Isingeniso

Imbangela esemthethweni ingenye yezindlela zokuvikela eziyisisekelo kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuboniswe isisekelo esinengqondo ngaphambi kokungena ezithubeni zangasese. Emkhakheni wokuhlola izimpahla zomgunyathi, lendinganiso engokomthetho iba yeyona enzima kakhulu. Ukusebenza kokuguqula imishini eminingi, kuhlanganisa izikhungo zezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi, futhi kuncike emakethe ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kwesizathu esimisiwe esifanelekile, izimpawu zingancishisiwe, incishiswe, futhi zonke izikhalo zinciphe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima yezicelo ezilindelekile ezibangela izimfuneko zemisebenzi yobuqalo, ukunikeza izimfuneko ezisobala, ukuhlela amakelelwa okuvamile, ukulungisa amasu emali, nemiphumela uma ingasebenzi.

Iyini Imbangela Enengqondo?

Imbangela esobala iwumqondo ongokomthetho osekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. udinga ukuba ukuqashelwa komthetho kube nenkolelo enengqondo . Isekelwe ebufakazini obuyiqiniso − ukuthi ubugebengu buye bavela noma ubufakazi obubonisa ubugebengu busendaweni ethile. Indinganiso ayiqiniseki ngokuphelele; kunalokho, ifuna okungaphezu kokusola nje kodwa okuncane kunobufakazi obudingekayo bokuqiniseka. Izinkantolo zihlola imbangela ngokunokwenzeka ngaphansi kobufakazi obukhona [ ubufakazi obuphelele bezimo [ ukuhlolwa okusungulwe [[FLT:] kugcwele] [iiiiiiiiimbili]; kunalokho, ifuna okungaphezu kobubufakazi obudingekayo. , u-U.U.U.2.U.S.2.1.1] Ngaphansi kwalokho kuhlola, ukuhlolwa, ukucabangela, ukucabangela konke ukwaziswa okutholakalayo, futhi umbiko, uveza ukuthi umbiko, umbiko ohlanganisa ukuthi umbiko, uveza ukuthi umbiko.

Phambi i-Gazethi, izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa uvivinyo oluqinile Aguilar-Spinelli], oludinga izikhulu ukuba zibonise isisekelo solwazi ne-reserticative. Ukusondela kwanamuhla kunika izimantshi amandla aqinile, kodwa futhi kubeka umthwalo onzima ku-ffidavit ukuba uphelele futhi ungane nengaphakathi. Izinkombathisi ziyavumelana, i-affvidat, indawo esolekayo, indawo, nomsebenzi womgunyathi namaqiniso athile.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwamacala Okukhohlisa

Uphenyo lokukhohlisa luveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokuthola imbangela. Ngokungafani nobugebengu obungokwesiko lapho ukuthumba kungabonakala kalula (umz., izidakamizwa noma izikhali), izinto zomgunyathi zivame ukufana nemikhiqizo esemthethweni. Abangenisi kumelwe babonise ukuthi izinto azizona nje kuphela umgunyathi kodwa futhi zihlobene ngokunengqondo nokusolwa okukhethekile, indawo, noma ukusebenza okuqhubekayo. Umthetho uhlanganisa ubugebengu bempahla obungakhomba imali njengezimpawu zokukhohlisa ezingaphansi kwe-18 U.S.C. . . . 2320, okuthengisa ngempahla ethwala izingcabo zomgunyathi.

Indlela Ubufakazi Obuyiyo

Imbangela ephawulekayo ezimweni - mbumbulu ngokuvamile yakhiwa ngenhlanganisela yayo:

  • Izinto ezifakwe ngokomzimba noma ze-active ezitholakala ngokuquleka kwangaphambi, ukuthenga okufihlekile, noma izinto ezivimbela ukuqubuka.
  • Imibiko yenani eliyi- Izibalo zokwenza, ukugcina, noma ukusakaza imisebenzi.
  • Amacebo aguquguqukayo: Izinkulumo ezivela kuzisebenzi zangaphambili, abancintisanayo, noma abathengi, ezisekelwa ngokuhlola okuzimele.
  • Amarekhodi ezimali:[ izitatimende zebhange, ukudluliswa kwezingcingo, noma ukuthengiswa okufihlakele okubonisa ukushushumbisa okukhulu.
  • Kumniningwane wemakethe: Schercher profile, uhlu, imihlobiso, nokuthumela izindaba ezisezitejini ezinjengeAmazon, eBay, noma imithombo yezokuxhumana.
  • Amarekhodi afihlwayo: Izinhlendla zamaphasela avela ezikhungweni zomgunyathi ezaziwayo, ukusebenzisa amalebula okuthumela omgunyathi, noma amakheli okubuya aguquguqukayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwe - nexus

Indaba ephindaphindwayo ezinhlelweni zemvume mbumbulu ibonisa i-ensus phakathi kobugebengu obuthiwa bukhona nendawo okumelwe buphenywe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sifisa ukusesha indawo yokugcina impahla, i-affidavit kumelwe ibonise amathuba amahle okuba izinto zobuqaba noma ubufakazi obuhlobene (umz., imishini yokubhala i-projects) ikhona. Isiqinisekiso esingakholeki sokuthi usoleka “umkhohlisi oziwayo” asinele. Izinkantolo zidinga amaqiniso aqondile: izigebengu ezibonakele zifakwa evenini, umbangosi ofaka imfanelo nomthombo wezinto ezinhle, noma amarekhodi okuthumela amarekhodi axhumanisa amakheli amaningi ezinto ezimgunyazayo. Ngaphandle kwemininingwane enjalo ezinto zomgunyazo zomgunyazo.

Ukuphoqelela Ibhizinisi Lempi Lezinto Zomgunyathi

I-affidavit iyisizinda sesicelo sokugunyazwa. Ezimweni mbumbulu, kumelwe ilungiselelwe ngokucophelela ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokuhlolwa komthetho-sisekelo. Izakhi ezilandelayo ziyisihluthulelo:

Incazelo Eningiliziwe Ngomsebenzi Wesigebengu

I-affidavit kufanele ichaze uhlobo lokuqamba amanga, uphawu oluhilelekile, nokulimala kwezomnotho. Kusiza ukuhlanganisa nencazelo efingqiwe yendlela izimpahla ezikhiqizwa ngayo, ezingenisiwe, noma ezisakazwa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-affidavit ingathi: “Ngokusekelwe ekuqeqesheni naselwazini, amawashi omgunyathi ngokuvamile akhiqizwa e-Southeast Asia futhi athunyelwe ezindaweni ezinamaphakethe. Abaphathi baqaphela ukuthi abasolwayo bathola amabhokisi amaningi angaphawulwe eThailand endlini yakhe.” Umongo onjalo unikeza iMajistantimenti wokwakha isisekelo sokuhlola amaqiniso.

Ukusungulwa Kwezinhlansi

Uma imbangela okungenzeka ixhomeke kumniningwane, i-affidavit kufanele ichaze isisekelo solwazi lukamemezeli nokuthi kungani ukwaziswa kuthembekile. Ezimweni zomgunyathi, abanikeli ngokuvamile banolwazi lwangempela. − njengalowo owayesebenza ngaphambili owabona umsoli efaka izigqebhezana zenkohliso. Isikhulu kumelwe sichaze nezinyathelo ezithathwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkokhelo ikhona, njengokuphatha intengo elawulayo noma ukubukeza amarekhodi omphakathi.

Ukukhathazeka

Imbangela efanelekile kumelwe ibe khona ngesikhathi imvume ikhishwa, hhayi amasonto noma izinyanga ngemva kokuhlola. Ukuhlinza okungagunyaziwe kungaba okungasheshi; isihloko ngomshini we-DVD yomgunyathi onezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala kungenzeka ukuthi uphelile. I-affidavit kufanele ichaze ukuthi kungani ukwaziswa kuhlala kufike ngesikhathi (ngokwesibonelo), ngoba osolwayo ubelokhu ethengiswa kuwebhusayithi efanayo, noma ngenxa yokuquleka okuvela emthonjeni ofanayo kuvele kwenzeke masonto onke. Emacaleni aqhubekayo, izinkantolo zivame ukuthola ukuthi akunankinga, kodwa i-affidavit kumelwe ilungise indalo eqhubekayo.

I - nexus Ezintweni Eziqondile Ezifunwayo

I-affidavit kumele ibhale izinto ezizothathwa ngokucaciswa. Izincazelo ezivamile ezifana nesithi “izimpahla zenkohliso” ziyamukeleka uma zisekelwa ubufakazi, kodwa kungcono ukuqamba amagama izinhlobo (umz., “izicathulo zeNike, ukukhohlisa uLouis Vuitton, kanye nemishini yokubeka amagama ensimbi”. Izimpawu ezibanzi zisengozini yokushaywa njengemvume. Isikhulu kufanele sichaze nokuthi kungani lezi zinto ziwubufakazi bobugebengu noma ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Zokubangela Imbangela Efanelekile Kwabahlaseli

Abalweli bavame ukuhlasela ukufaneleka kwesiqinisekiso lapho kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela intula khona noma lapho i-affidavit iqukethe izinto ezingekho noma izinkulumo ezingamanga. Inqubo engokomthetho yaziwa ngokuthi ukuzwa [ (kusukela ku-[[FLT:]]] Firanks v. Delaware[, 438], U.S. 154 078))). Ukuphumelela, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ngobufakazi obuthi: (1) i-affit ayazi futhi awenzile, noma ngokunganaki iqiniso, kuhlanganise amazwi amanga noma ukwaziswa okungakhonziwa, kanye (2) nokuqukethwe yi-aftidate.

Isisekelo Esivamile Sezinselele

  • Ukunikezwa kobuqotho obaziwayo: Uma i-affidavit ichaza isazisi ngokuthi “ilungile” ngaphandle kokuveza ukuthi umazisi unombhalo wecala noma unikeze ukwaziswa okungamanga esikhathini esidlule.
  • [ imvume yamaqiniso okuqanjwa: Ngokwesibonelo, i-affidavit ayisho ukuthi umsoli unemvume yebhizinisi esemthethweni yokuthengisa ezinye izimpahla eziphawuliwe, noma ukuthi umnini uphawu akase-msekeli.
  • [ Ukwehla:[ Ulwazi oluse-affidavit ludala kakhulu ukuba lungasekela inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubufakazi busekhona.
  • I-nexus:[ I-affidavit ihlanganisa umsolwa nomgunyathi ngokuvamile kodwa ihluleka ukuhlanganisa indawo ethile ehlolwayo ngobufakazi.

Uma ummangalelwa ekhona enkantolo yamaFrank, ubufakazi obutholakala ngaphansi komthetho ohlukanisayo bungase buvinjelwe ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa. Lokhu kungaba okubulalayo kumshushisi, ikakhulukazi uma izimpahla - mbumbulu ngokwazo ziwubufakazi obuyinhloko.

Izibonelo Zomthetho Oyicala

iUnited States v. Chin[FFLT:1], 102 F.3d 657 (2d Cir. 1996), inkantolo yasekela isiqinisekiso esisekelwe encazelweni kambonisi yendlela yokusebenza ngokunemininingwane ye-washi yomgunyathi kanye nokusekela kwesikhulu uphengululo, kuhlanganise nokukhipha udoti oveza isamba senkohliso sewotshi. Ngokungafani, United States v. Riccardi, 405.3d 852 Cir. 2005), isiqinisekiso sancishwa ngenxa yokuthi i-avidat yayingenakho ukuxhumana phakathi kwendlu yommangalelwa neyo.[i-eyi-CD] kuphela eyayingathengiswa kodwa eyayingathengiswa, kodwa i-CD yomkhombi.

Lezi zimo zigcizelela ukubaluleka kwamazwi ayiqiniso. Umphakathi ugomela ngokuthi umgunyathi ugcwele noma ukuthi “ukusola” okufanayo kusebenza ngendlela ethile akuyilethi imbangela engenzeka yokuba kube nendawo ethile.

Ithonya Ekwandiseni Nokushushisa Umthetho

Kumthetho ogcinwayo, ukuqonda imbangela okungenzeka akuyona nje inqubo engokomthetho; kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuhluleka kobufakazi nempumelelo yamacala. Uma isicelo sisekelwa kahle, ukuphenywa okuwumphumela kungakhipha izinto zobuqaba kuphela kodwa nemibhalo yezimali, izinhlu zabathengi, nemishini yamacomputer eyembula izinga lokusebenza. Lezizinto zivame ukusetshenziswa njengobufakazi ekuqulweni noma ukuphishekela izinto ezilahlekile.

Ukungabutholi Ubufakazi

Ngaphansi kwe- ubufakazi obuhle bokholo obuvela ku-United States v. Leon, u-U.S. 897 (19984), obutholakele ngaphansi kwegunya elikhubazekileyo bungavunywa uma isikhulu sincike ngokunengqondo kumphathi womthetho. [FLT:] i-alct isebenza ngokulinganayo ku-'mantshi'. Nokho, lenkenethi ayisebenzi lapho i-ffidavit intuleka ngokunokwenzeka eyenza ukuba kungabikho mphathi onengqondo ongayikholelwa ngokwanele. Ezimweni zobumgunyathi, njengezentengo ze-'FLT] kanye nesivikelo sobugqi [FLT] [FLT:]

Izinselele Ekusebenzeni Kwamanani Namazwe Ngamazwe

Imisebenzi yomgunyathi yanamuhla incike kakhulu kuma-protop ku-inthanethi nase-octal-odar-odar. Imbangela engenziwa ingenziwa ngobufakazi be-mitatistiki njengekheli le-IP, amarekhodi e-imeyili, kanye nezindaba zezezenhlalo. Kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi ikheli le-IP kuphela lenze ukuxhumana okwanele nendawo yokufuna engokoqobo. Ezifundeni eziningi, ikheli le-IP limane liyisiqalo nje; kumelwe lihlanganiswe nobunye ubufakazi obufana nekheli eliqinisekisiwe elivela kuthengwa ngasese.

Izenzakalo zomhlaba wonke zinezela izinhlu zobunkimbinkimbi. Ukugcinwa komthetho kungadinga ukuxhumanisa neziphathimandla zakwamanye amazwe noma ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zosizo lomthetho ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi. Kungenzeka ukuthi indinganiso isasebenza ezivumelwaneni zasekhaya, kodwa amaqiniso ayisisekelo angase avele ekuhlolweni kwamanye amazwe. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe babhale ngokucophelela uhide lokugcinwa kwejele nobuqiniso bobufakazi obunjalo.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphoqelelwa Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Imbangela engathiwa ichazwe kaningi ngokuthi “imposiso” yomthetho-mthetho phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye namandla kahulumeni. Ezimweni zobushiqela, lokhu kulinganisela kuyabucayi ngoba abasolwayo ngokuvamile bangabasebenzisi abancane noma abantu abangawuqondi ngokugcwele umthetho. Izivumelwano ezibanzi zifaka engozini emabhizinisini angokomthetho noma emadilini amathathu angenacala. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphoqelelwa kwemigunyaza yomgunyathi kuyinto yokuqala ezinhlangano i-United States Patant neHhovisi le-Tracmark, okubika ukuthi izindleko zokukhohlisa zibiza izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali njalo ngonyaka futhi zisongela ukuphepha komthengi, imithi yomgunyathi.

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi “indinganiso ye-conar” ayiphakeme kakhulu. United States v. Warshak, 631 F.31 F.31 (ngonyaka wama6 Cir. 2010), inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kubangele“ amathuba noma ithuba eliqinisekile lobugebengu, hhayi ukuboniswa kwangempela kobugebengu.” Noma kunjalo, izikhulu kumelwe zigweme ukuthembela emasikweni noma emibonweni engasekelwe. Emongweni yomgunyathi, ubuzwe bomuntu noma uhambo oluvamile emazweni athile, oma wodwa, ngeke zisekele imbangela.

Ukutuswa Okuwusizo Komthetho

Ukuze kuqiniswe izicelo ezigunyazwayo ezintweni zomgunyathi, izinhlangano nabashushisi kufanele:

  1. Ukuthengwa okulawulwayo noma ukuhlola kuthenga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ziyinkohliso nokuhlanganisa ngokuqondile okusolwayo nento.
  2. [[[UMTH:0] Izihloko zokwazisa ngokuqapha, ngokudonsa udoti, noma ngokuhlola amarekhodi ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka.
  3. [ Ihlanganisa uchwepheshe wezinto kubaphathi bezimpawu zephawu noma ochwepheshe bezokugcinwa kwemithetho abangaqinisekisa uhlobo lwezinto mbumbulu futhi bachaze izindlela zokuthengisa ezivamile.
  4. bhala imvelo eqhubekayo [ yokuhlinza ukuze unqobe izimpikiswano ezilula, usebenzisa ubufakazi bokudayisa okuphindiwe noma ukukhangisa okungaguquguquki.
  5. [ Isilinganiso esinciphileyo sokufuna izindawo ezithile nezinto ezithile, ukugwema ukubilisa ulimi olungase lubhekwe njengesiqinisekiso esivamile.
  6. [[Umthetho:0] Uxwebhu lonke luthatha zonke izinyathelo [ ukuqinisekisa ukwaziswa, kuhlanganise nosuku lokuhlola nokuchaza komthombo ngamunye.

Ngokulandela lemikhuba, ukugcinwa komthetho kungaqinisekisa ukuthi imbangela okungenzeka imiswe ngokuqinile, kunciphise ingozi yeSichibiyelo Sesine futhi kwandise amathuba okuba ubufakazi buvunywe lapho kuqulwa icala.

Isiphetho

Imbangela efanelekile ihlala iyizisekelo zezicelo ezigunyaziwe ezisemthethweni kuzo zonke izikhankaso zobugebengu, futhi izimpahla zomgunyathi azihlukile. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwalemisebenzi ye-inthanethi . Ukubekwa kwamapulatifomu e-inthanethi, ukuthutha kwezizwe ngezindawo zemisebenzi yezizwe, kanye nokukhiqiza okuyinkimbinkimbi . Ama-demond okuthi abaphathi nabashushisi bahlome ngokunembe nangokungakhomba. Isiqinisekiso esakhiwe ngokuqamba okuncane noma ukwaziswa okungakholeki ngeke kuqhubeke kuhlolwe, futhi ukuncishwa kobufakazi obuyinhloko kungalulaza ngisho nendaba enzima kakhulu. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, umsebenzi owenziwe kahle osekelwe emaqinisweni aqinisekisiweyo, i-nexus, nesisekelo samanje senkolelo senza iziphathimandla ukuba zilwe ngokunempumelelo lapho zihlonipha izivikela zomthetho. Emzamweni eziqhubekayo zokuvikela ulwazi nokuphepha, indima efanelekile yokuvikela imfucukuthwayo, ngeke ibangele isilinganiso sezwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-CBP yempahla yomgunyathi, DOJ qq qqq'ikhasi lokugcinwa kwempahla [, kanye ne Imithetho ye-Procedure Rulage 41 yezinhlelo ezilawula imvume.