Ukuthunyelwa Kwezinkantolo

Ukumisa isimiso somthetho ngokuvamile kuzwakala njengokungena engxabanweni yemithetho, imibandela emisiwe, nenqubo. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho ``empesheni, ummangalelwa, ummeli, noma nje ingqapheli ethakazelayo enesithakazelo(ukuqonda ukuqhubekeka kwecala kuyimfuneko. Izinqubo zeNkantolo azinawo amandla azimele; ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, zinikeze ithuba lokuzwiwa, futhi zenze umphumela ofanele osekelwe ebufakazini nasemthetho. Lesiqondiso esinwetshiwe kakhulu sidlula kuzo zonke izigaba ezinkulu zecala lomphakathi, kusukela ekudlulisweni kokuqala ukuya ekudlulisweni, ngokuqonda okuwusizo nokucabangela okufanelekile okungenza umehluko wangempela emphumelweni.

Nakuba lokhu kuhlola kugxila ekuxazululeni komphakathi (izimpikiswano zomthetho ezingekho phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni), eziningi zezimiso ezifanayo zisebenza emacaleni obugebengu, nakuba unemithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Ukubheka ngokujulile ukuthi inqubo yobugebengu ihluke kanjani, i-website .S. izinkantolo zinikeza ukuqhathanisa okuningi. Noma ufundela ukuhlolwa i-paraglag, ulungiselela ukuphonsa inkantolo, noma umane unelukulungela ukuthatha i-jaji ngesimiso sobulungisa, ukuqonda okuqinile kwalezi zinyathelo kuzokusiza ukuba ulindele ukuthi kuvelani futhi wenze izinqumo ezifundiswayo.

Isigaba 1: Ukuqeda Ukukhononda – Ukuvula Izindaba

Icala ngalinye lomphakathi liqala lapho umuntu noma inhlangano (ummangalelwa) eqala ngokusemthethweni ukumangalela ngokufaka incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi ipesenti nenkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyisici esiyisisekelo esifaka icala lomuntu noma isici sendaba: amaqiniso abangela ukuphikisana, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho (zibizwa ngokuthi “izizathu zesenzo”) ziqiniswa, futhi intethelelo ethile ifuna izindleko zemali, umyalo (umyalo wenkantolo wokwenza noma wokuyeka ukwenza okuthile), noma ukuyeka isahlulelo (inkulumo yelungelo lomthetho).

Ukukhononda akuyona into elula njengokubhala incwadi. Kumelwe kuvumelane nemithetho eqinile elandelwayo, kuhlanganise nokuhlela ngendlela efanele, ukuveza amaqembu, kanye nenkulumo ecacile yokulawula (ngakho lenkantolo ethile inegunya lokuzwa icala). Enkantolo kahulumeni, ukukhononda kumelwe kwanelise “ukungaguquguquki” okumiswe yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:]] Bll Atlantic Corp. v. [2007] [2002]] ne[FLT] Ashft v. [IFLT][FL:20]), ifuna imininingwane ecacile eqonde kahle ukuze kwenziwe ubuso bayo obuhle. Izinganiso eziningi ezifanayo.

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, ummangalelwa kumelwe ahlele ukuba inkantolo inikeze ummons isaziso esingokomthetho esitshela ummangalelwa ukuthi uyamangalelwa futhi uma kumelwe aphendule. Imemo, kanye nekhophi yesikhalo, kumelwe “igcinwe ku-"ummangalelwa ngokwemithetho ethile (kakhulu ngokomthetho, ngeposi eqinisekisiwe, noma ngesisekelo senqubo). Inkonzo efanele iyagxeka; uma yenziwe ngokungeyiphutha, ummangalelwa angakwazi ukuxoshwa icala ngaphandle kobandlululo, aphoqe ukuba aqalele.

Isihluthulelo Sokuzihlola

  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa: Zonke izinto ezishiwoyo zinesilinganiso sesikhathi, cishe iminyaka emibili kuya kweyisithupha kuye ngohlobo lwendaba nobubanzi. Ukujiya ngisho nosuku olulodwa emva kwesikhathi kungavala isilinganiso salokho okufunwayo phakade.
  • I-Choice of Court: Amakhofi kumelwe angene enkantolo ephethe kokubili izihloko eziphethe (umz., inkantolo yezwe yemibuzo kahulumeni, inkantolo kahulumeni yezikhulu zikahulumeni zomthetho) kanye nokulawula komuntu siqu ummangalelwa (osekelwe endaweni ahlala kuyo noma enza kuyo ibhizinisi).
  • Inkokhelo: Ukukhokha izindleko zokumangalela. Izinkantolo zesifunda zamaFederal zikhokha imali (manje emalini engu-422 (icala lomphakathi), futhi izindleko zenkantolo ziyahlukahluka. Abakhokhi be-Indigent ingacela umkhokhi.
  • Amaqhinga ama-Strategic: Amanye ama-pasttiff ku-“ezindawo ezithandeka” (indlela ebizwa ukuthenga okulungile) / uma umthetho uvumela ukukhetha okuningi okusemthethweni.

Isicathulo 2: Ukusabela Komlweli — Impendulo Noma Ukuhamba

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa usebenza ngewashi. Enkantolo kahulumeni, isikhathi esimisiwe siyizinsuku ezingu-21 zenkonzo (noma izinsuku ezingu-60 uma ummangalelwa enguhulumeni wase-U.S. umthetho woMbuso uyahluka kodwa ufana ngokomthetho, kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-30. Ummangalelwa unezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  1. Ihele impendulo: Lena impendulo evame kakhulu. Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhanseleni futhi angaphakamisa isivikelo sokuvuma (umz., umthetho wokuvimbela, ukunganaki okunikelayo, ukuvinjelwa). Isivikelo esiqinile kumelwe sichazwe empendulweni noma zingalahleka.
  2. Uhele Isicelo sokulahla: Esikhundleni sokuphendula, ummangalelwa angacela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe konke noma ingxenye yecala ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho, njengokungabi nagunyazo, indawo engafanele, noma ukwehluleka ukubeka isaziso esingokomthetho esisemthethweni. Ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo ukuxosha icala kungaqeda ngokushesha, kodwa ummangalelwa anganikwa ikhefu ukuze aqede isikhalo uma isici sikhona.
  3. Akwenzeni lutho: Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, ummangalelwa angacela isahlulelo esingaqondile [. Inkantolo khona - ke ingena ekwahlulelweni komphathi (futhi ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala ngengozi). Nokho, izinkantolo azivamile ukunikeza ukwahlulela ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkonzo efanele yenziwa.

Ama - “claim ” Ne - claims ”

Impendulo yommangalelwa ingahlanganisa futhi icala eliqulwayo phakathi kwecala − ngokumelene nomphathi wecala. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lengozi yemoto, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ummangalelwa ngecala elibi ngempela futhi afune umonakalo. I-countaims ingaphoqelelwa (ukuqulwa kwesehlakalo esifanayo, kumelwe iphakanyiswe noma ilahleke) noma iyekelele (engavunyelwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunezimangalelwa eziningi, umuntu angafaka isiphambano esimelene nesinye isigebengu, futhi noma iqembu lingase lilethe abamangalelwa ngokwesithathu nge-pasenti lomhoshoshozeli.

Isigqebhezana 3: Ubufakazi Bokuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba ingxenye ethatha isikhathi futhi ebizayo kakhulu ye-ligitation, kodwa futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. Injongo yayo iwukuqeda “ukucasha ngokuqashama” ngokuvumela zombili izinhlangothi ukuba zithole ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Parmes of Civil Procedure, amaqembu kumelwe enze ukutyhila [ ekuqaleni] [ukunikeza amagama ofakazi, amakhophi ezincwadi ezifanele, kanye nenhlawulo lwezibhilingo. Ngemva kwalokho, asebenzisa amathuluzi okuthola:

Amathuluzi Okuthola Okusha

  • Imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30. Izinkantolo zeFederal zilinganisela ukuba uphengululo lube 25 (kuhlanganise izingxenye ezingaphansi), kodwa imingcele kahulumeni iyahluka. Uphenyo lwezwe lufuna amaqiniso ayisisekelo, ufakazi ofaka ubufakazi, kanye nemibono yochwepheshe.
  • Izicelo zomkhiqizo wamabhukwana: Iqembu lingafuna ukuba olunye uhlangothi lukhiqize ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izithombe, noma nomabuphi ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Ukutholakala kwe-electronic (e-revory) kuye kwaba umkhakha omkhulu ngenxa yomthamo wokwaziswa kohlelo lwezinombolo.
  • Izimo: Ubufakazi obuqoshiwe obuthathwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile ehhovisi lommeli. Izikhombi zivumela abameli ukuba babuze ofakazi (kuhlanganise amaqembu, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, namaqiniso) ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi i-CD ingasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala ukunikeza ubufakazi noma ubufakazi obuqondile kwezinye izimo. I-discrectation ithatha amahora amabili kuya kwayisikhombisa.
  • Isicelo sokugunyazwa: omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile. Imvume ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuvala izimpikiswano (ngokwesibonelo, isho ukuthi isignesha iyiqiniso, ngakho akukho chwepheshe odingeka lapho kuqulwa icala.
  • [[NT: 0] Ukuhlola okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo: Ezimweni ezihilela isimo somzimba noma sengqondo somunye umuntu (umz., ukulimala komuntu siqu), inkantolo ingayala ukuba udokotela ahlole (IME) ngokwakhe.

Izingxabano Ezitholakalayo Nezinhlanzi

Ukuthola akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amadili angagodla amadokhumende, angakhipha izimpendulo ezicatshangelweyo, noma angafuni ukuphendula ngokuphelele. Iqembu elihlotshisiwe lingafaka i- imizwelo yokuphoqa [ ukuphoqelela umahluleli ukuba agunyaze ukuthobela. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi iqembu lenza ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuqinile noma enkolweni embi, lingaphoqelela ukujezisa `````ijekezo zemali, ukufaka izijeziso zemali, ukuncelisa, noma ngisho nokungena ekwahluleleni okungagqibeki. [[#FLT:2]] Inhlangano ye-American Bat Association etholayo imithombo yemisebenzi yokuthola. inikeza isiqondiso semicimbiso engcono kakhulu sokugwema ukuxabana.

Isigaba 4: Izinyathelo Zangaphambi Kokuqulwa Kwecala – Ukuxazulula Izindaba Ngaphambi Kokuqulwa Kwecala

Ngemva kokuthola, icala ngokuvamile libheke ekulahlweni, kodwa hhayi phambi kwezindlela ezimbalwa zangaphambi kwezomthetho lingaphinde lithathe ishape (noma isiphelo). Okubili okubaluleke kakhulu yilokho ukuthungatha ukwahlulela [ kanye ukushukuma kwe-limine, nakuba kukhona ezinye eziningi.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Ngaphansi koMthetho 56 kaFederal, noma yimuphi umkhakha angathatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela ngokufingqiwe uma “kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso eliphathekayo” futhi umcimbi oshukumisayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Ngokucacile, uma amaqiniso angaphikiswa ebonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe anqobe (noma ummangalelwa awine), icala alidingekile ngoba umphumela ucacile. Isahlulelo esifingqiwe ngokuvamile sifunwa kwezinye izimpikiswano (umz., icala) kuyilapho kushiywa izindleko zokuqulwa. Uma linikezwa ngazo zonke izikhalo, icala liphela khona lapho.

Inkantolo ibheka ubufakazi obuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi. Ngakho, iqembu elithuthayo lithwele umthwalo onzima. Amacala amaningi ahlala ngobusuku obungaphambili besahlulelo esifingqiwe ngoba isinqumo singaba yisici esibalulekile.

Ukuhamba ELimine

Lokhu kucela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obuthile obungashiwo enkantolo, kodwa bungashiwo lutho, ngenxa yokuthi abunamsebenzi, bugxeka ngendlela engenabulungisa, noma bungathandeki. Abahluleli bayabusa kulokhu kuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, okusho ukuthi abameli bayazi ukuthi ubufakazi obungakholeki kusengaphambili. Izisulu ezivamile zihlanganisa izinkolelo zobugebengu zangaphambi kokuba zisetshenziswe (ukungagunyazi), ukukhokha, nezithombe ezidumazayo.

Ezinye Izinyathelo Zangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

  • Motion to Continetic: Uma kunamacala amaningi ahlobene, inkantolo ingawahlanganisa ukuze yonge isikhathi futhi igweme izinqumo eziguquguqukayo.
  • Umjovo we-Fotation ye-Uhlelo lokuvikela:[ Uma izicelo zokutholwa zinzima kakhulu noma zifuna izimfihlo zezohwebo, umthelela angacela inkantolo ukuba inciphise noma ikuphike.
  • Ukuhlelwa kokuhlanjululwa: Ukuziphatha okubi, njengokubulala ubufakazi (ukuphenya) noma ukufaka izikhalo eziyize.

Isicathulo 5: Ukuqulwa Kwecala – Isenzakalo Esiyinhloko

Uma ingalahlwanga ukunyakaziswa kwecala ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, ukuqulwa kwecala kuyaqhubeka. Ukulingwa kungaba yicala lezehlulelo eliyi- (ukwahlulela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala [ (ukunqunywa kwecala, ukunquma, ukunquma umthetho). Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji emacaleni esizwe liqinisekiswe yi-Rendetic Reconstment to the U.S. Umthetho-mgatement (kodwa futhi kunikeza ukuviwa kwecala). Nokho, amaqembu angakulahla lokhu ngelungelo ngesivumelwano noma ngokuhluleka ukufuna ukuba inkantolo ihlulele ngendlela efike ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ukulandelana

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire): Ama-Attorney namajaji babuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba abahluleli basuse ubandlululo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingagadla inani elilinganiselwe lejaji (ngaphandle kwesizathu) futhi ingenamkhawulo ngenxa yesizathu.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza ukulandisa kokubukwa kwalokho ezifuna ukukufakazela. Akukho bufakazi obunikezwayo okwamanje, kodwa “imapu yomgwaqo.”
  3. I-Platopolain-cent-Chief: I-paltiff izingcingo zofakazi kanye nesiboniso. OFakazi bahlolwa kuqala (ingasese), bese kuphindwa ngokuphambana ngesivikelo, futhi ngokunokwenzeka baphinde baqondise.
  4. I-Case-in-Chief:[ Isivikelo sinikeza ubufakazi nofakazi baso, singaphansi kokulandelana okufanayo kokuhlola.
  5. I-parttal ne-Surretal: I-paltiff ingabiza ofakazi abengeziwe ukuze imelane nobufakazi bomlweli; ummangalelwa angabe esephendula.
  6. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: AbaLawuli bafingqa ubufakazi futhi banxuse abasizi ukuba bathole ukusekela kwabo.
  7. [[I-FLT:0] Imiyalo e-Jirkup: Umahluleli ufunda umthetho othi amajaji kumelwe afake izicelo emaqinisweni. Khona - ke abasizi bamajaji bayaqungaqunga futhi babuyise isinqumo.
  8. I-judgment:[ Inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni okusekelwe esinqumweni. Uma kuyicala lebhentshi, umahluleli angaphikisana nokutholwa kweqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Ukuqulwa kungathatha usuku nosuku, kodwa ukuqulwa kwecala elivamile enkantolo yombuso kuthatha izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu. Izentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqulwa kwecala kungathatha amasonto amaningi. Amadili angavumelana nokwahlulela okugunyaziwe phakathi nenkampane uma zifika endaweni ethile.

Isembozo 6: Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komshoshaphansi – Ukubekela Inselele

Uma isahlulelo sesikhishiwe futhi kungene ukwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo alimane nje lamukele ukunqotshwa. Izenzo zangemva kwenkantolo zinikeza ithuba lokuhlola inkantolo ngaphambi kokudlulisa isikhalo. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukumiswa kokwahlulela njengeMani yoMthetho (JOL):[[FLT] Enkantolo kahulumeni, lokhu kuhamba (okwakubizwa ngesinqumo esiqondisiwe) kucela umahluleli ukuba agumbuqele isinqumo sejaji uma kungekho bufakazi obusemthethweni obunele obusisekelayo. Kumelwe iphakanyiswe ngaphambi kokuba icala liye kumajaji, noma ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha:[ Lokhu kucela inkantolo ukuba ibambe icala elisha elisekelwe emaphuthani ngokunokwenzeka athinta umphumela" njengokuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukuziphatha okubi kommeli noma ujuri, noma isinqumo esimelene nobunzima bobufakazi.
  • [[NT.0] I-Motion ku-Alter noma Ukwahlulela okunganqunyiwe: ngaphansi komthetho weFederal 59(e), iqembu lingafuna ukulungisa iphutha elicacile lomthetho noma iqiniso phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-28 zokwahlulela.
  • [[INTLO] Ukuthola Impumuzo ekwahlulelweni: Ngaphansi komthetho 60(b), kusetshenziswa ngokwethukela izimo ezingavamile njengokukhwabanisa, ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala, noma ukwahlulela okungenalutho.

Isiteji 7: Ukudlulisa Izicelo – Ukubukeza Kokugcina

Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva komthetho kuhluleka, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo ungadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo ephakeme; inkantolo edlulisa icala ihlola umlando wecala ngamaphutha angokomthetho (isibonelo, iziyalezo ezingalungile zejaji, ukulahla ubufakazi, amaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho). Okutholwayo kunikezwa indiva enkulu; kuyagumbuqelwa kuphela uma “ngephutha elisobala”.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

  1. Notice of Appeal: Iphepha elifushane eligcinwe enkantolo equlweni lecala phakathi nohlelo oluqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 emacaleni omphakathi). Ukungahambi konyaka kulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa icala.
  2. Iqophelo lokudlulisa:[ Izincwadi zomthetho, ubufakazi, nezincwadi zenkantolo ziyahlanganiswa futhi zithunyelwe enkantolo.
  3. Briefs: Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza impikiswano ebhaliwe ``i-apulant' (i-loster) ichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yenze iphutha; i-amelle (winner) iphikisa ukuthi isahlulelo kufanele sime. Amacurus curiae (umngane wenkantolo”) amafiji angabekwa amaqembu athakazelayo.
  4. Impikiswano: Ama-athoney anezihluthulelo eziyinhloko ezinikeza ama-attorney esikhathini esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-15-30 ohlangothini ngalunye). Abahluleli bangabuza imibuzo enzima.
  5. [[FLT: 0] I-Decision: Indawo ephethe i-applicete (ngokuvamile abahluleli abathathu) ikhipha umbono obhaliwe. Bangase bafake i-afrince[ (indawo yokuqinisa), [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] no-[FLT] [[FLT]] [ibuya] emuva enkantolo yokuqulwa kwenkantolo [FLT:] [i] [i] [isiphelo] senkantolo sokwenza okuqhubekayo kombono]. Ngezinye izikhathi isimo sibuyiselwa emuva ekuqulweni kwecala.
  6. Ukubukeza okuphindaphindiwe: Ezindabeni ezingavamile, ukudluliswa kwecala enkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe noma eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kuyenzeka, kodwa i-certiori (ukubukezwa kokubuyisela) inikezwa kuphela ngenxa yemibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho.

Ezinye Izindlela: Ukuzinzisa Nokuxazulula Ingxabano Ehlukile

Amacala amaningi omphakathi awalokothi aqulwe. Izibalo ezivela eNkantolo yase-U.S. zibonisa ukuthi amacala abekweyo angaphansi kwamahlanu ayaqhubeka ngempela anquma. Ukuzinzisa kungayenzeka noma kuliphi iqophelo (naphakathi nokuqulwa kwecala). Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba abantu bathathe igalelo [ ukuthatha isinyathelo [[FLT]] noma [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] i-artrity [ ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ememezelweni, amalungu esithathu ayazi ukuthi ayenzela i-trigamentergit'ir. [indlela yokwenza i-'ultssion.]

Isiphetho

Indlela yecala elingokomthetho elisuka ekumangalelweni ukudlulisela icala iwuhambo oluhlelwe kahle oluklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokulandela umthetho. Isigaba ngasinye (isigaba, impendulo, ukutholwa, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala, nokudluliswa kwecala) iwumsebenzi onzima ekwakheni umbhalo futhi idlulise izimpikiswano. Nakuba le nqubo ingabonakala isabisa, ukuqonda umfanekiso omkhulu onikeza abaqondisi, abameli, nabamphakathi amathuluzi okwenza izinqumo ezifanelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kusho ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuthatha isinyathelo esithathelwanayo. Umthathi owenziwe kahle ungummeli ophumelelayo ophumelelayo kakhulu.

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