Imiphumela yobugebengu ngokuvamile iyisikhathi esididayo nesicindezelayo kubo bonke abahilelekile − abavictim, abasoli, ofakazi, nomphakathi obanzi. Inqubo engokomthetho elandelayo iklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphishekela ubulungisa nesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Ukwazi ukuthi yini okumelwe siyilindele kungadambisa ukudideka futhi kunike amandla labo okumelwe basebenzelane nesimiso. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo eningiliziwe, ngebanga elilandelayo yalokho okwenzekayo ngemva kokuba ubugebengu senzekile, kusukela ekunxuseni kokuqala ukuya ekunxuseni kokugcina.

Ukusabela Kokuqala Ebugebenguni

Inqubo engokomthetho iqala lapho ubugebengu bubikwa. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ngocingo lwango-911, nakuba eminye imibiko ingena ngesiteshi samaphoyisa noma ngentambo engaziwa. Umthumeli wesimo esiphuthumayo ubuza imibuzo eyisihluthulelo ukuze ahlole ukuthi indalo injani nokuthi iphuthuma kangakanani: indawo, incazelo yokusolwa (o), ukuba khona kwezikhali, nokuthi ukhona yini olimalayo.

Lapho izikhulu ezigadayo sezithunyiwe, zifika endaweni ziphethe izinto ezimbili eziza kuqala: eziphephile nezivikelekile. Okokuqala, zivikela indawo ukuze zivikele ukulimala okwengeziwe /lokhu kungasho ukuvalela abasolwayo, ukubiza usizo lwezokwelapha, nokususa izibukeli. Okwesibili, ziqala ukuhlola kokuqala. Abaphathi bafuna ubufakazi obusobala, bakhulume nezisulu nofakazi, futhi baqaphele isimo salendawo. Bangase bakhe umbiko owenziwe kamuva ube isisekelo salo lonke icala.

Kwezinye izikhulu, izikhulu kudingeka zifunde imanda izixwayiso [ kunoma iziphi izinsongo ezithathwayo, nakuba lesinyathelo sivame ukwenzeka ngemva kokuboshwa kunokuba sivele esigcawini sokuqala. Impendulo yokuqala imisa iphimbo lokuphenya futhi ingagxeka ekwakheni icala eliqinile.

Ukucwaninga

Uma lesisimo sesivikelekile futhi usongo olusheshayo selunqandekile, isimo sishintshela ekuhloleni okwenziwa ngamabomu. Abatholi, ngokuvamile abavela ezinhlanganweni ezikhethekile njengokubulala, ukukhwabanisa, noma ubugebengu nge - Internet, bathatha isikhundla.

Ubufakazi buyinqubo ehleliwe. Ubufakazi obungokomzimba buhlanganisa iminwe, amasampula (kusukela egazini, ezinwele, noma emangqamuzaneni esikhumba), imikhondo yamasondo, izinsinga, nezimpawu zamathuluzi. Amaqembu e-Fernsic athwebula izithombe futhi abhale yonke into ngaphambi kokuqoqa izinto ezisebhokisini elikhiqizwayo. Ubufakazi bemishini buye baba baluleke kakhulu: abacwaningi bangabamba amacomputer, ama-cellphone, nemishini eqinile, bese besebenzisa i-software ye-asensic ukukhipha amafayela acinyiwe, imiyalezo, ukuphenya, ukubuza umlando, kanye nemininingwane yendawo.

Izisulu zingase zicelwe ukuba zikhulume nomsekeli wesisulu noma umseshi oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile osingatha amacala abucayi (njengokuhlaselwa ngokobulili). izisulu ezingakangeni ejele zingase zicelwe ukuba zingene ziyoxoxa ngengxoxo yokuzithandela, nakuba zinelungelo lokuhlala zithule futhi zicele ummeli.

Elinye ithuluzi lokuphenya i- i-arch with with . Uma abacwaningi bedinga ukungena ekhaya, emotweni, noma ebhizinisini, kumelwe bathole isiqinisekiso kumajaji, ebonisa imbangela okungenzeka. Abanqobi futhi bafihla ukuthunjwa kobufakazi obufana namarekhodi asebhange noma izingobo zocingo. Uma isikhathi sivuma, ukuthola isiqinisekiso kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bukhona uma kuqulwa icala.

Kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi bobugebengu, uphenyo lungathatha izinsuku, amasonto, noma ngisho nezinyanga. Emacaleni aphakeme, abashushisi bangahileleka kusenesikhathi ukuze baqondise ukuqoqwa kobufakazi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlangatshezwana nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Ukuboshwa Nezenzo Zangaphambili

Uma abacwaningi bethola ubufakazi obanele obuhlanganisa umuntu necala, kungaboshwa umuntu ngemvume ekhishwa ijaji, noma ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu sibona icala noma sikholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka iphutha.

Ngesikhathi sokuboshwa, umsoli utshelwa ngamalungelo abo (ngokuphawulekayo) isixwayiso Miranda [: ilungelo lokuthula, ukuthi noma yini eshiwoyo ingasetshenziswa kubo, futhi ilungelo kummeli. Uma osolwayo ecela ummeli, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele.

Ukuqongelela Izincwadi Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umuntu uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma ejele ukuze athole ukwaziswa okubhaliwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukuthatha izithombe (umkhonto), ukuthatha iminwe, nokuhlola imvume evelele. Okusolwayo kubekwa khona kulindele ukubonakala kokuqala kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu - 24 kuya kwangu - 48, kuye ngokuthi kuxhomeke ekuthatheni indawo.

Phakathi nokubonakala kokuqala (okubizwa nangokuthi ukukhomba kwezinye izifundazwe), umsoli utshelwa ngokomthetho ngamacala futhi waziswa ngamalungelo awo. Umahluleli uzokhuluma ubail[] .Inani lemali noma izimo ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza, ingozi emphakathini, ukuhlangana kwendawo, nobukhulu bobugebengu. Icala elincane, elisolwayo lingakhululwa ngokwalo. Ubugebengu obungathi sína, ibheyili inganqanyulwa.

Ukucekela Phansi Kwezintela

Ngasikhathi sinye, umshushisi unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo okufanele abekwe ngazo amahele. Babukeza ubufakazi futhi bacabangele izikhawu zomthetho. Kwezinye izimo, ukuboshelwa icala elilodwa kodwa umshushisi kamuva unyusela phansi noma ukululaza. Umshushisi angase asungule futhi i-agcopt jaji enkulu kweminye izifundazwe ukunquma ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi futhi linqume ukuthi likhipha icala.

Ukuhamba Nokuthola Kwangaphambili

Inkathi phakathi kokubonakala kokuqala nokuqulwa kwecala imatasa nesisekelo somthetho. Inqubo lapho zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kuveze noma ibuphi ubufakazi bokuqamba icala, okungukuthi, ubufakazi obungasiza ekuvikeleni. Isivikelo sihlanganyela ubufakazi kanye nobufakazi baso.

Abameli bezempi bangafaka shwti yezomthetho [ ukubekela izici ezihlukahlukene zecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Motion ukuvimbela [ ubufakazi obutholakala ngokusesha okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuthatheka (imvume yamalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine).
  • Motion ukulahla[ kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho asheshayo.
  • Motion ukushintsha indawo uma ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindawo kwenza ukuqulwa kobulungisa kwecala cishe endaweni yokuqala.

Ukuncintisana kuyingxenye eyinhloko yale ngxenye. Ezizweni eziningi, amacala amaningi obugebengu axazululwa ngezivumelwano ezibotshelelweyo kunokuba aye ecaleni. Umshushisi anganikeza amacala ancishisiwe noma isigwebo esilula ukuze afake icala. Ummeli wesivikelo ululeka ummangalelwa ngezingozi nezinzuzo. Uma isicelo sifinyelelwa, icala liqhubeka ngokuqondile ligwetshwa. Uma kungenjalo, icala liqhubekela ecaleni.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqulwa, lilandela inqubo ehlelwe kahle eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Ukulingwa kungaba yicala lecala lokulingwa (kunqunywe umahluleli) noma ukulingwa [ (kubekwe iqoqo lezakhamuzi). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhetha uhlobo.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ijaji elingase libe yizigebengu liyabizwa futhi liphenywe yizo zombili izinhlangothi enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i - jad. Umgomo ukuhlukanisa noma yikuphi ubandlululo olungavimbela ugqir ukuba angabi nakhethe. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele (isusa i - jampr ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu) nezinselele ezingenamkhawulo ngenxa (ummangalelwa).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selihlezi phansi, icala liqala ngezitatimende zokuqala. Umshushisi uqala ngokusho ukuthi ubufakazi buzobonisani. Icala lingase linikeze isitatimende sokuqala ngokushesha noma lisigcinele kamuva. Izinkulumo zokuvula azizona izimpikiswano, ngakho bamane babheke lelicala.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi kuqala ngoba unomthwalo wokubonisa icala ngokunengqondo. OFakazi babizwa futhi bahlolwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Umshushisi uhlola ngokuqondile, abese ethatha ama-examine avikelayo. Lobu bufakazi buyaqhubeka kubo bonke ofakazi. Bufakwa njengemibukiso futhi buboniswe kumajaji.

Umahluleli uqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obungaqondakali butholakele kuphela kubasizi bejaji.

Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba afakazele, futhi abahluleli bayalwa ukuba bangasho noma yikuphi ukuhlaba umkhosi ngokuthula.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Lapho bonke ubufakazi bunikezwa, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. leli ithuba lokuthonya abasizi bejaji ngokuqokomisa amandla ecala labo nobuthakathaka bokuphikiswa. Ukushushisa kukhuluma kuqala, bese kubekwa isivikelo, bese kuba ukumangalelwa kubekwa isigwebo esifushane.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli ufunda ijaji ngeqoqo leziqondiso ezingokomthetho ezichaza umthetho osebenza ecaleni, incazelo yamacala, nendinganiso yobufakazi (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo). Khona - ke amajaji athatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu. Ukukhipha isigwebo kungathatha amahora amaningi noma izinsuku kuye ngokuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Uma abahluleli bengenakufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, bayijaji eliyi-jaji , futhi uma befika enkantolo, kungamenyezelwa enkantolo.

Isithethi somyalo

Izinqumo ezingase zinqunywe zinecala noma zingabi nacala. Isinqumo esingenacala sisho ukuthi ummangalelwa akalifakazi icala lakhe, kodwa akusho ukuthi ummangalelwa akanacala. Uma enecala, ummangalelwa uboshwa futhi aqhubeke egwetshwa. Uma engenacala, ummangalelwa uyakhululwa, nakuba kungenzeka abhekane namacala omphakathi noma eminye imiphumela.

Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala noma ukunxusa, isigaba sokugweba siqala. Umahluleli ubeka usuku lokugweba, ngokuvamile emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, ukuze anikeze umahluleli isikhathi sokuhlola ngaphambi kokugunyaza (PSI). Isikhulu esihlolayo siqhuba i-PSI, sibuza ummangalelwa, sihlola umlando wobugebengu, futhi sikhulume nezisulu. Umbiko waso unikeza umahluleli umfanekiso obanzi ukuze sithole isigwebo esilungile.

Izici ezithonya ukugwetshwa zihlanganisa ukuqina kobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ukuba khona kwezimo ezilulazayo (isizk., ukuphoqelelwa, ukugula ngengqondo, ukuzisola) noma ukusetshenziswa kwesikhali, ukulimaza isisulu esisengozini, indima yomholi eqenjini).

Izisulu zinelungelo lokukhuluma lapho zigweba ngechashaza elithi lemiphumela. Zingachaza ukulimala okungokomzwelo, okungokomzimba, nokungokwezimali ubugebengu obuye bathathwa yizo. Ummangalelwa futhi unelungelo lokukhuluma nenkantolo (ukubulala).

Abahluleli bakhetha izinkulumo ezihlukene kuye ngeziqondiso zikahulumeni nohulumeni:

  • Ukuhlanganisa [ ejele (ngokuvamile ngenxa yemida) noma ijele (ngokwezimo ezinde). Amanye ama-gundane avumela imisho ehlukene lapho ingxenye yegama isetshenziswa khona ejele futhi ingxenye inikezwa ekukhululweni kwengamele.
  • Isivumelwano [ sivumela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlale emphakathini ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, nezikhathi zokwehla kwezikhathi.
  • [ Imali kanye nokuhlenga [ kudinga ukukhokha kumbuso noma ngokuqondile ezisulwini zokulahlekelwa.
  • Inkonzo yekhomuthi, izinhlelo zokulungisa [, noma indlu yokungenisa ukuboshwa [ ngokuhlola kwe-electronic.

Ezicabeni ezimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezihilela ukubulala noma ubugebengu obunobudlova, izigwebo zingaba ukuphila ejele noma ngisho nokufa (ezindaweni lapho isigwebo sentambo singokomthetho). Ijaji kumelwe futhi lithole ukuthi isigwebo esiningi sisebenza ngokuvumelana noma ngokulandelana.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Isiqinisekiso asipheli inqubo engokomthetho. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme, ngokuvamile ngefasitela elilinganiselwe ngemva kokwethulwa. Ukudluliswa kwecala akuyizokuqulwa futhi; babukeza umbhalo ogciniwe wecala ngamaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka awuthinte umphumela.

Izizathu ezivamile zokucela zihlanganisa:

  • Abaqondisi eziyalweni zokwahlulela [ abawushaya umthetho.
  • ukungenwa noma ukukhishwa kobufakazi [ okuphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko [ uma umsebenzi wommeli wenqabela wehla ngendinganiso enengqondo futhi ucwasa icala.
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kobuphekula [, njengokugodla ubufakazi bokuqamba noma ukwenza izinkulumo ezingafanele ngokuvala.

Inqubo ye-appellate iqala ngokubhala izikhawu ezibhalwe nhlangothi zombili. Izimpikiswano zomlomo zingahlelwa. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa ukuvunywa kwecala (libe necala), ibuye iliphendule (lilijikise), noma iphindele emuva enkantolo equlweni ukuze kuthathwe ezinye iziphakamiso (njengecala elisha). Ezimweni ezingavamile, inkantolo ingawuguqula umusho.

Uma ukudluliswa kwamacala okuqondile kungaphumeleli, ummangalelwa angafuna ukukhipha nge-habeas corpus izicelo ezikhonzwayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni. Lezi yizenzo zomphakathi ezibekela inselele ukuvalelwa ngokomthetho. Izicelo ze Haveas zingaphakamisa izisho zokuphulwa komthetho-mfashini okungabhekiswanga ekudlulisweni okuqondile, njengobufakazi obusanda kutholwa noma ubumsulwa bangempela.

Inqubo yokudlulisa izicelo ingathatha iminyaka eminingi, inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho siyawalungisa amaphutha aso nokuthi akekho olahlwayo ngenxa yezinqubo ezingafanele.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngemva kokuba ubugebengu sebuqediwe kusiza ekususeni isimiso esingase sibonakale sifiphele futhi sesabisa. Kusukela ekusabelweni kwamaphoyisa kokugcina, isigaba ngasinye siqondiswa imithetho engokomthetho elinganisela ukulandisa ngamalungelo. Izisulu, lenqubo inikeza indlela yobulungisa nokuvaleka. Kulabo abamangalelwa, inikeza isivikelo emandleni ombuso omthetho oweqisayo. Kumphakathi, isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu sisebenza njengesisekelo sokuphepha komphakathi nomthetho.

Uma wena noma othile omaziyo ehileleka ecaleni lobugebengu (‘i-FLT's Reference Service Service [[FLT: 1]] njengesisulu, ufakazi, noma ummangalelwa] kungcono kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko somthetho. Ummeli onolwazi anganikeza isiqondiso esilungisiweyo futhi asize ekuqondiseni ubunzima besimiso. Ukuze afunde ngokwengeziwe, ] i-National Criminalment Reference Service Service [[[FLT:]]]]]] inikeza imithombo ebanzi yemali, futhi [[FLT:]]]] inikeza izibalo ezibonisa ukuthi lezinqubo zivame kanjani.