ISichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Siqiniswa njengengxenye yeSigqi seSigqi samalungelo abantu ngo-1791, simisa isivikelo esilinganisela amandla kahulumeni phakathi nomthetho futhi siqinisekise ukuthi silungile. Kubafundi nabafundisi bomthetho, umlando, nezakhamuzi, ukuqondwa ngokuphelele kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu kubalulekile, hhayi nje ukuqonda abenzi bomthetho wobugebengu kodwa futhi nokwazisa izimiso ezibanzi zenqubo engokomthetho elawula i-Dindecratic. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuphenduzwa okuphakeme kwezihluthu zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, izingcaphuzo zomlando, izincazelo zabo zomthetho ezingokomthetho, kanye nomphumela wabo ohlala njalo emthethweni wanamuhla.

Ukubukeza ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo ezinhlanu ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene. Umbhalo waso ufundeka kanje ngokwengxenye: “Akekho umuntu oyoba necala elibi, ngaphandle kokuba kunikezwe iGrand Jury noma icala le-Grand Jury, ... futhi kungeke kube khona umuntu obekelwe icala elifanayo lokufa noma lokufa; futhi ngeke aphoqelelwe ukuba abe ufakazi onecala kuye ngokwakhe, noma ancishwe ukuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; futhi impahla yangamelwe ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe obala, ngaphandle kwembuyiselo. [FUFUT], ikhefu empomini enguhulumeni, uhulumeni ohlukene. [Foctive:] [5], futhi umqulu ombangowohluzo lwezi] [Foctive, umqulu.[5] [F] [e, umqulu ongaphansi]

Isihluthulelo Sika - Claus Sesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

I - Grand Jury Clause

IGrand Jury Clause ifuna ukuba amacala angathi sína kahulumeni abekwe ngemva kwezindaba ezinkulu zamajaji amangalelwe. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi bunikezwa abashushisi futhi linqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokuqhubeka nokuqulwa kwecala. Lo msuka awusebenzi ekumangaleleni inkantolo ephakeme ebekwe iHurtado v. [FLTY] [1884] [iSishaya-Mvundla se-Nkathi Ye-Gradiyosiyubhithi ka-Claus ayisangazelithi imfuneko enkulu yokuqulisa inkantolo. Njengomphumela, abaningi basebenzisa izikhangiso ezidluliselwe kuwe [irtado] v.Injongo yale startry [irbosting projectivesting projectivesssting projectivessssssstingstingstings) ikhorripy i-mous (irript

UClaus Ocebe Kabili

I-Reopardy Claus e-Bicky yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba uzame umuntu ngokuphindiwe icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa kwecala. Lokhu kuvikela kunamathela lapho ijaji lifungwe noma ufakazi wokuqala ubizwa enkantolo. Isihluthulelo sikhona: ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe uma icala lokuqala liphela ngokungeyikho ngenxa yokuvinjelwa okusobala, noma uma isenzo esifanayo sephula imithetho yombuso nemithetho (imfundiso engokomthetho”). Icala elifana ne-'FLT:0] i-hitburger v. United States[FLT:] (1932) yasungula “izinto ezivamile” ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi izenzo zobubi ezimbili ziwumthetho oziwombili. I-galelo eligcinayomthetho futhi livimbele ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo yalo ezindaweni ezingokobugebengu.

Ukuzithethelela U Claus

Ngokuvamile kuthiwa “ilungelo lokuthula,” i-Unelf-Incrinication Claus ivumela abantu ukuba benqabe ukuphendula imibuzo noma banikeze ubufakazi obungabenza bangeniswe ecaleni lobugebengu. Lesivikelo sisebenza hhayi enkantolo kuphela kodwa futhi phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa okukhulu kwezenkantolo, nokuqulwa kwecala. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakemekazi ku- [[FLD]] imanda v. [[FLT] [196] idinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kwaziswe ngalokhu ngokomthetho ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokungamele, futhi kuxwayiswa isixwayiso manje esibizwa ngokuthi amalungelo e-Miranda. Icala lidlulela nasembusweni uma ubufakazi bungaveza ukuphamba ubugebengu. Embonini wezemthetho. Embonini, izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezentengosi yeze.

Ukuthatha UClaus

Ukuthatha u-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuthatheni impahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokha imbuyiselo. Lesi simiso, esaziwa njengendawo edumile, sidinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze inani elilungile lezentengiselwano lapho ethatha impahla yemisebenzi enjengemigwaqo emikhulu, izikole, noma intuthuko yezomnotho. Icala eliphikisanayo Klo v. idolobha laseNew London [200]] (2005] [ukusetshenziswa kwabantu] ukuhlanganisa intuthuko yangasese enikeza izinzuzo zezomnotho emphakathini, ibangela ukuphikisana okusakazekile nezimpendulo zemithetho ezindaweni eziningi. I-Gregiontion isebenza futhi ukuthatha izikhundla, lapho iziqondiso zikahulumeni ziphuca umnini wempahla engcono, njengoba kusungulwe [FF:] Central York.[2] i-Conbourgnon City.[3] i-Clation isholomes ngokomthetho wempahla eyisisekelo sempahla.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele Ngokujula

I-Gast Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokuqinisekile iyilungiselelo layo eligcwele kakhulu. Imemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu oyothi “aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lenkulumo emfushane iye yadala incazelo enkulu engokomthetho futhi iye yaba nesisekelo ezinqumweni eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Inqubo ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa yaba amagatsha amabili: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile idinga uhulumeni ukuba alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa isaziso esanele, ithuba lokuzwakala, umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi, nesinqumo esicatshangelwe kahle. Ukuhlola kweNkantolo Ephakeme inqubo efanelekile yokulungisa iprocedural − Ama-Mathews v. Elditridge[[[[FLL:1]] [6] [16] [6] [6] [zici ezilingana nezici ezintathu] isithakazelo saso somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufezekeni komnotho. Lo hlelo lusebenza emongweni wezentengo elungele ukuzuza ukuzuza ukunikezwa kwemvume ephambili kumfundi. Iqinisekisa inqubo enengqondo yezimiso zokufundisa abafundi ukuba bafundele.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zilungile. Leligatsha lenqubo efanelekile linomlando oyimpikiswano. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa inqubo elindelekile ukuze ikhiphe imithetho yezezomnotho, njengemithetho yehora elikhulu [[FLT:] LYM] v. New York[[FLT] v [FLT] [195] [195]. Inkathi iphele ngenqubo edingayo emisha, kodwa inqubo efanelekile yokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwemizwa [i-Foctive] phakathi kwekhulu lama-20.[5] ingeye orgomstion.[5]

Umlando Wesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

IMsuka yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ifinyelela ekujuleni komlando wezezimali wesiNgisi. IMagna Carta (1215) yaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile owayengabanjwa noma agqunywe ejele “ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe.” Lamazwi ashintshela enqubeni yenqubo efanele. ISigqi Samalungelo Amalungelo Abantu baseNgilandi (1689) saphinde savikelwa ngokuvikela emagunyeni emali emali eqile nesijeziso sonya. AmaMelika aseMelika ayezibonele ukuxhashazwa ngempoqo kwegunya laseBrithani, kuhlanganise nemithetho eboshelwayo kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe. UJames Madison wafaka iSiphendulo sesihlanu njengengxenye ye-Bill of Rights, edweni kulezi zimfuneko zemihlangano yesifunda sesizwe. I-Amperence yayihlose ukuvimbela uhulumeni omusha, iveza ukuphikisana okukhulu kwegunya elikhulu.

Icala Eliwuphawu Oluhilela Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya incazelo yeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu nendlela esisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

  • Mira v. Arizona (1966) iNkantolo yathi ukuphenywa kwemvume kubangela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzibeka umlomo, sidinga amaphoyisa ukuba axwayise abasola amalungelo abo ekuthuleni nokukhipha iseluleko. Lesinqumo sokuguqula izinqubo zamaphoyisa futhi sihlale sisemqoka emfundweni yezemthetho.
  • Kelo v. iDolobha laseNew London (2005]] [] INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuthatha u-Claus kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla yakhe siqu ukuze athuthukise intuthuko yezomnotho efeza injongo yomphakathi, ngisho noma indawo ekugcineni ishintshelwe kumthuthukisi wangasese. Isinqumo sabangela ukunqandwa kwemithetho futhi siyaqhubeka sisebenzisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene namalungelo empahleni.
  • [FLT] Brown v. Ohio [77]]. Kulelicala lengozi kabili, iNkantolo yasebenzisa i-imburger [[ ukuzama ukukhomba ukuthi isiqinisekiso senjabulo sivimbela ukuvinjelwa okulandelayo kwezethulwa ngezimoto, njengoba ubufakazi obulandelayo babudinga izakhi ezifanayo.
  • Hurtado v. California (1884): INkantolo inqume ukuthi imfuneko enkulu yeSichibiyelo seHlathi seHlaye ayisebenzi ezizweni ngeSigqizo seshumi nane, ivumela izimiso zomthetho zombuso ukuba zisebenzise ezinye izindlela ezikhombayo.
  • MAthews v. [6] Lelicala lamisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela kwengxenye ezintathu zenqubo edingayo, izinkantolo eziyisebenzisayo ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edingayo uma uhulumeni efuna ukuqeda izinzuzo ezinjengenkokhelo yokukhubazeka.

Lamacala abonisa ukufinyelela kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu okubanzi nekhono laso lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

Ukufunwa KweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu EMthethweni Wanamuhla

Ithonya Lobulungisa Besigebengu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sibonakala kakhulu esimisweni somthetho wokwahlulela kobugebengu. Isixwayiso sikaMiranda siye saba isisekelo sezesiko, siqinisekisa ukuthi abasolayo bayazi ukuthi bangathula futhi bacele ummeli. Izindaba zokuziphindisela ziphakama ekuhlolweni okumhlophe okungaqinisekwayo, lapho abantu bengase banxuse owesihlanu ukuze bagweme ukunikeza ubufakazi phambi komajaji abaphezulu noma izigwebo. I-Revible Jeopary Claus e imingcele ebekelwe umshushiciso futhi ivimbela uhulumeni ekuncipheni abamangalelwa abamsulwa, ngisho noma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. I-Plea, enquma ukuthi iningi lezelele lezigebetho zobugebengu, lisebenza ethunzini lalezi zigwebo zokuviswa kwecala, azina ukuvikelwa kwecala, azina ukuvinjelwa, futhi azina ukuvikelwa kwecala.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nentuthuko Yokuphatha

Inqubo elindelekile idlulela ngalé komthetho wobugebengu. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zinikeze izimemezelo ezilungile lapho ziphika amalayisense, izinzuzo ezincishisiwe, noma zikhipha izijeziso. Ukuthatha kuka-Claus kuthinta abanikazi bempahla ababhekene nezindawo ezidumile noma imithetho evimbelayo yendawo ezungezile. Abagxeki bathi ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile kuphikisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni (njengemithetho engekho ngokomthetho) ziphikisa ukuba abanikazi bempahla abangekho ngokomthetho. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sithinta ukulahlekelwa kwempahla yomphakathi, lapho uhulumeni ethatha khona impahla ecatshangelwa ukuthi ihlangene nobugebengu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yinqubo efanelekile ngokufuna ukuba abanikazi bempahla yabo ibuyiselwe.

Inkathi Yezinombolo Nokuzishintsha

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza izinselele ezintsha ze-Une-Incrinication Claus. Ingabe usolwayo uphoqelekile ukuba avule ucingo? INkantolo Ephakeme ikhulume lokhu Carplate v. United States [2018]), iphethe ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi e-sethi ye-cell-acrimetic. Nokho, indaba yokuphoqelelwa ukuba i-mfundazenziswayo i-mfashini. ISimende seNkamelo sesihlanu sivikela umngenisi-gama (*. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zathi isenzo sokunikeza i-password siyingxoxo ewubufakazi obuyisiqinisekiso futhi ngenxa yalokho ivikela, kuyilapho abanye behlukanisa phakathi kwe-password nenkinobho eveza inkinobho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezibalo ziyoba khona ukuqinisekisa umthetho, lezi ziyoqhubeka nokuhlola imingcele ye-Expound.

Imithombo Yemfundo Yokufundisa ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukufundisa iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukugxilisa umbhalo waso, umlando, nokusetshenziswa kwaso.

  • Ukuhlola kokufunda: Ukuhlola izenzakalo zengqokotho yezenzakalo ezinjenge Mira[, Kelo[, [[FLT]] ne [[FLT]] ama-Maws[ avumela abafundi ukubona izimiso ezifingqiwe ezisemqondweni. [[[[FTL:8]] iproject ye-oyez inikeza ukuqopha nokufingqa izimpikiswano zeNkalelo eziphezulu.
  • I-Primary Document Review:[[FLT: 1] Ukufunda amadrafti okuqala kaJames Madison, izimpikiswano zesifundazwe, ne-English Bill of Rights zisiza abafundi ukuba balandele uhlu lolwazi lokulungisa. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] I-Cufftition Anconoted [ ethathwe eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wesishaya-Hulumeni inikeza ukukhulumela okunegunya.
  • Inkantolo ye-Moot Moot: Iveza impikiswano yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngempikiswano ecatshangelwayo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu `njengokuthi iphoyisa lingaphoqelela umsoli ukuba anikeze umnyatheliso weminwe ukuze avule ucingo(-* ukwakha amakhono ocingo kanye nokuqamba.
  • C Izingxoxo zezehlakalo zamanje:[ Ngemva kwezimpikiswano zamanje ``impikiswano edumile'] njengemibango edumile yezindawo, iziyalo zezikhulu zilahla, noma izimpikiswano ngeqoqo le-DNA eliyisibopho zenza kulungiswe ukuphila kwabafundi.
  • Ku-Line Lectures namavidiyo: I-[FT:2] Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe [ inikeza imithombo ehambisanayo, ukushintshisana kwezazi, kanye namasu esifundo esiphethweni seSichibiyelo sesihlanu kanye nezinye izilungiselelo zamalungelo.

Ngokuhlanganisa umongo ongokomlando nokusebenza kwanamuhla, othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu hhayi njengensada ka - 1791 kodwa njengesiqinisekiso esiphilayo sokulunga esizivelela emphakathini.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisalokhu siyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Izigaba zaso ezinhlanu . "umkhulu, umphetho ophindiwe, inqubo efanelekile, futhi sithathe ngokulandelana" (‘ukunqanda amandla kahulumeni futhi sivikele umuntu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sombuso ngokungenamthetho. Isimiso esimisiwe, ikakhulukazi, siveza isibopho esiyisisekelo sokufeza iziqondiso ezizwakalayo kuwo wonke amagatsha omthetho. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela kubuchwepheshe, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokushintsha kwezomnotho, izinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho bazoqhubeka nokuchaza nokusebenzisa iSiphendulo sesihlanu sombuso. Labo abafunda umthetho noma abafundisa izinhlangano zomphakathi, ukuqonda okujulileyo akuzona nje izifundiswa zemfundo kuphela ukulungiselela ukuba nesabelo sobuzwe. Isithembiso se-5 sokuvikela uhulumeni ngokuncintisana nokulawula, njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kusungulwa kwesizwe, futhi kuzoba khona ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-America emakhulwini amaningi.