Indima Eyisisekelo Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela Emalungeloni Omshado

Zimbalwa izinhlangano eziye zaguqula inqubo yomthetho womshado waseMelika njengezesigebengu sikahulumeni. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ngokwesiko zazinegunya elicishe libe cishe liphelele emshadweni, ngokuvamile kuye kwaba izinkantolo ezingenele ekulungiseni ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo lapho amagatsha ezombangazwe enyakaza kancane noma emelana ngokuphelele noshintsho. Ngokuchaza iziqinisekiso zeSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi nane zenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo, amajaji aye achaza ukuthi ubani ongashada futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Lenqubo ayizange ibe nemingcele, kodwa inqubo ngayinye enkulu iye yakha incazelo ekwakheni kwezandulelayo ezingokokuqala, kancane kancane yandisa incazelo engokomthetho yomshado ukuze abonise ukuqondwa okuphelele kwamalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ingxenye yejaji egxile emthetho womshado isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo kakhulu kangangokuba awakwazi ukuthotshelwa yivoti eningi. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yaphawula ivota ku-v., inkululeko yokushada iqapheleke isikhathi eside njengenye yamalungelo omuntu siqu abalulekile abalulekile ekuphishekeleni injabulo. Ngokuphula imithetho enqabela imibhangqwana ehlukene futhi kamuva emishadwe imibhangqwana efanayo, izinkantolo ziqinisekise ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo labo bonke abantu, hhayi nje labo abafanelana nesiko. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqumo eziyinhloko ezithuthukisa amalungelo omshado, ukuhlola ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yayo ezenhlalo nemithetho engokomthetho, zicabangela indima eqhubekayo yezingxoxo zezezezezenhlalakahle.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Ukusuka Ekulawuleni KukaHulumeni Kuya Ekubuseni

Imingcele Yomshado Yasekuqaleni Kwamashumi Amabili

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, umthetho womshado wawucishe ube yindaba yamaphoyisa aphethe. Izwe ngalinye lachaza umshado ngokwezindinganiso zalo ngokwezinhlanga, inkolo, nokuziphatha, okuholela ekubekeni imithetho eminingi eyayivame ukuveza ubandlululo olujulile. Imithetho yokuvimbela ukushada phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe nabantu abanemibala ehlukahlukene, ngokuvamile ihlasela abantu abamnyama, abase-Asia, nabase-Monarive American. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi avimbela imishado phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekile, futhi wonke amazwe avimbela ukuhlangana kwezinyunyana ezifanayo, kokubili okusobala nezincazelo ezicacile ezibekwe ezimisweni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zilalela izishaya - mthetho zesimiso somshado, zisekela imingcele uma nje zifeza injongo enengqondo, njengokulondoloza ukuziphatha komphakathi noma izinhloso zomphakathi. Lokhu kunqanda ukwahlulela kwasho ukuthi izinselele zakuqala ezingokomthetho zokucwasa umshado cishe emhlabeni wonke zahluleka. Ngokwesibonelo, Pace v. Alabama [1883], iNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakathi isekela umthetho ka-Alabamilama omelene nomthetho wokwephula umthetho, icabanga ukuthi ijeqe labamhlophe nabamnyama bagwegwema ngokufanayo futhi ngenxa yalokho ayizange ilahle i-Exprementstions Provice Clation Claus Claus. Lokho kucabangela njenge-smetal [Fmmetal] [1883] [1883] [ish /ishmallssss, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuvunyelwa kwayo ekugcineni kwaliwa ukuba kugcinwe umthetho womshado.

Phakathi-Ama-Cenrives: Ukwanda kwenqubo elindelekile namampikiswano esivikelo esilinganayo

Phakathi nekhulu lama-205 leminyaka kwaletha ushintsho lwasolwandle eqenjini lemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kweJaji elingu-Earl Warren yandisa izinga lamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zohlanga, inqubo yobugebengu, nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Izinqumo eziyinhloko ezifana Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo [ [[FLD:1] [1954] [iNkakhulu]) yasungula ukuthi i-jajicary ingangenela ekuxazululeni isigaba sikahulumeni, futhi ukucalulaza okuyisisekelo kwemithetho, futhi ukuhluphana kwemibono okuyisisekelo kwanwe ngokushesha. Izazi ezingokomthetho namalungelo omthetho zaqala ukuphikisa ukuthi imingcele yomshado ayiphulanga kuphela isivikelo esiKhululekiyo somthetho kodwa futhi ne-Iuclaus Clausss, okuvikela inkululeko encikekayo kuhulumeni ngokungafanele.

Lenkathi yabuye yaqaphela ukuqashelwa okukhulayo komshado “njengelungelo elibalulekile” ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942), iNkantolo yayisiphawulile kakade ukuthi umshado nokuzala kuyisisekelo sokusinda komncintiswano. Ngo-1960, isigaba samiswa ngenselele eqondile yokuvimbela umshado. Icala elizoba yisikweli lenguquko lavela eVirginia, lapho owesifazane omnyama nowelungu babebekwe khona icala lokushada benqamula imigqa ehlukanisa ubuhlanga.

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Eziwuphawu Oluphawulekayo Ezawuchaza Ngokushadile

Long v. Virginia (1967): Isisekelo Sokulingana Komshado

Asikho isinqumo esiye saba esiyisisekelo kakhulu kumthetho womshado wanamuhla ukudlula [i-Virginia] ukubopha no-'FLT'. . UMildred Jeter, owesifazane oNsundu, noRichard Long, indoda emhlophe, abashade eSifundeni saseColumbia ngo-19583, ukuba bagweme umthetho we-Vriginia we-Infaial Parality. Lapho bebuyela eVirginia, baboshwa futhi bagwetshwa unyaka owodwa ejele, bevalelwe ngesimo sokuba bashiye izwe iminyaka engamashumi amabili namahlanu. Ngosizo lwe-ACULLU, i-Loles yabekela inse isiqinisekiso ukuthembeka kwabo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlasela umthetho kaVirginia omelene nomthetho ka-Virginia ngoJune 1967.

ISikhulu seJaji Earl Warren sanikeza umbono onamandla kabili. Okokuqala, iNkantolo yathi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphansi kwe-The It Procession Claus, isho ukuthi “inkululeko yokushada sekuyisikhathi eside iqashelwa njengenye yamalungelo abalulekile omuntu siqu abalulekile empishelweni ehlelekile yokufuna injabulo yabantu abakhululekile.” Okwesibili, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi umthetho waseVirginia wawuphula umthetho weSivikeli esiKhulekele u-Claus ngenxa yokuthi wawuklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuphakama komhlophe futhi wawusekelwe kuphela ezinhlalweni zobuhlanga. Lo hlelo oluhlukene oluthi [1] Ukuvikela umshado njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lapho ulahla imingcele yobugebengu ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho ulahla isigwebo somshado.

“Inkululeko yokushada sekuyisikhathi eside iqashelwa njengenye yamalungelo omuntu siqu abalulekile abalulekile ekuphishekeleni ngokuhlelekile injabulo kwabantu abakhululekile.” — IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren, Liveng v. Virginia[, 388 U.S.167]

Umphumela osheshayo we kwakuwukuqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado okusekelwe ohlazweni lwezigaba ezingu-17 ezisenazo. Kabanzi, kwaqinisekisa ukuthi umshado awulona ilungelo eliqinisekisiwe likahulumeni kodwa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo elingenakuphikwa ngezizathu eziwumthetho. Lesimiso savula indlela yamashumi eminyaka yokucwasa ezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo lomshado, kuhlanganise nalezo ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni kwenkanuko yobulili nasobulilini.

Baker v. Nelson (1972): Inselele yomshado wokuqala ofanayo noSexx

Eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva , amadoda amabili eMinnesota , uRichard John Baker noJames Michael McConnell . Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwanqatshelwa ngoba umthetho kahulumeni wachaza ukuhlangana komshado njengesibopho phakathi komyeni nowesifazane. Bamangalela ukuthi ukuphika kwephula umthetho iMkhiqoka ka-Celas noMgangatho ka-Celassiste. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-Minnesoft yalahla iziphakamiso zabo, futhi iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yalahla isikhalo “ngenxa yokufuna umbuzo kazwelo.” Lokho kudivolaniswa. [[FLT:]] Baker. Nelson v, yenza isibonelo esiqinile esihlanganisa umshado ofanayo.

Iminyaka engamashumi amane, izinkantolo eziphansi zakhomba u-Baker njengegunya lokuthi ukuvinjelwa komshado okungaxubile kwakungekhona okusemthethweni. Isinqumo sabonisa imingcele yezenzo zokwahlulela phakathi nenkathi lapho isimo sengqondo somphakathi sobungqingili silokhu sinobutha kakhulu. Futhi sabonisa ukubaluleka kohlelo lwesikhathi nomongo wezenhlalo: iNkantolo yayingakakulungeli ukunwebela [ ukuvimbela [[FLT:]] ukukhomba ukuqondisisa isimilo sobulili. Nokho, [[FLT:] [4] B] futhi ekugcineni yabekwa umthetho [[FLT] [FL:]] ka-embu.[FT]

United States v. Windsor (2013): Federal Staginning and the Defense of Marriage Act

Phakathi , intuthuko enkulu yenzeka kulelozinga lezwe, kodwa uhulumeni wahlala uyisithiyo. Ngo-1996, iSivumelwano sadlula iSivikelo somshado , esichaza umshado wenjongo kahulumeni phakathi kowendoda nowesifazane kuphela. Ingxenye ye-DOMA yaphika izinzuzo zikahulumeni − njengezinzuzo zezentengiselwano zezenhlalakahle, izimo zentela, nokuthutha, kanye namalungelo okusemthethweni okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho emibhangqwana emishadwetshweni. U-Edith Winds, owayeshade nomngane wakhe uSpea eCanada ngo-2007, wafuna ukukhokha izintela zezwe eliphakathi ngemva kokufa. Isigaba se-DORMer, futhi uWind, wayengenankokhisi ebhangemuva kwendoda yakhe engumngane womshado.

Esinqumweni sika-5-4, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya i-Candelo 3 le-DOMA, iphethe ukuthi yaphula umthetho weSichibiyelo se-Accel’s Access se-5's Processom Claus ngokunqanda imibhangqwana efanayo engokwasebuhlotsheni obufanele uhulumeni. UMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy wagcizelela ukuthi injongo yeDOMA yayiwuku “kususa yona kanye isigaba sabantu imithetho yaseNew York eyayifuna ukuvikela.” Isinqumo asizange siphoqeqe ukuba imishado yemishado efanayo enyaneni elihlangene neyamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume engokomthetho, kodwa saqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuphatha imibhangqwana eshadile engashadile njengengashadile. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FOLD] sivule umnyango wesikhukhula esiwumbuso wokuvinyaza ukuvinyanisa, futhi ubeke isigaba esiqinile somthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Umshado wesizwe sonke

Isiphetho samashumi amane eminyaka yokuquliswa kwecala safika ngoJune 26, 2015, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme inquma ukuthi [u-Obergefell v. Hodges ekunqumeni okungu 5-4]. Icala lahlanganisa amacala amane ahlukene eMichigan, e-Ohio, eKentucky, naseTennessee, lapho imibhangqwana efanayo ye-sex yanqatshelwa khona ilungelo lokushada noma ukuqaphela imishado yayo engekho ngokomthetho. UJohn Arthur wayeshade nomngane wakhe ogula kakhulu eMaryland; lapho u-Arthur, wenqaba ukuba abhale njengomngane ofe e-Oberge.

UMahluleli uKennedy waphinde wabhalela iningi, ukuhlanganisa inqubo efanelekile nezimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela. Umbono waveza inkululeko emine eyisisekelo evikelwe yilungelo lokushada: ilungelo lokukhetha umngane womshado wakho siqu, ilungelo lokusondelana nobuhlobo obuseduze, ilungelo lomkhaya kanye nokuzalana, nelungelo lokulingana nesithunzi emehlweni omthetho. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi “ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elisemthethweni ofanele umuntu avunyelwe ukushada, futhi ngaphansi kweNkathini yeSimiso neSivikeli esilinganayo seSiphenduko se - 1450 se-Endation kungase kungaphucwa yileyonkululeko elungile nenkululeko.” isinqumo saso sonke isimo esisele sinjalo esingokomthetho esidinga ukuvinjelwa futhi siqaphele imishadolo efanayo njengemishano ehlukene.

“Abukho ubunye obubaluleke kakhulu kunomshado, ngoba buhlanganisa izinhloso eziphakeme kakhulu zothando, ukwethembeka, ukuzinikela, ukuzidela, nomkhaya. Ekukheni isibopho somshado, abantu ababili baba yinto enkulu kunaleyo ababeyiyo.] — Justice Anthony Kennedy, [[FL:1]] Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644]

[I-Obergefell yagujwa ngokushesha njengokunqoba okungokomlando kwe LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kodwa futhi yabangela ukuphikiswa okukhulu. UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia waxwayisa ngokungavumelani “kuhamba kwenqubo yentando yeningi" futhi wangabaza igunya leNkantolo lokubuyisela umshado omuhle. Noma kunjalo, isinqumo siye sahlala isikhathi eside: naphezu kokuphikisa kwezombangazwe nenkolo, umshado ofanayo uhlala usemthethweni kuzo zonke izifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu, futhi ukusekela komphakathi ukulingana komshado kuye kwakhula kwaba nokuphakama okungokomlando.

Umphumela Obanzi Wemithetho Yokwahlulela Emphakathini NaseMthethweni

Izandulela Ezingokomthetho Nesivikelo Samalungelo Ayisisekelo

Izinqumo ku , `Windor , ne[FLT]-Obergefell[[ bashintsha imithetho yamaqembu athile; bagcizelela isimiso sokuthi umshado uyisisekelo ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho. Lesisimiso manje sivikela yonke imibhangqwana ekuphazanyisweni ngokwezimo eziwumthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sobulili, noma ezinye izici eziye zasetshenziswa ngaphambili ekukhetheni. Izinkantolo ziye zenza kucace ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima uma ufuna ukulinganisela ukuthi ubani angashada ngomthetho ongenakuneliswa, ukuziphatha, noma umbono othandwayo kuphela.

Lezi zibonelo zikhonjiwe nakwezinye izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, Obergefell ukucabanga kuye kwasetshenziswa ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo omshado angenawo, amalungelo emibhangqwana engashadile, ngisho nezinselele zokuvimbela umshado oxubeneyo. Umqondo wokuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo elibotshelelwe esikhundleni somuntu siqu nesobuhlanga uye wabonakala uyithuluzi elinamandla kumaqembu afuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukushintsha Kwezenhlalo Nesiko

Ithonya lezinqumo zenkantolo lidlulela nangaphandle kwenkantolo. Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho komshado wezinhlanga ezilandela kusize ekuhleleni imikhaya evamile futhi kunciphise ihlazo lomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho komshado owengeziwe kuhlangene nemiphumela engcono yempilo yengqondo ye-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, kanye nokwamukelwa kakhulu emphakathini. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi lapho umshado ofanayo wobulili obuvamile wabekwa ngokomthetho uncipha khona emizamweni yokuzibulala phakathi kwe-LGBTQ nentsha, kusikisela ukuthi ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kungaba nezinzuzo ezithinta ingqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqumo zokwahlulela ziye zamisa umbono womphakathi phambili. Ngonyaka ka-1996, ngesikhathi iDOMA idluliswa, amaphesenti angu-77 kuphela amaMelika asekela umshado oxubile. Ngo-2015, lapho obergefell[[ kunqunywa, ukusekela kwakhushulelwa cishe ku 60%. Nakuba kunzima ukulahla imbangela nomphumela, izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ukuthi ukuvunywa kweNkakhulu lomshado kwanikeza imvume yokuhamba nokwenyuka komzwelo womphakathi. Njengoba uMahluleli uKennedy, labo ababefuna ukulingana emshadweni babengazami ukulahla umshado ngokwesiko kodwa “ukuphila ukuphila kwabo ngokukhululekile” futhi“ bephatha imikhaya yabo ngenhlonipho nenhlonipho.”

Imiphumela Engokomnotho Newusizo

Ukususwa kwemithetho yobandlululo kuthinta izomnotho. Imibhangqwana eshadile ithola izinzuzo zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo ze-Social Security Speasal, amalungelo efa, ishefu lentela elihlangene, kanye nokukhokhelwa kwempilo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zomkhaya. Imibhangqwana efanayo eshendezayo ngaphambi [[FLT: 0]]] yehlela [[FLT:]] izimali , lezinzuzo zazingatholakali ngisho noma bezishade ngokomthetho esifundazweni sayo. INhlangano yezentengiselwano zezomnotho yalinganisela ukuthi inzuzo engokwezomnotho esheshayo [[FLT]berge yehlela inzuzo ekhuphuziwe, incitshisiwe izindleko ezingokomthetho, futhi yanwe kakhulu ukuba umqashi ezinzuzo ezinikezwayo ezinkulungwaneni zemikhaya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulingana komshado kuye kwenza izindaba ezingokomthetho ezinjengokutholwa, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nokwenza izinqumo zezokwelapha. Ngaphambi bergefell[, imibhangqwana efanayo engokwabelayo ngokuvamile kwadingeka ukuba ikhiphe amaphepha angokomthetho abizayo ukuze ivikele amalungelo atholakele imibhangqwana ehlukene neyobulili ngokuzenzekelayo emshadweni. Ngakho izinqumo zenkantolo ziye zanciphisa izithiyo ekwakheni komkhaya nasekuzinziseni, okwandisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezimpi Ezingokomthetho Nekusasa Lokulingana Komshado

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nonembeza

Naphezu kokunqoba okukhulu kwawa , ukulwa mayelana namalungelo omshado kusekude. Indawo enkulu yengxabano ihilela ukungezwani phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho evumela izikhulu zikahulumeni, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nezinhlangano zenkolo ukuba zenqabe izinkonzo ezihlobene nemishado efanayo ezisezisekelweni zonembeza. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalinganisela ezingxabeni ezihlobene: eMasterhop. Commission Regionstion [[FL:3] (20)] Commoradom Comment Commissionismssions) nemithetho engokwenkolo (20), iNkathi yeNkantolo yecala ukuthi umbuso ubonise ukungathandi kwezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo lapho inqaba ukusungula ikhesa.

Amanye amacala ayaqhubeka ehlola imingcele yamalungelo omshado. Indaba yokuthi ibhizinisi lingasenqaba yini ukunikeza izinkonzo zomshado ezihlobene nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ihlala ingaxazululeki. Kuze kube manje, izinkantolo zivame ukusekela ukusebenza kwemithetho yendawo yomphakathi ekuqondiseni ngokocansi, kodwa izinqumo ezihlobene nayo zihlukene. Impikiswano ehlobene nalokhu ukuthi imibuso ingayisebenzisa yini imithetho yenhlala - kahle yezingane ukuze ivimbele imibhangqwana engontanga ukuba ikhulise izingane noma ithathe izingane; izinkantolo eziningi ziye zalahla imizamo enjalo, kodwa indawo engokomthetho ayifani neze.

Ukudlulisela Ilungelo Lomshado Nesimo SeObergefell

Enye indawo eqalayo amalungelo omshado kubantu abahlukene. Nakuba owehlayo eqinisekisa ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo kuyo yonke imibhangqwana, ulimi lwayo oluphathelene “abantu ababili” luye lwasetshenziselwa ukuphikisa ukuthi isinqumo asiyivikeli ngokuqondile imishado edluliswayo uma ubulili bomuntu obungokomthetho buncintisana. Izigaba eziningi ziye zazama ukuchaza ukuthi“ unyundezi” emithethweni yomshado usho ukuthi ubulili obabelwe ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ukuhlukanisa abantu abahlukene nomzimba nomzimba ngokwezitho zabo. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma i-Bhost. [FFFFF:3] i-Clation. [FLT] UChounton] ubandlululo olusekelwe ekwakheni lobulili olusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesiqu socana kwesihloko somthetho wesidina, kodwa ingu-I, ingu-I yemithetho engayiqondisile. Nokho, inkantolo eyisa inkantolo eyisa inqaba ukuba inqandayo.

Kuqashelwa ukuhlelwa kwamanje kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., kukhona futhi ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabasekeli ukuthi ofell ngokwayo kungabuye kuthathwe. [[[FLT:]] Ku-[FLT]] u-Dobs v. Ku-Jackson’s Health Organization [ [202] [202], eyawisa [[FLT:] [4] Roev., uMahluleli uClarence Thomas wabhala umbono ohambisanayo osikisela ukuthi inqubo yeNkanto edingayo, kuhlanganise neyamuva [ishumi leminyaka elingu-FOLD] ewusekelwe yimponi yokwayo.[FLT]

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso Nezinyathelo Ezingokomthetho Ezihlukile

Ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inganquma kuphela amacala afike phambi kwayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omshado. Ngemva Obergefell[, ezinye izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zikhiphe izinqumo eziqinisekisa ilungelo lokushada ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho yezwe yazo, zinikeza ulwelwelwe oluphezulu lwesivikelo ukuze kubhalwe ukuthi isiqalo sezwe semithetho yomshado siqedwe ukuba siqedwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ePhakathi ye-Hawaii i-Weachate Court esenqume kakade ngo-1993 ukuthi ukunqatshelwa komshado imibhangqwana efanayo ne-exthed kungaphula umthetho wesivikelo esilinganayo, kufaka uchungechunge lwezehlaka lwezehlaka lomshado lokuqala oluholele eVermont naseMassachuse.

Ngaphandle komshado ngokwawo, abasekeli baye baphishekela amanye amacala angokomthetho okuvikela i-LGBTQ+ imikhaya. Ilungelo lokumukela bobabili, ukuba bobabili abazali babhalwe ngencwadi yokuzalwa, nokuthola ukusekela komshado bonke kuxhomeke ekuqapheleni okusobala komshado. Icala elihilela lamalungelo azimele ngokuvamile lilethwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezingase zichaze imithetho yazo ngokubanzi kakhulu kunezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ikusasa lokulingana komshado lingase lincikeke kuxhomeke kumthetho weNkanto ewumthetho we-U.S. iNkanto ephakeme ibusayo kodwa nasemsebenzini oqhubekayo wamajaji bezwe nemithetho.

Isiphetho

Ingxenye yomthetho womshado waseMelika ivumelana nokulingana, kodwa leyo ngxenye ye-arc iye yabunjwa yisenzo sokwahlulela ngamabomu cishe cishe kuyo yonke inguquko. Kusukela ku-Virginia ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo, [ku-] ku-obergefel v. Hodges [[ ukunwetshwa kwalelolungelo kuya emibhangqwana efanayo yezentengiselwano, izinqumo zenkantolo ziye zasebenza njengokuhlola okudingekile kokumiswa kwemithetho e-iaia nethandwayo. I-judiary ayizange ilahle nje imithetho ewumthetho yomthetho kodwa futhi ilungiselele ukuqondwa okungokomthetho komshado njengendlela ehloniphekile, neyokwakhesakhamuzi.

Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi wokuvikela amalungelo omshado wonke uhlala ungaphelele. Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi umshado uyilungelo elibalulekile lomuntu ngamunye, noma isigaba socansi, noma ubulili, isifundo somlando sicacile: ukugcinwa okungokomthetho, kufundiswa yizehlakalo ezinamandla zesikhathi esidlule, kubalulekile ukulondoloza nokwandisa inkululeko ezahlulelweni ezimisiwe. Izinkantolo zingaba namandla okuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, kodwa zingakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, kodwa zikhona futhi zibe nesibopho somthetho womthetho wezomthetho.