyilapho kulindeleke ukuba i-refrectives isekele “umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo” noma okungenani ulahle uburonakele njengendlela ewukuphela kwayo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuqinisa igebe eliphakathi ekuqiniseni futhi kwenza ukuzwa kulwe.

Ukwenezela Uchungechunge Lwemfundiso Yokusungula

Ubufandamentalist asibuyona indlela yolwembu olufanayo. Ezinye izazi zisekela “izindlela zokuqala zobufandatha” (ilandela izindlela zokuchaza zabachazi) noma“ isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo” (ibhekisele kumthetho-sisekelo njengesisekelo kunokuba iqoqo lemithetho emisiwe). Ikusasa lingafakwa kuyiphi indlela yobukhomfanda, ikakhulukazi njengoba iningi leNkantolo lithatha ukusungula kwezimiso ezintsha.

Izinto Ezingabangela Ukushintshwa

ISigele sishintshe imithetho yokuqinisekisa, sehlisa umnyango wokuvota weNkantolo Ephakeme kusukela ku 60 kuya ku-iningi elivamile ngo-2017. Lokhu kwenza kwaba lula ukuqinisekisa abakholelwa ku-mines nognomes ngisho nalapho bentula ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan. Izikhulu zesikhathi esizayo ziyoqhubeka zisebenzisa kabi lo mthetho, zisheshisa ijubane lokushintsha kwemibono eNkantolo.

Ithonya Lezizwe Zonke

Ithonya lobufandamentali aligcini eUnited States kuphela. Izinkantolo kwezinye izikhulu zomthetho ezivamile, njengeAustralia neCanada, ziye zaphikisana ngezindlela zobusunguli. Ukuvelela okukhulayo kobuProstoli eU.S. kungase kukhuthaze izimpikiswano ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe.

I-“Origalism ayiyona inkolelo yenhliziyo ephelayo. Idinga abahluleli ukuba bamelane nesilingo sokufunda izindinganiso zabo siqu kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi bamukele izinqumo ezingathandeki.” – Justice Antonin Scalia (othathwe ku [ IManuary of Postry []])

Isiphetho

Ukucabanga kokuqala akuseyona inkolelo yemfundo eqinile; kuyisibona - khulu lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlolwa khona futhi iqinisekiswa. Ukuphakama kwayo kubonisa umzabalazo omkhulu ngendima yejaji embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Abasekeli babheka ubufundisi njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokudumisa imvelaphi yomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi futhi ibeke imingcele. Abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi bungasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imiphumela ekhona enganakwayo leyo mithetho-mthetho-sisekelo isho ukukhonza.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu unombono onjani, ukuqonda ukusungula kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe inqubo yokuqinisekisa futhi kwazise izimpawu eziphakeme zohlelo ngalunye lweNkantolo ePhakeme. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka siphikisana ngemibuzo yenkululeko, ukulingana, negunya likahulumeni, ithonya lokucabanga kwakuqala liyokhula kuphela. Ukuzwa okulandelayo kuqinisekisiwe ukuba kube nemibuzo ecacile ngencazelo yakuqala, umlando, kanye nemingcele efanele yokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Labo abakwaziyo ukuchaza nokuvikela ifilosofi yabo yokuqala bayoba nenzuzo ephawulekayo, kanti labo abakwenqabayo kumelwe baveze omunye umbono ngencazelo yomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokucabanga komsunguli wesonto nangendima yalo ekuqinisekisiweni kokwahlulela, cabangela lemithombo elandelayo: