Izimiso zokukhetha ziwumgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukunquma indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo embusweni wezombangazwe. Ukukhethwa kwemithetho ekhethiwe kuthinta isimo sezwe sezombangazwe, ukuthonya ukuziphatha kovoti, futhi kuthinta ukuqina kohulumeni. Kusukela ezindleleni ezivamile zobuningi kuya ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi, amazwe aye athatha izinqubo eziningi ezivumelana nengokomlando, izindinganiso zempucuko, kanye nemigomo yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akubalulekile kuphela kososayensi bezombangazwe kodwa futhi nasezakhamuzini ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokunenzuzo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zokukhetha

Izimiso ze-Electoral zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana ezibanzi, ngayinye enezinqubo ezihlukile, izinzuzo, kanye nezingakhi zokuhwebelana. Izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zisebenzisa enye yezinqubo ezine eziyinhloko: I-Past-Port, i-Propogational Imfonsotion, i-Rankered Choict List, noma iMixed Electoral Systems. Ngezansi sihlola ngayinye ngokujula.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-Past-the Post yokuqala, eyaziwa nangokuthi ubuningi obubodwa, iyisimiso sokhetho olulula kakhulu. EFPTP, izwe lihlukaniswa libe yizifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa, futhi abavoti bavotele oyedwa. Umfundi ovotelwe kakhulu. [1] Ngisho noma engaphansi kweningi . Lesimiso sisetshenziswa eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, eCanada, naseNdiya, phakathi kwezinye.

Inzuzo eyinhloko ye-FPTP ilula ukuyiqonda, futhi imiphumela ingaqondwa ngokushesha. Ivame ukuveza izinto ezinkulu, yenza ohulumeni abahlukene abahlukene. Nokho, ivame ukudlula emicimbini emikhulu nangaphansi kwe-prediters, okuholela ekuhlukaneni phakathi kwesabelo sovoti kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-FPPP ikhuthaza ukuvota ngekhono kanye nokushiya abantu abaningi benomuzwa wokuthi izwi labo liyachithwa. Ngokwesibonelo, kunyuswa u-201919, i-Conservative Parnti iwina 43.6% yevoti yevoti kodwa yabanjwa 56.2% yezihlalo, kuyilapho i-Liberalmocracrate iwina 11.5% ye-votiota kuphela.

  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ukungaguquguquki, imiphumela esheshayo, ukuhlobana okunamandla phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli, ukuthambekela ekuvezeni inxenye eyodwa.
  • Izinga eliphansi: Imiphumela ephazamisayo, ukudlala amavoti, ukukhetha okulinganiselwe, nokungavikeleki ekuvoteni.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

I-PR ethandwayo ihloselwe ukulingana nesilinganiso samavoti atholwayo engxenyeni yezihlalo ezisemkhandlwini. Indlela evame kakhulu yi-PR yeqembu, lapho abavoti bekhetha khona iqembu, futhi amaqembu athola izihlalo ngokwengxenye yabo. Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, Norway, Israel, ne-South Africa asebenzisa i-PR.

Izimiso ze-PR ziveza izishaya - mthetho ezibonisa ngokunembile ukuhlukahluka kombono wokhetho. Zivumela ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane futhi ngokuvamile ziholele eqenjini elikhudlwana. Nokho, i-PR ingaphumela futhi ezindaweni ezihlukene lapho kungekho mbutho owina khona iningi, ohulumeni abahlangene. Nakuba imifelandawo ikhuthaza ukuyekethisa, zingaholela futhi ekuntengantengisweni noma ekuhlelweni kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, kwa-Israel, umnyango ophansi wokhetho (manje 3.25%) uye waveza amaqembu amancane amaningi nezingxoxo zezivumelwano ezihlangene. I-IT yezizwe zonke i-ISCM-EUMMMM-onziswayo yokuhlola i-PR.

  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ukuthatha indawo, ukumelelwa, ukuncishiswa kwamavoti asaphazanyiswayo, isikhuthazo sesigaba sentando yeningi.
  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ikhono lokwahlukana kwezombangazwe, ukuxhumanisa okubuthakathaka, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi ekubaleni amavoti.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

Futhi okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, ukuvota okunqunyiwe kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi okuqala, umbhalisa okhetha okuncane kakhulu uyasuswa, futhi lawo-bhola adluliselwa ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lenqubo iphinda futhi kuze kube yilapho umuntu ozovota efinyelela iningi. I-RCV isetshenziselwa ukukhetha uhulumeni e-Australia nase-ovation ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise neSan Francisco kanye ne-New York.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba badlulise isici esiphansi, banciphise umkhankaso ophambene futhi bakhuthaze ukuvumelana. Abavoti bangaveza okuthandayo okuqotho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha amavoti abo. Nokho, i-RCV iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukunikeza imfundo efuna ukuvota. Kwezinye izimo, ukukhathala kwebhola (lapho abavoti bengahleli kahle ngokwanele) kungashiya owinayo ngobukhulu kuphela benani elisele lamavoti, kululaza isimiso esikhulu. Fairvota unikeza imithombo emikhulu ekukhiqini i-RCV.

  • Izindawo eziphambili: Imiphumela emikhulu, ukucutha ukuvota, ukungakhiqizi, nokumelela kangcono komvoti.
  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ubunkimbinkimbi, izindleko zokuphatha eziphakeme, kungenzeka ukukhathala kwebhola, nokubala isikhathi eside.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Izimiso ezixubene zihlanganisa izici ze-FPTP ne PR ukuze zisebenzise amandla azo zombili. Umehluko ovame kakhulu yi-ovaled international (MMP) yesimiso sesifunda esixubeneyo, esisetshenziswa eJalimane nase-New Zealand. Izimiso zomphakathi zivota amavoti amabili: enye ye-projekthi yendawo (ngokuvamile i-FPTPPP) kanye nenye ohlwini lweqembu. Iqembu linquma isilinganiso sezihlalo zonke esisemthethweni we-pain, kuyilapho ivota yendawo igcwalisa izihlalo zesifunda. Noma isiphi ukungalingani phakathi kwesabelo seqembu nezihlalo zesigodi kulungiswa ngokunezela “phezulu-phezulu” izihlalo zeqembu leqembu.

I-MMP igcina ukumelelwa kwe-FPTP yendawo ngesikhathi iqinisekisa ukulingana. Ingaveza imihlanganiso futhi ngokuvamile iphumele emiphumeleni elinganiselwe kakhulu yenqubo. Nokho isimiso siyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukwenezelwa kwezihlalo zohlu kungagcwalisa ubukhulu bendlu yomthetho. EJalimane, iBundestag iye yakhula kakhulu ngenxa yemifantu ehamba phambili nezindawo zokuhlela, inselele inguquko eye yazama ukuyixoxa. [[FLT: 0] i-ACECTALL KNLT Ulwazi lwe-UTY inikeza isiqondiso esihle kakhulu ezimisweni ezixubene.

  • Izinga eliphakathi: ukulinganisela kokulandisa kwendawo ngokulingana, ukunciphisa amavoti alahlwayo, futhi unika abavoti ukukhetha okukabili.
  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ubunkimbinkimbi, ukukwazi ukulingisa, nokwenzeka kwezishaya-mthetho ezinkulu.

Izizinda Nemvelaphi Yazo Engokomlando

Nakuba izinhlobo ezinkulu zesimiso zinikeza uhlaka olubanzi, imikhuba yokukhetha iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezifunda ngenxa yemibuso yamazwe, amasiko ezombangazwe, nomklamo wezinhlangano.

Imelika Esenyakatho

I-United States neCanada zingamakhothamo e-FPTP. i-U.S. isebenzisa izigodi ezinezitho eyodwa zendlu yabameleli, kanye nokunqoba i-Electoral College ye-Electoral College yokhetho lukamongameli. Lokhu kuye kwagxilisa isimiso sengxenye ezimbili, lapho amaqembu esithathu ebhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo. Ngokufanayo iCanada isebenzisa i-FPTPP kulelo likahulumeni, nakuba izwe linohlelo oluqinile olunengxenye enkulu kakhulu ngenxa yemiphakathi yezifunda njenge-Bloc Québécois. Ama-mall forole transformation kuwo womall zizwe zombili ithole igetture kodwa iboshelwe ngenxa yokuzisebenzela u-RGlobal futhi ubunzima bokuguqula imithetho emisiwe.

IYurophu

IYurophu iyizwekazi elihlukene kakhulu ngokwezimiso ze-votoral . Amazwe ase-Nyakatho ne-Western European anjenge-Sweden, iDenmark, ne-Netherlands asebenzisa ukumelelwa okulinganayo, akhuthaza izimiso eziningi kanye nokubusa kobunye. I-Jalimane ne-New Zealand (ngokuvamile ehlanganiswe neYurophu ekuhlolweni okuqhathanisa) asebenzisa i-MMP. I-United Kingdom ne-France ngokwezeMakelele i-FPTP, kodwa iFrance manje isebenzisa isimiso esizihambela--kabili soMhlangano-nye wayo. Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, i-post-communistsss ngokuvamile amukela izinguquko ezixubeneyo noma izimiso ze-PR ukuze agweme ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla. I-Europe Union ngokwayo isebenzisa uhlobo lwe-PR ngepalamende yayo, kanye namazwe angamalungu avunyelwe ukuzikhetha ngendlela yayo isikhathi eside njengaleyo.

i-Asia

I-Asia inikeza umbono oxubile. Izwe lase-India, isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, lisebenzisa i-FPTP ezuzwe njengefa embusweni waseBrithani. Lokhu kuye kwanezela esimisweni esiyinhloko sombuso wesigaba somlando waso (i-Indian National Congress) futhi kamuva izakhiwo ezihlukene kodwa ezihlukene ezimbili kodwa ezihlukene ezisezingeni lesizwe. IJapane isebenzisa isimiso sokuvota (i-mixtPPP) lapho abavoti bebolintile i-FTPP kanye nenye i-PR yesigaba sombuso; izakhi ezimbili zizimele, zisebenzisa futhi isimiso esixubile esixubile kodwa esisanda kusetshenziswa ukwanda kwenani. Amazwe amaningi ase-Asia, njengase-Thailand nase-Indonesia, amukela khona izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi noma i-PR ezixubeneyodwa ukuze zilawule izinhlanga nezindawo ezihlukahlukene.

i-Afrika

Izimiso ze-Afrika ezikhetha ama-colonia zibonisa ukuthatha-impumelelo kanye nokukhetha kwangemva kwe-PR. Amazwe amaningi ama-Anglophphone (umz., Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya) asebenzisa i-FPTP, engaveza izigaba zezinhlanga ngokudala izikhawu ezinamandla. Ngokungafani, i-South Africa yamukela isimiso sobuhlanga esimsulwa se-PR ngemva kobandlululo ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi i-alpharamestrial yenani labantu bayo abahlukene. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Lesotho ne-Ethiopia, asebenzisa izimiso ezixubile. Izimiso ezikhethwayo ngokuvamile ama-corretates kanye neziqinile: amazwe ase-Afrika athambekele ekubeni abe nohulumeni abahlukene, kuyilapho amazwe ebhekene-FTP ezindaweni eziphezulu zobudlova. [FL:][EFFFF]

i-Latin America

Amazwe amaningi ase-Latin America asebenzisa ukumelelwa kwesilinganiso, ngokuvamile anezinhlu ezivulekile ezivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abazothatha amadili. IBrazil, i-Argentina, ne-Mexico bayizibonelo. Le ndawo inomlando wezimiso zobumongameli, imithetho ekhethweyo yenhlangano esebenzelana namandla anamandla. Amanye amazwe, njengoChile, aye asuka esimisweni se-binomical aye athatha i-projectal ukuze athuthukise i-almessage. Ukwanda kwe-PR kufake i-PR kuhlanganisa nezimiso eziningi kodwa futhi nakumaqembu abaphathi abangenza uphekula kalula.

Oceania

I-Australia ivelele ekusebenziseni kwayo ukuvota okukhethekile kweNdlu yabameleli kanye nohlobo lwePR (uvoti edluliselwa kanye) yeSigele. Lomklamo ombaxambili uqinisekisa kokubili uhulumeni ozinzileyo nophawulo olulinganayo endlini ephezulu. INew Zealand yalahla i-FPTP ukuze ithathe i-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwe-astendemu, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yathola ohulumeni abengeziwe ababumbene kanye nendlu yomthetho ehlukene kakhulu. Izizwe zasePacific Island zivame ukusebenzisa i-FPTPP noma ubuningi obulula ezifundeni ezisengxenyeni eyodwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngemiphumele emiphumelweni engokwesiko.

Ithonya Ekubuseni Nasembusweni Wentando Yeningi

Izimiso ze - Electoral zenza okungaphezu nje kokubeka izihlalo; zilolonga izinga lentando yeningi, ukuphumelela kokubusa, nokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi.

Ukumelela Nokuzwana

Izimiso zePR ezingokwezimo zivame ukwenza izishaya umthetho ezibonisa isimo somphakathi somphakathi. Abesifazane, abantu abambalwa, namaqembu amancane bazuza izihlalo ezengeziwe ngaphansi kwe-PR kunengaphansi kwe-FPTP. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sePR saseSweden siye saphumela ngokuqhubekayo ekumeleleni abesifazane abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-40 epalamende. Ngokuphambene, i-FPTP ngokuvamile iphazamisa abesifazane kanye nabacela ukutholwa abambalwa ngenxa yesidingo sokuwina isihlalo esisodwa esingcono. Nokho, i-FPTP ingathuthukisa ukumelelwa kwezwe, njengoba isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli onecala eliqondile.

Ukuqina Nokuphumelela Kukahulumeni

Ukuthambekela kwe-FPTP kokuveza isigaba esisodwa sombuso ngokuvamile kuholela kuhulumeni abanqumayo, abaqinile abangasebenzisa inqubo ngokushesha. Kodwa ohulumeni abaphethe bangase bangazinaki izithakazelo ezimbalwa futhi badlulise umthetho wokuthi i-PR ihlukanisa umphakathi. Ngokungafani, izinhlelo ze-PR, ukuphoqelela nokuyekelela ngemifelandawo eyodwa. Nakuba lokhu kungathatha kancane ukwenza izinqumo, ngokuvamile kuphumela ezimisweni ezijabulela ukuvumelana okukhulu. Amazwe anjengeJalimane aye akwazi ukulawula izivumelwano eziqinile amashumi eminyaka, kanti abanye, njengo-Israel, baye bathola ukhetho oluvamile ngenxa yokuwa kwemifelandawo. Isihluthulelo asisona isimiso sodwa kodwa inqubo yezombangazwe nezokuhlola kwezezombangazwe.

Ukuzinikela Nokuhlanganyela

Ukucwaninga kuveza ngokungaguquki umvoti ophakeme emazweni omelelwe ngokulinganayo uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abane-FPTP. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi i-PR inciphisa amavoti asaphaza futhi inikeza abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo. Ukuvota okukhethiwe futhi kuthuthukisa ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba basekele abavoti abancane ngaphandle kwethonya. Nokho, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kungavimbela abavoti abathile; e-Australia, iphoqelela ukuvota ithonya langempela le-RCV ekuvotelweni.

Ukulandisa Nokonakala

I-FPTP yenza ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kommeleli nesifunda sezwe, okungathuthukisa ukulandisa: abavoti bayazi ukuthi ubani ozovuza noma bajezise. Kodwa ohulumeni abahlangene ezimisweni zePR bangafiphaza ukulandisa, njengoba abavoti bengazi ukuthi yiliphi iqembu lokukhokha noma lokusola ngezimiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimiso ze-PR ezinezinhlu ezivaliweyo zinganciphisa ukulandisa komuntu ngamunye, njengoba abaholi beqembu belawula ukukhethwa. Umbaleli PR uzama ukulungisa lokhu ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba babonise okuthandwayo. Amazinga enkohlakalo angaboshelwanga asolwanga ngokusuka ekuboneleni izimiso zezimiso; izicingo ezingokomthetho ezifana nemithetho yezezimali zezezimali ezizimele zibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo Nezinguquko

Izimiso ze-Electoral azikho ngokomthetho. Amazwe amaningi asanda kuguqula izimiso zawo ukuze alungise amaphutha acatshangelwayo. Ukusuka kwe-FPTP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1990 kunguphawu oluphawulekayo. ICanada iphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenguquko, nakuba kungakabi nanguquko yesizwe. Amanye amazwe namadolobha athathe ukhetho olusemthethweni, futhi iMaine manje ilusebenzisa kulo lonke ukhetho lwamazwe. E-Afrika, umthetho-mthetho-siseko weKenya wasungula isimiso esixubile sombuso wentando yeningi. Kukhona futhi isithakazelo esikhulayo kuhulumeni wezentando yeningi kanye nokukhetha (ukukhetha kwezindawo) kwezinye izindikimba zesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi, njengo-Internetic andbreattingchains, kungabuye kuthathwe indlela yokuvota, nakuba ukulondoloza, nakuba ukhuseleko nokwethemba okukhulu.

Isiphetho

Izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso zokukhetha emhlabeni wonke zibonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwentando yeningi. Isimiso ngasinye sihlanganisa ukudayisa phakathi kokuthakatha nokulingana, ukuzinza nokungaguquguquki, ukulandisa nokungagxunyeki. Asikho isimiso esisodwa esiphelele; ukukhetha okungcono kuxhomeke emongweni wezwe, indwangu yezenhlalo, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zezombangazwe. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuthatheleni isigaba sobudemokrati. Njengoba izizwe ziqhubeka ziveza, kanjalo nezindlela abantu bazo abakhetha ngazo abaholi bazo. Ukuhlanganyela nalezi zimiso ngokomlando, ngokwezimo ezingokobuzwe kanye nezingamandla ezombangazwe kusisekela ekuthuthukiseni inguquko nenani ngalinye lezindawo.