Isingeniso: Ukulawula Isimiso Sobulungisa Sezigebengu

Inqubo yomthetho engokomthetho eUnited States ihlelwe kahle ngokulandelana kwezimiso eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela amalungelo omangalelwa nesithakazelo somphakathi ekulondekeni komphakathi. Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kuqala ukuphenywa kwesinqumo sokugcina lapho kuqulwa noma kudluliswa icala, isigaba ngasinye silawulwa ngesivikelo esiqinile somthetho-mthetho, imithetho esobala, nezimfuneko zomthetho. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ochwepheshe abangokomthetho kodwa nanoma ubani ongase ahileleke esimisweni, kungaba njengommangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umbusi. Isilinganiso sobumsulwa, umthwalo wobufakazi obungaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo, nesohlangothini lokuhlola isisekelo esiqinile esibonakala njalo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo enyathethwini ngasinye, ukuphakama kwendlela elandelayo, ukuphenywa kwecala, kuhlanganise nezinqunywe ngokugwenywa kwecala, nokuvikelwa kwecala ngalinye.

Uphenya

Uphenyo luqala lapho umthetho uthola umbiko wobugebengu noma uphawula izenzo ezisolekayo.

Ukuqoqwa Kobufakazi Nokulondolozwa Kwakho

Izikhulu zamaphoyisa nochwepheshe bezehlakalo zobugebengu baqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo obufana neminwe, amasampula e-DNA, izibhamu, imishini yogesi, kanye nezincwadi. Izindlela ezifanele zeketanga lokusebenza kwemisebe ye-electronic kumelwe zilandelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubufakazi abunakungcola noma abushintshiwe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Fensic, kuhlanganise nokucubungula ngeminwe, ubuchwepheshe be-ogenetic forenics, kanye nokuhlola kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngokuvamile kuthatha amasonto noma izinyanga futhi kungaba balulekile ekutholeni imbangela yokuboshwa noma ukumangalelwa.

Funa Izinto Eziwusizo Nezimbangela Ezifanelekile

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ezimweni eziningi, abacwaningi kumelwe bathole imvume yokufuna kumantshinga ongathathi hlangothi, esekelwa yisikhulumi esibonisa imbangela engenzeka. Ezinye zihlanganisa ukuvuma, izimo ezicacile, umbono ocacile, nokuhlola isenzakalo sokuboshwa okungokomthetho. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uvimbela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungagunyazi ukusetshenziswa enkantolo, ukwenza isiqinisekiso sokugunyaza noma isiphi isici sokuhlola.

Izingxoxo ZoFakazi Neziqu Zangaphakathi

Abathola izisulu zengxoxo, ofakazi, nabantu abanesithakazelo. Ekuhloleni okunzima noma okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha − kokubili okungokomzimba nokusebenza nge-electronic(kungasetshenziswa. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kunamathele futhi kwimingcele ekuphenyweni kwelungelo lokuthola imvume; ukusolwa ejele kumelwe kufundwe [ Amalungelo phambi kokubuza. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kunganikeza iziphakamiso ezingaqondakali. (Ngokwalokhu kubekwa elungelweni le-Miranda, [[FLT]]]Cornell Information Information Imentation ]]).

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Uma abacwaningi beqoqa ubufakazi obanele bokuveza isizathu okungenzeka ukuthi sikhona, kungase kwenziwe isivumelwano sokuboshwa esikhishwa umahluleli, kodwa izikhulu zingaboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma zibona ubugebengu noma zikholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye banziwa. Lenqubo yokuboshwa ihilela ukubopha umuntu osolwayo, ukumfuna izikhali noma ukubopha, bese ziwayisa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma ejele.

Izinhlelo Zokubhala

Esiteshini, abasolwayo bathatha incwadi: ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kuqoshiwe, iminwe nezithombe kuthathwa, futhi kubhalwe umbhalo ongokomthetho wokuboshwa. Osolwayo ube esebekwa esitokisini esibophile inkantolo yokuqala. Phakathi nokubhala incwadi, umsolwa unikezwa ucingo futhi unikezwe isaziso esibhaliwe samalungelo abo.

Amalungelo Okulwisana Nempi

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli unelungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli. Noma ikuphi ukubuza kumelwe kuphele uma umsoli ecela lamalungelo. Izikhulu ezibambayo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi osolwayo uyaziqonda izixwayiso zakhe zeMiranda, ikakhulukazi uma ezophenywa. Isikhathi nendlela yokunikeza izimemezelo iMiranda iseluleko kungakuthinta kakhulu ukungawaqondi amazwi.

3. Isinqumo Esidinga Ukweqisa

Lapho umshushisi eseboshiwe, kumelwe anqume ukuthi uzofaka amafayela yini amacala angokomthetho. Lokhu kungenye yezinyathelo ezilandelanayo kakhulu enqubweni engokomthetho. Umshushisi uhlola ihele lokuphenya, uhlola amandla obufakazi, ucabangela ubungamandla obugebengu okuthiwa ubugebengu, futhi asebenzise izindinganiso zomthetho ezinjenge- yecala.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuhambisana Nokumangalelwa

Abashushisi banekhono elikhulu lokumangalela umuntu osolwa ngecala elingathi sína kakhulu, elingaphansi kwecala eliwubufakazi, elihlanganisa amacala, noma ukunqaba ngokuphelele ukuqulwa. Izici ezithonya lesi sinqumo zihlanganisa ukuba khona kofakazi, ukuthembeka kobufakazi, izifiso zomuntu osolwayo, nomlando wobugebengu. Kwezinye izindawo, umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi kumajaji amakhulu noma anikeze icala lokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe icala elingokomthetho. IGrand jubiary inquma ukuthi izimbangela zikhona yini zokumangalelwa, kuyilapho ukuzwa komzahluleli kuvumela uma kuhlola ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini.

Ibhukwana Eligoqayo

Uma kubekwa icala, umshushisi ulungiselela iphepha elikhokhwayo − ngokusho ukuthi liyicala elimangalelwayo (amacala amacala anecala) noma ukwaziswa (ngecala elingafanele). Lencwadi ibala amacala athile obugebengu, isisekelo esiyiqiniso salelo cala, futhi izici ezingokomthetho isifundazwe kumelwe zifakazele. Ummangalelwa utshelwa amacala abese enikezwa ikhophi yencwadi.

4. Ukuhlanekezelwa Nokubonakala Kokuqala

Kuphakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli uqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani ummangalelwa, ufunda ngokuzwakalayo, futhi ululeka ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokukhipha iseluleko, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha.

Ukungena E - Plea

Ummangalelwa ucelwa ukuba angene ekuncengeni: umqulu , engeyena necala [, noma umncintiswano [[ (lolintidere]). Ukunxusa okunecala kulondoloza wonke amalungelo okulingwa futhi kuvuselele izigaba ezilandelayo zokulungiselela icala. Umbango necala noma ungekho mqhushushoshosho ongase uholele ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni, nakuba umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukunxusa kungokokuzithandela, futhi kusekelwe ngesisekelo esiqondileyo.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Kulempikiswano, umahluleli ubuye akhulume nokuboshwa ngaphambi kokuquliswa kwecala. Inkantolo ibeka ibheyili noma idedele ummangalelwa ngokuqaphela komuntu siqu ngenxa yezici ezinjengokuphumelela kwengozi yokundiza, ingozi emphakathini, nobuqatha bamacala. ISichibiyelo se-Heighth Sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa ezimweni ezingathi sína, ummangalelwa angagcinwa ngaphandle kwebheyili elindele ukuqulwa kwecala.

5. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kwesenzakalo Nokutholakala Kwaso

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, icala liqala ukuthatha indawo enkulu lapho izinhlangothi zombili zilungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo abamangaleli nabamangaleli bahlanganyela ngayo ubufakazi. Umthetho we-Brady ufuna abashushisi ukuba badalule ubufakazi bokudlulisa isigwebo.

Ukuhamba Okuvamile Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

  • Ukukhipha: Ama-Ague ukuthi ibhukwana elikhokhileyo likhutshaniswe ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi weqe amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • Ukuthatha Isinqumo sokucindezela ubufakazi: Ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obutholakele besephulweni seSichibiyelo sesine (ukufuna okungekho emthethweni), Isichibiyeli sesihlanu (ukuvuma izono okungagunyaziwe), noma isichibiyelo sesithupha (ukunganikezi seluleko).
  • Ukuthola: Icela ubufakazi obuqondile obuvela kolunye uhlangothi oluphikisayo.
  • Motion in Limine: ifuna isinqumo esibonisa ukuthi ubufakazi obuthile abunakwenzeka ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, igwema ukucwasa izikhombo phambi kwabasizi.
  • [ Ukuhlelwa kokushintsha i-Venue: Izicelo zokubuyiselwa kwecala ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe noma ubandlululo lwasendaweni.

Umahluleli ubeka imithetho ngale ndlela yokuzigcina, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo.

6. Ukudla Isikhumba

Isivumelwano sokuncintisana siwukuxoxisana phakathi kokuzivikela nokuquliswa kwecala lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalelwa ngecala elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ngenxa yokuvuma, njengokulahla amanye amacala, ukunciphisa isilinganiso secala, noma ukutusa isigwebo esilula. Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kuka - 90% esimisweni sikahulumeni axazululwa ngokuqulwa kwezicelo, okwenza lokhu kube umphumela ovamile kakhulu enqubweni engokomthetho.

Ithonya Lengqondo

Iseluleko sezokuzivikela sihlola amandla obufakazi bukahulumeni, ukuvikela, futhi kungenzeka ukuchayeka kwesigwebo. Abashushisi bahlola ukuqiniseka kwesiqinisekiso ngezingozi nezindleko zomthetho. Izici ezinjengokufakwa kwecala lesisulu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nokutholakala kwenkokhelo kuthonya futhi ukukhokha kwesicelo kuthinta intengo. Isivumelwano kumelwe sidluliselwe enkantolo, futhi umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singeyokuzithandela futhi uqonda imiphumela.

Izingozi Nezivikelo

Nakuba ukunxusa kunganikeza ukuqiniseka futhi kugweme izilinganiso eziqinile eziphoqelelwe, abamangalelwa kumelwe baqaphele imiphumela eqinisekisiwe yokukholisa, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwezincwadi ezingakhokhwa, ukulahlekelwa amalayisense ochwepheshe, nokubhaliswa komthetho wocansi. inelungelo lokusiza ngokuphumelela kweseluleko[ phakathi nengxoxo yokuncenga kuyakhathaza. Ukubheka ngokujulile ekucelweni izibalo ezithenjiswayo neziqondiso, bheka .S. U. Umnyango we-prefecute ye-cunt ye- Justice .

Ukulungiselela Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungafinyelelwa sivumelwano, zombili izinhlangothi zilungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukubeka ikhemisi endaweni yokuhlala. Amajaji abuza abazobelwa ukuba bavulwe ubandlululo olungathinta ukungakhethi. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abajaji izimbangela (ngenani elingenamkhawulo) noma ukusebenzisa izinselele zokukhulula (inani elilinganiselwe) ukuze zixoshe abasizi ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, uma nje ukuhlukanisa kungasekelwe ohlazweni noma ebulilini. Ijaji lokugcina lamalungu ayisithupha noma ayishumi nambili (elisekelwe ekulawuleni) lifungela.

Amalungiselelo Nemibukiso YoFakazi

Ama-athorney alungiselela ofakazi bawo ukuba bafakazele ngokuphumelelayo, baqiniseke ukuthi bayayiqonda inqubo nokubaluleka kobufakazi obuyiqiniso. Imifanekiso ``amadocuments, izithombe, izinto ezingokoqobo, imidwebo , [1] ihlelwe futhi inombolo. Isivikelo singase sifake ofakazi abangochwepheshe ekuphikiseni ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ukhona noma ukunikeza ezinye izincazelo. Izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe zokuvuma ubufakazi, njengokuqinisekisa nokuzwa amahlebe, zibukelwe ngokucophelela.

Iqhinga Elingokomthetho

Umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ukulandisa okuvumelanayo okuhlanganisa ummangalelwa nesici ngasinye sobugebengu. Icala lingase ligxile ekungabazeni okunengqondo, ekuzibonakaliseni okunganembile, ekuzithatheni, ekuphambeni, noma ekuphuleni umthetho-mthetho. Izinkulumo zokuvula nokuphetha kufakwa, kulindele izihloko zokuphikiswa. Ukuqulwa kwecala noma amaqembu abhekiselwe phambili kungasetshenziswa ekuhloleni izimpikiswano.

8. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisiphetho somphakathi senqubo engokomthetho. Kulandela uhlelo oluqinile lwezikhathi futhi kulawulwa imithetho elandelwayo, njengeFederal Rules of Evidence. Umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke ngokuphelele enkantolo; ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba anikeze ubufakazi noma ubufakazi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza inkulumo yokuqala, isho ubufakazi obuzonikezwa. Ukuzivikela kungalandela ngokushesha noma kugcine indawo yakho kuze kube ngemva kokuphuma komshushisi. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano; ziyimibono engaphambili yecala eliklanyelwe ukusiza abasizi ukuba baqonde ubufakazi.

Indaba-ngeCheef

Abashushisi babiza ofakazi, bafaka umbukiso, futhi banikeze ubufakazi. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa (ukuhlola okuqondile) abamangaleli bese udluliswa i-partum. Ukudlulisa icala nokubuyisela ucingo kungalandela. Ukulalela, ubufakazi bombono, nobufakazi obungadingekile abufakwanga ngaphansi kwemithetho ecacile. Ukuvikela kungasheshiswa uma umshushisi ehluleka ukwenza icala le-prima facie.

Icala Lokuvikela

Ngemva kokuba umshushisi esephumile, ulwelwe angase anikeze ofakazi bakhe nobufakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokungafakazeli; abahluleli abakwazi ukuveza umbono ophambene ngokuthi thule. Impicabadala ingase ikhumbule ofakazi bokuqulwa kwecala ukuze bahlolwe ngokuqhubekayo. Futhi, ufakazi ngamunye kufanele ahlolwe ngokudluliswa umshushisi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Izinhlangothi zombili zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisane ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bafune uhlangothi lwabo. Umshushisi ukhuluma kuqala; umshushisi ukhuluma okwesibili; umshushisi angase abe nempikiswano ephikisayo. Izimpikiswano zokuvala ziyizikhathi ezinamandla ezingaphenduli, kodwa abameli akumelwe badlulisele ngokungafanele emzwelweni noma bawuveze kabi umthetho.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ovumelanayo: izici zobugebengu, umbono wobumsulwa, umthwalo wobufakazi (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo), nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokuhlola ubufakazi. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu ekusithekeni. Izimemezelo zingathatha amahora noma izinsuku. Uma abahluleli bengenakufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, inkantolo ingakhishwa, futhi icala lingase livunyelwe.

Isiyalo

Isinqumo esimsulwa siphumela ekukhululweni ngokushesha kommangalelwa. Isinqumo esinecala siholela esigabeni sokugwetshwa ebhentshini. Uma kuqulwa icala (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli unquma ukuthi unecala noma akanacala.

9. Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa, inkantolo inikeza icala lokugweba. Ukugweba kuqondiswa yizinhlonhlo ze-statory, iziqondiso zokugweba (njenge-Federal Sentensig Guidelines), kanye nokwahlulela. Umahluleli ucabangela ukungathi sína kwecala, umlando wecala lommangalelwa, izinkulumo zezisulu, nezici ezibangela ukudabuka, ukubambisana, noma ukusabela kwengqondo.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Isikhathi sejele, esingase sinqandwe (igama elifinyelelwe) noma i-indeternate (uhlu kanye nokulinganisela).
  • Isivumelwano: Ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi enezimo ezinjengokuhlola izidakamizwa, ukufika kwesikhathi, kanye nomsebenzi.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isijeziso semali esikhokhelwa umbuso noma izisulu.
  • I-Seences ezi-Altern:[ inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubopha indlu, ukuhlola kwe-electronic, noma izinhlelo zokwelapha.

Uma kubulawa isigwebo, isigwebo esihlukile sinquma ukuphila noma ukufa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuzikhulumela (ukuzinqumela) ngaphambi kokuba agwetshwe.

10. Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Isiqinisekiso asisona isiphetho somgwaqo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona amacala wesibili; zigxila emasondweni angokomthetho ayenzeka phakathi nezenzakalo zokuqala, njengemithetho esobala eyiphutha, iziyalezo ezingafanele zejaji, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi. Inkantolo ibukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwecala futhi ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma iphinde idlulise icala ngecala eliqhubekayo.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Ummangalelwa kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nesikhathi esiqinile (ngokwesilinganiso 10-30 izinsuku). Ummangalelwa ufaka isaziso esifushanisiwe esichaza amaphutha ashiwoyo; i-apelle (isimo) impendulo. Izimpikiswano zomlomo zingazwakala. Isinqumo se-appellate singakhishwa njengesibonelo. Uma ukudluliswa kwecala kungaphumeleli. Ummangalelwa angase afune ukubukezwa ngokucaciswa yinkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo ephakeme ye-U.S. Engalé kwemithetho ye-crectivetiari. Ukucatshulwa kwemithetho ye-octeltam, ukuhambelana kwezekeli ye-omfautho ye-omgame. [[FLT:] i-US. ingosi yenkantolo yenkantolo ye-U.

Impumuzo Yangemva KweSikhathi NeHabeas Corpus

Ngaphandle kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangase bathathe amafayela ngenxa yosizo lwangemva kokukhipha isigwebo, ngokuvamile olusekelwe ekungaphumelelini kosizo lweseluleko, ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala, noma izindaba ze-oversity. I-habeas corpus ibekela inselele ngokomthetho ukuvalelwa futhi ingasetshenziswa enkantolo kahulumeni ngemva kwekhambi likahulumeni. Lokhu kuthatha inqubo yezobuchwepheshe kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukumelelwa okukhethekile okungokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa

Inqubo engokomthetho kusukela ekuhlolweni kwecala kuya ekuqulweni icala iyisimiso esiqinile nesilinganiselayo esiklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngesikhathi iziboshwa zinecala. Isigaba ngasinye (kusukela kubufakazi nokuboshwa ekuqulweni kwecala futhi kudluliselwe kuso) (inikeza injongo eqondile, ngezindlela zomthetho ezihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Abamangalelwa, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kungasiza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle mayelana nenqubo ethile engokomthetho nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo. Kubantu, ukuqaphela inqubo kukhuthaza ukuthembela esimisweni esifuna ukungahluleli, isahlulelo, noma isikhalo somthetho, umthetho uhlale uhamba phambili. Labo ababhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu balulekwa ngokunamandla ukuba bafune iseluleko esingokomthetho esikhona ngokushesha.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngemithetho ehleliwe nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, hlola Imithetho yomthetho wobugebengu kanye ne U.S. Constitution Anetaviad[ ekholijini loMthetho.