Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle nezokunakekela impilo zilawula amaqiniso ezakhamuzi nsuku zonke embulunga yonke, nokho umklamo nokuphana kwalezizimiso kuhluka kakhulu kusuka kwesinye isimiso sikahulumeni kuya kwesinye. Isimo sezwe sezombangazwe (ngoba isombutho wentando yeningi, isoshayeli, i-ganorist, noma izinhlelo ezithile ze-impliniki) ngamathonya atholwayo, indlela okuxhaswa ngayo, nokuthi amanetha okuphepha akhona ngani kubantu abangasebenzi, asebekhulile, nabangavikelekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kudingekile kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, imithetho yomphakathi, kanye nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke, ngenxa yembula indlela inzuzo ethinta ngayo izigidi zabantu.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zikahulumeni ezithinta ngazo inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nempilo. Sizohlola izimiso eziyisisekelo, izimiso zokuxhasa ngokwezimali, nezibonelo zangempela zezwe ezivela kumarepublic entando yeningi, imibuso yomthetho-sisekelo, imibuso yesoshiya-socialism, nemibuso ye-athorist. Ekupheleni, uyoba nokuqonda okucacile ukuthi kungani amanye amazwe ebeka phambili inzuzo yendawo yonke kuyilapho amanye eshiya inxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zingaxhaswanga.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zikahulumeni Nezici Zazo Ezinhle

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezimisweni ezithile, kuwusizo ukuchaza izigaba ezibanzi zezimiso zikahulumeni kanye nezimo zazo ezivamile enhlalakahleni yezenhlalo. Izazi zezombangazwe zivame ukuhlukanisa ohulumeni ngokwezigaba ezisukela ezizweni ezikhululekile zentando yeningi kuya ezizweni ze-socialist kuya kuhulumeni we-pholist. Isigaba ngasinye sinezinhloso ezingafani ngendima yombuso ekulungiseleleni inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zaso.

  • Izikhulu ze-Constigational Monational [ — amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, Japan, ne-Sweden ahlala eyinkosi yemikhosi kodwa asebenza njengentando yeningi yephalamende. Lezizizwe zithambekele ekutholeni imibuso yezenhlalakahle eqinile ngokukhokha intela eqhubekayo, nezimiso zokunakekela impilo eziqinisekisa ukukhokhelwa kwembulunga yonke.
  • Idemocratic Republics — kuhlanganise ne-United States, iJalimane, kanye neNdiya, lapho abameleli abakhethiwe besimiso sokwakheka. Izenhlalakahle nonononophelo lwempilo kungena ngokuhlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela kwisibonelo somphakathi wangasese, oxubeneyo we-U.S. kuya ezimisweni zendawo yonke ezitholakala eNtshona Yurophu.
  • List States — njengeCuba, North Korea, futhi ngokwezesayensi yeSoviet Union. Lohulumeni babeka ukunakekelwa kwempilo nenhlalakahle ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqondile kwezwe, bewabheka njengamalungelo ayisisekelo okumelwe anikezwe zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo, nakuba izinga nempumelelo kuvame ukuncitshiswa yiziphakamiso zezombangazwe nezezomnotho.
  • Phezulu u-Regimes — kuhlanganise neChina, Saudi Arabia, neRussia. Izimiso zobucukubhede zivame ukusebenzisa inhlalakahle nokunakekela impilo njengamathuluzi okulawula asemthethweni nangokwenhlalo, zinikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokulondoloza ukuqina kuyilapho zivumela izimakethe zangasese zabacebile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi awukho uhulumeni olingana ngokuphelele nebhokisi elilodwa. Amazwe amaningi axuba izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, iChina inendawo ethengisayo kodwa igcina ukubusa kwempoqo, futhi isimiso sayo sokunakekela impilo sihlanganisa kokubili ukuxhasa kwemali kahulumeni nokungakhokhelwa. Noma kunjalo, izigaba zinikeza uhlelo oluwusizo lokuqhathanisa.

Izindlela Ezibusayo Zokuthola Inhlalakahle Nempilo

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibuso yezomthetho-sisekelo noma amarepublic − izimiso zomphakathi zivame ukulolongwa umncintiswano weze-votor, umbono womphakathi, nethonya lamaqembu ezentando yeningi. Ohulumeni bedemocratic bavame ukugcizelela uhlobo oluthile lokufinyelela imbulunga yonke [ noma okungenani ukuhlanganisa okubanzi, ngoba abavoti balindele ukuba umbuso ubavikele ekushayweni okungokwezimali kokugula, ukuswela imisebenzi, nasekuguleni.

Ukusekela Nokudlulisela Izifanekiso Ezizweni Ezizimele

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ehlawulwa kakhulu ithembele engxubevangeni yentela ekhokhwayo, inzuzo evamile, nomqashi weminikelo ukuze kuxhaswe ukunakekelwa kwempilo nenhlalakahle. Ukuthunyelwa kwangempela kuyahluka:

  • Inkonzo yesizwe yezempilo (NHS) ye- (umzk., United Kingdom, Sweden): Uhulumeni unezibhedlela futhi uqasha odokotela ngokuqondile. Izakhamuzi zamukela ukunakekela ngesihle uma zisebenzisa, zikhokhelwa ngokuphelele ngentela.
  • Uhlelo lwe-social Health Inshuwarence (umzk., iJalimane, iFrance, iJapane): Izimali eziningi ezingazuzisi zenzuzo (ngokuvamile zilawulwa uhulumeni) cishe wonke umuntu. Iminikelo isekelwe emalini, futhi abafaki-mshuwalense bakhona kuphela ngenxa yezinkonzo zokuthasiselwa.
  • Umfuziselo womphakathi owenziwe wasese (umzk., United States): Impilo ihlanganisa izinhlelo zomphakathi (iMedicare, iMedicaid, iVetean Health) nomshuwalense womuntu siqu othola ngabaqashi noma othengwayo. I-U.S. iwukuphela kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esingakhokhwa ngaphandle kokukhokha yonke indawo, nakuba i-Affordable Care Act yanweba kakhulu.

Izibonelo Zamazwe Abusa Ngentando Yeningi

Sweden unikeza esinye sezibonelo zezenhlalakahle ezibanzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimiso sakhe sokunakekela impilo sinyuselwe intela futhi sithotshiwe emikhandlwini yesifunda, siqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki iholo. Izinhlelo ze-Welfarethi zihlanganisa ikhefu labazali elingenisa isikhathi esingama-80% emahoreni angu-80%, ukukhokhela izingane, kanye nezinzuzo ezinkulu zokungasebenzi. Ngokwe-[ i-OECD Social Expenditure database[, i-Sweden ichitha izithuba ezingaphezu kwezingu 28% zezinhlelo zayo zezenhlalo zezezenhlalo, enye yezinzuzo eziphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe ezithuthukile.

i-Kanada isebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokukhokha izinkonzo zasesibhedlela nakudokotela . isifundazwe ngasinye sisebenzisa uhlelo lwaso, ngokwezimali ngokudluliswa kwentela yesifundazwe nesifunda. Umshuwalense womuntu angahlanganisa izinkonzo ezingahlanganisiwe ngaphansi kwesimiso somphakathi, njengemilaliso egunyaziwe nakunakekelwa kwamazinyo. A 2021 Imali yezempilo yaseCanada ibeke indima ephambili ephambili ekunakekeleni impilo yeCanada nge-ective kodwa yaphawula isikhathi eside ilindele izinqubo zokuvota.

Isibonelo somshuwalense wezempilo wezenhlalakahle, cishe u-90% wabantu abaphethwe umthetho “izimali zokugula.” Iminikelo iyacishwa futhi ihlangane nabaqashi. Abangasebenzi bayaqhubeka bethola intengo nge-Federal Employment Agency. Isimiso sezenhlalakahle saseJalimane sihlanganisa nomshuwalense wezenhlalakahle onamandla, usizo lwezindlu, nempesheni yempango yesihle.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Namazwe Abusa Ngentando Yeningi

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, izimiso zentando yeningi zibhekene nezinselele ezingapheli: izindleko ezinyukayo zokunakekela impilo ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obubizayo kanye nokuguga kwabantu, ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni, nokumelana komphakathi ekunyukeni kwentela. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ilwa nokulingana [ [] [1] [1] Ngisho nasezimisweni zendawo yonke, izakhamuzi ezicebile zingathenga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo, zidale indawo ezungezile eqinile. Abenzi bemithetho baqhubeka bephikisana ngokuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa ngaphandle kokudela ukugcinwa.

Imibuso Yobusoshiyali Nenkolelo - mbono Yelungiselelo LikaHulumeni Wembulunga Yonke

Izifundazwe zobuSoshiyali-Mascillation `ikhomanisi noma i-Marx-Leninst ngokwendlela-yokuqondisa(-) yelapha ukunakekelwa kwempilo nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo njengemithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo yombuso. Lezizimiso zilahla amakhambi entengiselwano futhi zihlose ukufinyelela [ ngokulinganayo] kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, ngokuvamile ngezimiso zezenhlalakahle ezingokwesizwe nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezihlanganisa izindlu, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, kanye nomsebenzi.

ICuba: Isibonelo Sokunakekelwa Okungaphucuzeki

ICuba mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esifundwa kakhulu sesimiso sokunakekela impilo yaso somphakathi. Ngemva konyaka ka-1995 wenguquko, uhulumeni wasungula umsebenzi wempilo ohlangene ogcizelela ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko kwemithi nokusekelwe emphakathini. Umphakathi ngamunye uneqembu lodokotela womkhaya nowe-nurse. ICuba ifinyelela imiphumela yempilo cishe ukufa kwezinsana nokuphila okulindeleke kuzo zonke” okungafinyeleleki emazweni athuthukile, naphezu kokuswelakala okukhulu kwezomnotho namashumi eminyaka e-U.S. embargo. [[FLT: 0] Inhlangano yezempilo yomkhaya iye yancoma ukusondela kwe-Cuba “ngokulingana nokwehlela konke”. Nokho, isimiso sihlupheka ngenxa yokuntula kwemithi, imishini, nezinto, nezinto, kanye nokuchuma okuningi kwe-Cuba efuna ukunakekelwa kwamanye amazwe noma ukubinda.

INyakatho Korea: Ukulawula Umbuso Wonke, Ukutholakala Okulinganiselwe

I-North Korea futhi isebenza isimiso somhlaba wonke, esinemisebenzi kahulumeni, kodwa isebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezempilo emhlabeni. Isimiso sezempilo sacekelwa phansi yindlala nokuwohloka kwezomnotho ngawo-1990. Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke zibika ukuthi ukuhlinza okuvamile kwenziwa ngaphandle kokubulala inzwa, futhi imithi iyivela kancane ezakhamuzini ezivamile. Umbuso uhlela imali edingekayo empini ngenxa yempilo, ishiya abantu besengozini yesifo sofuba, ukungondleki, nezinye izifo ezingavinjelwa. Izincwadi ezithi Human Rights Watch World Report 2024[FLD [FLD] [F:1]]

Ifa LaseSoviet Nenguquko YamaSoshiyali Anamuhla

ISemashko eyayenguMkhandlu weSoviet Union, eyabizwa ngegama lomklami wayo wezokwelapha − ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo eziphakathi, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokunakekelwa mahhala. Ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, izifunda eziningi zangemva kwe-Soviet zazama ukuguqula leyondlela, ngokuvamile zibona ukwehla okukhulu kwemiphumela yempilo. Namuhla, amazwe anjenge-Belarus agcina isimiso sohlobo lwe-Soviet, kuyilapho amanye (njengeRussia) esungule umshuwale wempilo ophoqelelwe ngemiphumela ehlukene, ehlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwezwe nokukhokhwa kwemali yomuntu.

Izikhulu Zombuso: IWelfare Njengethuluzi Lobugunya

Ohulumeni abagunyazi (8) ukuthi imibuso yenkosi, izifundazwe ezinesigaba esisodwa, noma i-jantas jjqq ngokubheka inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nempilo ngokulawula kwezombangazwe nokusinda kombuso. Nakuba abanye benikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ezikhungweni eziyinhloko, abanye banikeza izinkonzo ezincane kakhulu. Ezimbili zezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu yiChina ne-Gulf monarches.

EChina: Kusukela Odokotela Abahamba Ngezinyawo Kuya E - Universal Coverficage

Ngaphansi kweMao Zedong, “odokotela abagodlayo” baseChina basemaphandleni banikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokuvikela, kodwa isimiso sahlukaniswa futhi sadukiswa. Kusukela ekushintsheni kwezinguquko zezentengiselwano zonyaka ka-1980 no 1990, ukuhlolwa kwezempilo kwaba yisici esinemininingwane enkulu kanye nokuzikhokhela, okwaholela ekucijisweni kwenani eliyinhlekelele lemikhaya eminingi. Nokho, ukukhokhwa kukahulumeni waseChina wasungula izinguquko ezingokwezinga eliyisisekelo ngo-2009 ukuze kufinyelele [FLT: 0] ngokulingana nonyakazogcwele ngo-2020. I-Cooperativement Syment Syment ihlanganisa izindleko ezingaphezulu kwezingu 95% zabantu basemaphandleni, futhi izisebenzi zasemadolobheni zinenani eliphansi. Kodwa ukuncintisana kweze kakhulu kwezentengo ye-Bran. [Umbiko we-World WorldF]

Imibuso YaseGulf: Ingcebo Kawoyela Nemikhondo Yezimpahla

ESaudi Arabia, i-United Arabhu Emirates, neQatar, ukunakekelwa kwempilo nenhlalakahle kuxhaswe ngemali ehhanjiwe. Izakhamuzi (amazwe) zithola izinkonzo zezempilo mahhala noma ezinzima kakhulu kuhulumeni, kanye nempesheni, imali yezindlu, nemfundo. Izisebenzi zangaphandle zisekela inzuzo yezenhlalakahle ezindaweni ezithile ze-Grilf.

IRussia: Ukuwohloka Kwenhlalakahle Phakathi Komgunyathi

IRussia yazuza isiqinisekiso se-Soviet-era sokunakekela impilo mahhala, kodwa ngemva kuka19991 izinguquko zaholela ekwakhiweni okuqinile: isimiso somphakathi esixhaswe amanani aphansi, esingekho ngokwezimali eduze kweqembu elihambayo lalabo abangakhokhela abazimele. Uhulumeni uye wandisa izindleko zempilo eminyakeni yamuva nje . Ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yobhadane lweCOVID-19, kodwa imiphumela yempilo yomphakathi ihlala iphansi, ibekelwe abantu ubude obuphansi nesilinganiso esiphakeme sezifo ezingathathiwe. Izimiso zenhlalakahle zaseRussia ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izifunda ezithembekile noma amaqembu, kuyilapho izikhulu eziphikisayo zithola inzuzo ephansi.

Izimiso Ezihwaqambile Nezici Ezifiphele

Ohulumeni abaningi bayazifihla izindleko ezilula. i-Indiya iyi-republic yentando yeningi enengxenye enkulu yesoshalizimu, kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwezempilo kubuswa abagcini-khaya bomuntu siqu, okuphumela ekusebenziseni okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. [[FLT:]Brazil[FLT][FLT] [3] ilondoloza isimiso sempilo yembulunga yonke (SUS) ngaphansi kohulumeni wentando yentando yeningi, kodwa ukungahambi kahle kuyaqhubeka, futhi imake yemakethe yanga eyimfihlo imboza ikota yomphakathi. [[FLT]] [FLT] [FOLT]] isebenzisa “isi simiso sokuzimo zempilo [[FLT] [FLT]] [ix2] [ixmond]] [ixmond processsssss provicessssstiesmessssstivedriation, idlavivividianced, futhi idla isebenza kakhulu, futhi i

Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlobo zezitshalo zibonisa ukuthi imibono iyodwa ayinqumi imiphumela; izingozi ezingokomlando, intuthuko kwezomnotho, impucuko, nezingcindezi zezombangazwe ezilawula inhlalakahle nempilo.

Imiphumela Nezifundo Eziqhathaniswayo

Lapho uqhathanisa imishini, kuvela izindlela eziningana:

  • Intengo engaqondakaliyo ifinyeleleka ngokuthembeke kakhulu emazweni entando yeningi ngentela nemithetho eqinile eqhubekayo, futhi ezindaweni ze-socialism ukuthi izimali ezibalulekile zinikezela ngempilo. Imibuso yobukhomanisi ingafinyelela ukukhokhwa okukhulu ephepheni kodwa ngokuvamile ihluleka ekulinganiseni nasekulinganiseni phakathi kwesizwe.
  • ukulingana kuvame ukuba kuphezulu kakhulu ezimisweni ezigwema ukuncika kakhulu ekukhokheleni kwabantu ngabanye. I-FLT exubile yase-U.S., naphezu kwemali echithiwe, inezikhwama ezinkulu ezingakhokhwanga futhi inemithwalo emikhulu kakhulu yabagulayo.
  • [ Ukungaguquguquki kuyinselele kuzo zonke izimiso. Izikhulu zezentengiselwano zibhekene nenani lasebegugile nezindleko ezinyukayo; izifunda zezenhlalo zibhekene nobunzima bezomnotho nokuswelakala; imibuso yempoqo ye-pholithopholi ingaphambukisa imithombo yemali ngentando yayo kodwa ifake engozini ukuncishiswa komphakathi nenhloko- dolobha yabantu.
  • Izindaba zokulandisa [[FLT: 1]: ohulumeni bentando yeningi basabela kakhulu ekufuneni umphakathi ukuba udlulise i-translation lock, nakuba abalawuli be-produkt bengavimba izinguquko. Ohulumeni abagunyazi bangasebenzisa izinguquko ngokushesha kodwa bangawashalazela amaqembu amancane noma asengozini.

Isiphetho

Indlela isimiso sikahulumeni esisondela ngayo enhlalakahleni nasempilweni engokwenhlala - kahle nengokwempilo kuyisibuko sezindinganiso zaso ezijule kakhulu − uma kungenzeka sihlela ukukhetha komuntu ngamunye, ukulondeka okuhlangene, ukulawulwa kombuso, noma ukuhleleka kombuso. Ama-democratic Republic nemibuso ye-modurali iye yahola ekwakheni izimiso ezibanzi, ezingalinganiyo, kodwa azigonyelwanga ekucindezeleni kwezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe. Amazwe abonise ukuthi ukufinyelela kwendawo yonke kungafinyelelwa ngisho nangaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwemicebo, nakuba ngokuvamile kulahlekelwa intengo yezinga elifanele nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Imibuso yombuso yezenhlalakahle isebenzisa inzuzo ngokwezimiso ezihlelekile, ilungiselela abanye lapho ikhulula abanye, futhi ngokuvamile idela imiphumela yempilo emide ngenxa yokulawula okufushane.

Njengoba abakhi bezimiso emhlabeni wonke belwisana nezibhicongo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokushintsha kwenani labantu, izifundo ezivela kulezi zimiso ezihlukahlukene ziyafaneleka kakhulu. Umgomo awukona ukusho ukuthi isimiso esisodwa siphakeme kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu angafunda kanjani kwezinye (izici ezithuthukisa ukunakekelwa okuvimbelayo eCuba, izimiso zokulawula ezibiza imali yezifo zaseJalimane, noma ukuphumelela kokulawula ezingeni eliyingxubevange eSingapore.