Imfundiso ye ekhetha ukuhlanganiswa kwelungelo ingenye yezimiso ezishintsha kakhulu ezisekhona eziphikisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho eMelika. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka lezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, iye yanwetshwa kancane kancane eziningi (kodwa ayizizo zonke izigaba zeBill of Rights zokuvimbela umbuso nohulumeni bendawo. Le nqubo iye yahlela ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwegunya lombuso negunya lombuso, nokho imikhawulo yayo ihlala ibalulekile njengalokho okufezisekelelwe kuyo. Ukuqonda leyo mingcele kubaluleke ekuqondeni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo aqhubekayo kanye nobuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kombuso nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Kuyini Ukukhetha?

Izimiso zokuqala eziyishumi zokulungisa u-Gcinthetho zisetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni wezwe, njengoba kuqinisekisiwe ku [[FLT:] 0]] iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa ngazo isivikelo esikhethekile kuBill of Rights ukuya kumazwe ngeSikhawulo se-145th Claus. ISiphendu se-Gcintho se-Genetic siyishumi ekuqaleni sasetshenziswa kuhulumeni kazwelonke, njengoba kuqinisekisiwe futhi ku-[[FLT]] Bremote[FL]/1] ku-(1833). Ngemva kwe-Kinfekth Wanda (1868) i-INguqulo-14) yaveza i-Classie, i-Clausces Claus, ne-Iult Claus Claus Claus. Amashumi eminyaka amaningi amashumi amashumi amashumi e-5] [3] [5] [3])]

Imfundiso yanamuhla yaqala ukumiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 noMahluleli uJohn Marshall Harlan ephikisa, iphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasebenzisa okungenani izimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko ezizweni. Le mpumelelo yavela Gitrow v. New York[[FLT:] [1925] [1925], lapho iNkantolo yacabanga ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa iphakathi kwamalungelo omuntu siqu ayisisekelo avikelwe yi-Createment Clause ekhubazekeni likahulumeni. Kusukela kuleloqophelo, iNkantolo engakhethi, kanye kanye, izinhlelo zeMibukiso yenkululeko kaBill zihlangane nomthetho “embabazi” kuya eMelika yenkululeko esemthethweni.

Lendlela ihlukile ku- “amanani ahlangene,” isikhundla esikhuthazwa nguMahluleli uHugo Black, owaphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasihloselwe ukuhlanganisa wonke u-Bill of Rights Councils. INkantolo yalahla lowombono, esikhundleni sokusungula indlela yokukhetha ehlola ilungelo ngalinye ngalelo lungelo. Umphumela uwumsebenzi oyisici: amanye amalungelo asebenza ngokugcwele ezindaweni, amanye afakwa ngokwengxenye kuphela, futhi ambalwa asalangafakwanga.

Uwukhetha Kanjani Umsebenzi Wokukhetha?

Inqubo yokukhetha i-jurisprutien, hhayi umthetho womthetho. Uma icala libekela umthetho kahulumeni inselele njengokwephula iSivikelo Samalungelo Omthetho oqondile, iNkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi leso sivikelo “sisekelwe eqengweni lobulungisa baseMelika” noma“ sisekelwe embonweni wenkululeko egunyaziwe.” Lendinganiso, eshiwo nguMahluleli Benjamin Cardozo ku-Palko v. Connecticut [197], isebenza njengovivinyo oluqondisayo amashumi eminyaka. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, leyo ndima “yo kanye yecebo lenkululeko” iyahlanganiswa; labo abangashiyiyekanga kumthetho.

Isebenza, iNkantolo iye yalandela indlela yokulungisa okubili: (1) ukunquma ukuthi ilungelo liyi- “indinganiso” ngaphansi kwe-Actry Claus, (2) ukuhlaziya imithetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nezindinganiso ezithile zikahulumeni ezichaza lokho okulungile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo iye yahlanganisa cishe zonke izinhlelo zezinhlu zesishiyagalombili zokuqala ezivikelayo ezivikela“inguquko” noma“ inqaba” yenqubo yobugebengu, inkulumo, icindezela, ingqungquthela, inkolo, nezikhali. Nokho, isinqumo sokuhlanganisa izimpawu asisho isimo nesivikelo sombuso sifana; iNkanto evame ukuvuma ukuthi zivikela amalungelo athile asetshenziswa ngayo, uma zingenzi ngcono ngezansi kwesilinganiso sombuso.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ngokukhetha akusona isenzakalo esisodwa. Kuyingxoxo eqhubekayo engokomthetho. Inselele ngayinye entsha engokomthetho ngaphansi kweBhili lamalungelo esizwe inikeza iNkantolo ithuba lokuqinisekisa, ukunweba, noma ukuhlanganisa. Ngakho lemfundiso isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezinga lokuqala leBhili lamalungelo nalezo zimfuno zanamuhla zombuso.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ekukhetheni Imingcele

Izenzakalo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa ukwanda kancane kancane nezimpikiswano eziphindaphindwayo ngemingcele yale mfundiso.

INew York (1925)

Nakuba iNkantolo yasekela ukuvumelana kukaGitlow ngaphansi koMthetho weSigebengu waseNew York, yamemezela ngokokuqala ngqá leyonkululeko yokukhuluma neyokunyathelisa − ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala (hhayi u-"iphakathi kwamalungelo omuntu siqu ayisisekelo nenkululeko” evikelwe yi-Seed Proce Claus eqeshiwe uhulumeni. Lesi sinqumo savula umnyango wokufakwa kwayo yonke iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezindaweni ezilandelayo.

IPalko v. Connecticut (1937)

Frank Palko waboshwa ngokubulala kokuqala ngemva kokuba uhulumeni udlulisele icala lakhe elididekile, lelo aliphikisayo ngokulahla iSichibiyelo seSiphendu seNguqulo sesihlanu sika-Reopardy Claus. Inkantolo yakwenqaba ukusho kwakhe, ibambe lelo sivikelo esiphindwe kabili “esiwumsuka” ngokwaneleyo ukuba sidinge ukuhlanganiswa. Umthetho kaCardozo's wanquma ukuthi “ubulungisa bengqondo” uvivivinyekile okwaqondisa ukuhlanganisa amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ngokuphawulekayo, Palko wabe esebuswa nguMkhosi kaBenton. Maryland[FLT:] [12:] [1] [1969]), lapho iNkanto yeNkadeli inquma ukuthi yayisenze iphutha futhi yafaka uvivinyo olukabili lwe-Jeopard Claus.

UDuncan . uLouisiana (1968)

Kuleli cala, iNkantolo yafaka icala leSiqeshamiso sesithupha enkantolo yamajaji emacala amakhulu. Iningi lathi icala labahluleli emacaleni obugebengu liyisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa saseMelika futhi lasebenzisa indinganiso efanayo ezweni. Lesi sinqumo saphawula futhi iphuzu lapho iNkantolo yasuka khona kakhulu “emvumeni yenkululeko” ekuhloleni“ amalungelo angokwengqondo” aqinile ahlobene nomthetho omlando.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

ISichibiyelo Sesine sokukhipha umthetho wokukhipha imingcele − ukuvuma okutholakala ngokuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine akunakusetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa icala — kwasetshenziswa ezizweni nge-Gast Procession Clause. Lenqubo yobugebengu kahulumeni enwetshiwe ivikela ngokuphawulekayo futhi ihlala ingesinye sezinqumo eziphikisana kakhulu.

UGideon (1963)

Ukugunyaza iSichibiyelo seSithandathu ilungelo lokululeka abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, Gedeon yalawula i Betts v. Brady[ (1942) futhi yagunyazwa ukuthi imibuso inikeza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abangemthetho emacaleni angathi sína. Isinqumo sasiyinyathelo elikhulu ekulinganiseni umbuso nobulungisa bezephula umthetho.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Ngemva kokuba iNkantolo iqaphele ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali ku- Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), kwaphakama umbuzo wokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sasisebenza yini embusweni nasemithethweni yokulawula izibhamu yendawo. [Ku-] [FLTDNALD]D , iNkantolo yathi ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali liyisisekelo futhi lifakwe ngeSishaya-Celasic, sishaya isiviko sesandla se-Chicagon.

Timbs v. Indiana (2029)

Lesinqumo esahlanganyelwa sahlanganisa iSichibiyelo Sezinqumo Esiphakeme sika - 8 nesamazwe. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isivikelo ekuhlawulweni kwezinhlawulo ezeqisayo siyisisekelo, iphawula ukuthi ilungelo “kumelwe lifakwe eMthethweni WeSichibiyelo We - 14 WeSichibiyelo sikaClaus ngoba siyisisekelo secebo lethu lenkululeko emisiwe nesekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni namasiko alesi sizwe.”

Ukulinganiselwa Kokukhetha

Naphezu kobubanzi bayo, ukuyisebenzisa ngokukhethayo kunemigoqo engokwemvelo eqhubeka ilawula umthetho - sisekelo.

Amalungelo Angewona Ahlanganisiwe

Izinhlelo eziningana zeBhili Lamalungelo azikafakwa ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye.

  • ISichibiyelo esiphindiwe (Ukucutha kwamasosha): Akuvamile ukubekwa, kodwa asikho isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esiye sasifaka nxamnye nezifundazwe. Izinkantolo eziphansi zihlukene phakathi ukuthi zisebenza ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni.
  • IsiHluzi seNguqulo se-Forth Grand Jury Claus: Ilungelo lokumangalela amajaji amakhulu ecala angathi sína alizange lihlanganiswe. Cishe ingxenye kuphela yezwe esebenzisa amajaji amakhulu; amanye asebenzisa ukuqulwa kwamacala okuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme yashiya ngokucacile lento engafakwanga Hurtado v. California [184] futhi ayikaze iphinde idlulise lendaba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-Cunic Jury Trime: Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi emacaleni adlule ama-dollar angu-20 [R2] ligcinwe ukuba lisetshenziswe kuphela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Minnopolis & St. Louis R. v. Bomolis [16] [icala elingaphezu kuka-20] Gellagor v. [iSikhundla seSikhulu [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT:]] [5]] [1961], iNkakhulu yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkakhulu]; St. Louisir R. Complation. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa lokhu kubangelwa ukungavumelani oku, kodwa imfundiso kuhlala kuhlala kulungile.
  • ISichibiyelo se-SAUD (Pre-McDonald): Ngaphambi kuka-2010, iSichibiyelo sesibili asizange sihlanganiswe. Ngemva [i-McDonald[, sihlanganisiwe, kodwa ubukhulu obugcwele balokho okuhlanganisayo (umz., ukuthwala okufihlekile, ukuhlanganisa izintwala) kusekhona.

“ Amalungelo Angokweziqu Zamehlo” Ukuhlola Ubunzima Bawo

Isilinganiso esiyinhloko `ilungelo liyi-“siciko esisekelwe kulo uhlelo lwethu lwenkululeko egunyaziwe""" futhi alicacile futhi aliqondi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo iye yasebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene: kusukela ku-“sko lenkcubeko” elihlola uMcDonald[[ enkabeni yenkululeko ehleliwe ngolimi olusemthethweni” lolimi lwe . Lokhu kuntula amacembe amisiwe enqubo yokwahlulela amakhabethe [[FLT] ukuze aqondiswe ekusoleni iziphakamiso zomthetho, kuholela ekutheni ukubekwa icala kuqhutshwa yinqubo yomthetho ethandwayo kunokuchazwa ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlukana KukaHulumeni Ngaphakathi Kwamalungelo Afakiwe

Ukuhlanganiswa akudingi imithetho kahulumeni ukuze kuboniswe imithetho kahulumeni ngokuqondile. Amazwe angazama imithetho ehlukene noma imithetho yezimiso uma nje engaphuli “ikhorathi” yelungelo elifakiweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva Gideon[, izimemezelo zingachaza izinga le-“masigaba abucayi” sokuqunjelwa, uma nje kunikezwa iseluleko. Ngokufanayo, emthethweni wokuqala weSimemezelo, zingaba nezimfundiso zazo siqu (umk., izindinganiso ezimngcingo ezimngcingo) uma zingavikeli inkulumo ngaphansi kwesitezi. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kungadala ukudideka nokukhungathekisa nokulungisa ngokusebenza.

Izinkinga Zobuhlanga Nemingcele Engahlanganisiwe

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhetha kululaza ukulawulwa kwemibuso ngokuphatha izifundakazi njengezingabaphathi abangaphansi kunezikhulu ezizimele zomthetho-sisekelo. Ilungelo elingafakwanga ngokomthetho. − njengecala lejaji lomphakathi (nezingalo) livame ukuvikelwa njengokulondoloza ukuzibusa kukahulumeni. Abasekeli baphawula ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nesine seSichibiyelo sasihloselwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni, kodwa impikiswano yokuthi ukulinganisela kuhlala kungakanani. Iqiniso lokuthi iNkanto yaleNkanto ayizange ifake ilungelo elingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka (umz., iSiphendulo Sesithathu) isikisela ukuthi eminye imingcele engokomlando ayikashintshiwe.

Inqubo Eyinqubo Eyinqaba Neyokuhlobisa

Inqubo yokukhetha ivame ukudideka nenqubo eyisisekelo encikene neyodwa. Imfundiso evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo (umzk., ukubopha, ukukhipha isisu). Nokho, ukuhlanganisa inqubo ekhethekile ekhethekile isebenza kulinganiswe amalungelo eBill of Rights, kuyilapho inqubo engaphansi kwenqubo edingayo ivikela amalungelo angahlelwanga kodwa angabhekwa njengebalulekile. Isinqumo samuva singaba yikho: ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0]] i-LYVEN v. I-Texas[FLT:[2001] [2003] [imithetho engaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile yokulawulayo, hhayi i-Premigrancession elungiselelwe i-offic. Ngokuthengwayo, inciphe kakhulu inqubo ye-Puntelligtion engaphandle kwezimiso zecala. Inquisime encikelele kakhulu ye-ogconstance. Inquisition, futhi ixhomeke kakhulu kwenqubo yokwahlulelwe yi-upt.[5] Inqulution, i-oseyamust Revision, ikakhulukazi ku-off

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Imfundiso yokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa kwayo ayiyona indaba ewumlando ogxilile womthetho - sisekelo; isalokhu iyinkundla ekhuthele yokuthuthuka komthetho nenhlanganisela yezazi.

Izimpikiswano Ngesichibiyelo Sesibili Ngemva Kokwehliswa

Ku iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen [2022], iNkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuphatha isibhamu emphakathini ngenxa ye-iyedwa, ukusebenzisa isinqumo esithi “umbhalo, umlando, nesiko” kuhlola. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesibili sesifakelwe [[FLT]] [imithetho], [[FLT:]] Bruen isebenzisa isinqumo esifakwe esohlangothini lomthetho omphakathi. Imithetho iveza ukuhlelwa okukhulu noma imingcele yesikhathi. Imithetho yokwesinye, ivimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, iyakuyiphikisa ngokusho okungokomlando?

Ubufandamentali Nekusasa Lokungavumelani

Amajaji akuqala eNkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uMahluleli uClarence Thomas, aye aphikisa ngokuthi amaMalungelo noma ama-Immunitunie Claus qha, imoto efakwayo. , uMahluleli Thomas uyavuma kuphela emalungelweni noma emagunjini e-Immunions, ephikisa ukuthi indlela ye-Created Claus ayifaneleki ngokomlando. Uma iNkathi ikhona yamukela lowombono, ingashintsha izinga lokuhlanganisa, ngokunokwenzeka ifuna ukuba zonke izikhundla zezakhamuzi zaseMelika zihlonipheke njengoba ziqondwa ngo1868, okungahlanganisa amalungelo athile akhona (g.g.), ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwabanye abantu.

Amalungelo Angafakwanga Kuwo Aphinde Avakashelwe

Amanye amalungelo angafakwanga aye ahlolwa kabusha muva nje. Isinqumo seSichibiyelo se-Seventh Communiment siye saba indaba yokufakwa kwezicelo zenqubo efanelekile ukuze kubekwe izinqubo ezincane zokuzisho. Nakuba kungekho cala elikhulu leNkantolo ePhakeme liphinde lahlola lendaba, izinkantolo ezimbalwa eziphansi ziye zaveza ukuthululama kokuhlola [ii-Bombolis] [ [ngendlela eqondeni lezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, iSiphendulo sesithathu siye sathola ukunakekela okusha ezincuphisweni ezingokomthetho emhloleni we-U. S. Izenzo zempi ezimbalwa eziphathelenelwayomhlaba wasekhaya nesigaba sikahulumeni esiphuthumayo. Nakuba le mithetho ihlala ingekho ngokomthetho eduze nesango.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Njengobunzima Obumelana Neziqu

Enye intuthuko yamanje i-producrations-mogrances i-oversed products ewumthombo ozimele wesivikelo samalungelo. Izizwe eziningi zichaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze inikeze isivikelo esibanzi kunesitezi sikahulumeni esimiswe nge-intertive. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zasekela isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma sababhikishi, ukuphenywa nokuthatheka, ngisho nelungelo lokufundiswa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseMelika ayikaze ikuqaphele. Le mithetho emisha yomthetho esemthethweni ebekwe ngokwesilinganiso esingaphansi kwe-osesigamu; inkantolo yezwe ingaqhubeka.

Umbono Wezombangazwe Nowasobala

Isinqumo sokukhetha sivame ukuqondwa kabi umphakathi, ongase uthathe sonke iSiphakamiso samaLungelo sisebenza ngokufana kuyo yonke indawo. Izimpikiswano eziphezulu zeprofile ziyasebenza − njengenkulumo - mpikiswano ngokulawula izibhamu, umthandazo ezikoleni, noma isahlulelo sobugebengu esishintshayo zenza kube nemibuzo yokuhlanganisa. (ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo ]] [FLT]]][FORTY]] v. Bremeton School District ] [2022]), evikela ilungelo lomqeqeshi webhola ephakeme esikoleni lokuthandaza phakathi kwemidlalo, ukuhlanganisa ukumiswa nokuncitshiswa kwenkululeko nenkokhelo yomthetho (enziwe ngeSichinto sokuqala). Inkulumo yomphakathi ngokuvamile ikhipha izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezisezingeniswe ngokuphikisana nokuqondana kwemithetho. Izingxoxo ezithile zisiza ukuvikela kumalungelo ezindaweni ezingaphansi komthetho eziqinile, ngisho nangaphansi komthetho omthetho owenziwayo.

Izibonelo Zokuzikhethela Ezisecansini

Ithebula elilandelayo lifingqa amacala ayinhloko namalungelo ahlanganisiwe. Qaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa akusona ingqikithi ngaso sonke isikhathi; ezinye izimo zikhuluma kuphela ngamalungelo angaphansi.

  • Gitrow v. New York (1925) – Isichibiyeli sokuqala (iSiphezo nomshini) – Ihlanganisiwe.
  • Near v. Minnesotaeah rel. Olson (1931) – ISichibiyelo Sokuqala (inkululeko yokunyathelisa emelene nokuvinjelwa kwangaphambili) – i-Anline.
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) – Isichibiyeli sokuqala (ukusebenzisa inkolo ngokukhululekile) – ukuhlanganisa.
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947) – Isichibiyeli sokuqala (I-Estable Claus) – i-Connecticut.
  • Mapp v.O.1961) – Isichibiyeli sesine (ukubusa okungangenisi) – ukuhlanganisa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Isichibiyeli sesithupha (ilungelo lokululeka ngezobufensi) – i-Information.
  • Malloy v. Hogan (1964) – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu (ukwehlukana) – u-Ayikho.
  • Pointer v. Texas (1965) – Isichibiyeli sesithupha (ukuphikisana kofakazi) – ukuhlanganisa.
  • Klopefer v. North Carolina (1967) – Isichibiyeli seSithandathu (ukuqulwa kwecala le-stepy) – i-Internect.
  • [[INTP:0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – Isichibiyeli sesithupha (ukuqulwa kwecala le-jury lomthetho ongathi sína) – ukuhlanganisiwe.
  • Benton v. Maryland (11969) – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu (ingozi ephindwe kabili) – i-Invector.
  • [[FLT: 0] Argurgerser v. Hamlin (1972) – Isichibiyeli seSithandathu (ilungelo lokululeka amaphutha aboshwayo) – yafakwa.
  • McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) – Isichibiyeli sesibili (ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo ukuze uzitholele i-defense) – i-Ayihlanganisiwe.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (2029) – ISichibiyelo se-E80 (amafayesi) – i-Internec.
  • [[INDANGO: 0] Ramos v. Louisiana (20) – IsiThathu Isichibiyeli seSithandathu (isinqumo se-application commons sesinqumo sezephulamthetho zikahulumeni) – ukuhlanganisiwe.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kuye kwaqhubeka kancane kancane kodwa hhayi ngendlela efanayo. Amanye amalungelo afana nelungelo lokuya kumajaji amakhulu noma kumajaji omphakathi, ahlala angenakufakwa, ebonisa ukuthi iNkantolo iyangabaza ukunqanda inqubo engokomlando kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha okufakwa kwemfundiso kusenye yezimfundiso ezinamandla kakhulu nezinemiphumela eMthethweni we-America. Kuye kwanweba izivikelo eziyinhloko zeSigqi samalungelo abantu bonke baseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala kusiphi isimo, kuyilapho kuhlonitshwa ubuzwe ngokushiya amalungelo athile ekwahluleleni. Imikhawulo yemfundiso engekho emthethweni, ukungaqondakali kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, nokungaqondakali kobunzima bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo okhona, nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngomthetho sisekelo ophilayo, kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo akusoze kwaphela. Njengoba izimanga ezintsha zibeka imithetho elawula izibhamu, amanani olwazi, nenqubo yobugebengu, iNkanto ephakeme iyoqhubeka icwenga imingcele yokuhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwezindawo nohulumeni, kokubili ukufinyelela imingcele nalena yale mfundiso ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokukhetha, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Confnell Legal Information i-, [[FLT:] i-[FLT]OYEZ] Project yesikhathi sokuhlanganisa izenzakalo[[, [[FLT:] ne[FLT] iSikhungo soMthetho-Mpathilo-mthetho weSizwe esifundisayo ukuya eMthethweni we-Ininethi . Izifundo zesayensi zichaza njenge [ Ukuhlanganisa] okungaphezulu kwe-Inqulute] nguJohn Hart E kanye [FLT] ne[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] ... khetha i-Activemotectiontion.[5]