Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo ayisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Kusho ukuveza imibono ekhululekile nesobala ngaphandle kokucubungula, ukungenela, noma ukunqanda kukahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho ezivikela futhi zisekele ngayo lenkululeko edingekile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili ubukhulu bamalungelo azo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nawo. Lesiqondiso esiningi sihlola izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubeka izici zomthetho ngaphandle kokuhlola, kuyilapho zilinganisela ezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zezenhlalo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sithi: "Isivumelwano ngeke senze mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kokuyisebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Lombhalo wesisekelo, ohlanganisa amagama angu 45, uye waguqula ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka futhi uyaqhubeka ukuthonya isivikelo sokukhuluma emhlabeni wonke.

Ekuqaleni isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sanwetshwa ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kulungisa kuhlanganisa isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, okusho wonke amazinga kahulumeni (dederal, umbuso, nezindawo) okumelwe kuhloniphe amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kwanda, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-complion, kwashintsha kakhulu indlela isivikelo sokukhuluma esisebenza ngayo kulo lonke elase-United States.

Kusukela ngawo - 1920, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukufunda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngobubanzi, futhi lomkhuba wanda kakhulu ngawo - 1960, ngokuvikelwa okungokomthetho okunikezwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala manje esinamandla kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni wethu.

Iyiphi Inkulumo Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Esiyivikelayo?

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sihlanganisa nesesiGungu ngasinye sokukhuluma okuhlanganisa abantu ngabanye, okuhloselwe ukuphishekela izinjongo ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zemfundo, ezenkolo, nezesiko. Lesivikelo esikhulu sihlanganisa okungaphezulu kakhulu kokusho nje.

Izinhlobo Zokubonakaliswa Okuvikelwe

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo elotshiwe nengokomfanekiso, futhi sikhulumela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu usho ukuthini, ukugqoka, ukufunda noma ukwenza okuvame ukuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Inkulumo engokomfanekiso imelela ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkulumo evikelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ku-Texas v. Johnson (1999) ukuthi ukushiswa kwefulege kuluhlobo "lokukhuluma okungokomfanekiso" okuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo samisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuvezayo, ngisho nalapho kuphikiswana noma kucasulwa abaningi, kuthola isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo lapho kudluliswa umyalezo othile.

Ilungelo labafundi lokugqoka izibambo ezimnyama esikoleni ukuze babhikishe impi lavikelwa ngaphansi kwesimiso esithi "Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lendlu yesikole." Lesi simiso se-Tinker v. Des Moines siye saba isisekelo samalungelo abafundi okukhuluma ezimisweni zemfundo.

Inkulumo Yezombangazwe: ISiphazamiso Sesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo ibheka inkulumo yezombangazwe nemibono njengewumsuka weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuhlanganise nenkulumo ngokuphathelene "nobupolitiki, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ezinye izindaba zombono." ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe kuthola izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo ngoba kubalulekile ekuzifuneni kobudemokrasi nokuziphendulela.

Uhulumeni awunakubavimbela abantu ukuba bakhulume imibono yabo ezindabeni zomphakathi noma bagxeke izenzo zezikhulu zomphakathi, njengoba lokhu kungalulaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuvimbela izakhamuzi ukuba zithole ukwaziswa nemibono ehlukahlukene.

Ukugxekwa kukahulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokusekela imibono engathandeki abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma imelene nesimiso somphakathi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Inkulumo Engcolile Nenenzondo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ngisho nalapho imiqondo evezwayo ibhekwa njengengenangqondo, ecasulayo, engcolile noma enenzondo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi "ukuzonda inkulumo" ngokuvamile kuvikelekile, kunqume emacalani alandelanayo ukuthi inkulumo emane isekela ubudlova kodwa cishe ingavezi ubudlova obusheshayo iyavikelwa. Lendlela ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izizwe eziningi zentando yeningi ezinqabela ukuzonda inkulumo.

EUnited States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kombono wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayithola ingathandeki, ingathandeki, noma ngisho icasula kakhulu, ngendima kahulumeni yokuba avikele inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngokungenangqondo ngomzamo wokuvumela ukubonakaliswa kombono ongathandeki nowokuphikisana nempikiswano engokwesiko ngisho nalapho impikiswano enjalo ebangela ukucasulwa noma inzondo ibangela abanye ukuba bazizwe belusizi, bethukuthele, noma besaba.

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo: Ukukhuluma Okungavikelwe

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sibanzi, asiphelele. Isichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela "inkululeko yokukhuluma," kodwa lesosivikelo asisona esiphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphawula izigaba eziningana ezinciphile zenkulumo ezingasebenzi ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asiyivikeli inkulumo eshukumisela abantu ukuba baphule umthetho, kuhlanganise nokuba benze izenzo zobudlova, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha isinqumo eBrandenburg v.Ohio ithi “isiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezindaba ezikhululekile asivumeli uHulumeni ukuba unqande noma uvume ukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla noma ukwephulwa komthetho akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalapho ukuvukela umthetho okunjalo kuqondiswe ukuba kuvuse noma kukhiqize isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka kubangele noma kuveze isinyathelo esinjalo. ”

Lokhu kuhlola kweBrandenburg kumisa isithiyo esiphakeme sokuvimbela inkulumo esekelwe emandleni ayo okubangela isenzo esingekho emthethweni. Lenkulumo kumelwe ihloselwe ukuveza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi cishe ingenza isenzo esinjalo.

Usongo Lweqiniso

Endabeni yayo yamuva kakhulu ihlola "izinsongo zangempela", iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza izinsongo zangempela ezingavikelekile ukuze ihlanganise lawomazwi lapho isikhulumi sisho ukuveza khona inhloso engathi sína yokwenza isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu labantu. Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi isikhulumi kumelwe sihlose ukubeka isisulu ngokwesaba, ngisho noma singahlosile ukuletha lolu songo.

Ukusongela umuntu ngendlela ethembekile akuyona inkulumo evikelekile, uhulumeni uyakwazi ukungenela uma umuntu onengqondo engakholelwa ukuthi usongo lungokoqobo. Lokhu kuvikela abantu ekusabiseni kuyilapho kulondoloza impikiswano enamandla ngisho nokusho amazwi ashubile angangeni ezinsongo zangempela.

Amazwi Alwayo

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuveza ukuthi i-"izimpi" ezingafani neSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngo-1942. Nokho, lokhu kugwema kuye kwachazwa kancane kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukukhuluma kungavikelwa uma kuthukuthele noma kungcolile futhi imithetho evimbela ukulwa amagama kumelwe ihlotshiswe kancane.

Ukulwa amagama, njengoba kuchazwa iNkantolo, inkulumo ethi "inqanyule [inye] ukuvuselela ukuphambana okusheshayo kokuthula" ngokubangela impi, uma nje kuyi-"igama] lomuntu siqu, elithi, lapho libhekiswa kuyisakhamuzi esivamile, kusengathi, njengendaba yolwazi olufanayo, ngokwemvelo ibangela ukusabela kobudlova," ngenkulumo enjalo edinga ukuqondiswa kulowo ozwayo" kanye "ngethuba lokubhekwa njengenhlambalazo yomuntu siqu".""

Ukuphica

Ukuqamba amanga ngothile ukuze kulimaze idumela labo (lapho kubhalwa, ukunyundela lapho kukhulunywa) kungaholela emiphumeleni engokomthetho, njengoba ukuhlambalaza kungavikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ububi

Uhulumeni ungalawula izinto ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi eziveza ubulili ngendlela ecacile futhi ezingenalo ukubaluleka okungathi sína kwezincwadi, ezobuciko, ezezombangazwe, noma ezingokwesayensi, nakuba izinto eziningi ezikhona ezibhekwa njengeziyichilo zivikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho kokungcoliswa kwezithombe, okusungulwe eMiller v. California, kudinga ukuba ukukhanga kwezinto ezibonakalayo kube okunenzuzo esobala, kube okucasulayo, futhi kungabi nanzuzo engathi sína.

Ezinye Izinhlobo Ezingavikelwa

Izinhlobo zenkulumo ezinikezwa isivikelo esincane noma ezingavikelwanga yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala (futhi ngenxa yalokho kungase kuvinjelwe) zihlanganisa ukuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, inkulumo ewubala ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, inkulumo ebangela ukungemthetho oseduze, inkulumo ephula umthetho wempahla, ukusongela kweqiniso, nenkulumo yezentengiselwano enjengezikhangiso. Ngasinye salezizigaba siye sachazwa ngokucophelela phakathi namashumi eminyaka eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezizisebenzisa Ngayo Izivikelo Zokukhuluma

Lenselele eqhubekayo ibonisa ukuthi kunzima ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ukuze kulungiswe izindlela zokukhulumisana nokushintsha izimo zezenhlalo.

Izizinda Zokucusumbula Kokwahlulela

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sanamuhla siye sadonsela ithonya ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlu zokuhlola kokwahlulela okusukela ekubukezeni okunengqondo (indinganiso elinganiselwe yomthetho - sisekelo) kuya ekuhloleni ngokunemba (indinganiso enzima kahulumeni ukuze yanelise). Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo lixhomeke ekutheni inkulumo injani nokuthi uhulumeni uyiqondisa kanjani.

Inkantolo ebukezayo cishe ingasebenzisa ukuhlolisisa okuqinile ekuqondiseni umthetho inkulumo evikelwe ngesisekelo salokho ekuqukethe — okungukuthi, isihloko sayo noma isigijimi, ngokuhlolisisa ngokunemba okunzima kakhulu ukuba uhulumeni anelise ngoba idinga ubufakazi bokuthi umthetho uyindlela elinganiselwe yokuthuthukisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho elawula inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe (u-e, indaba yayo, isihloko, noma umbono) ihlolwa kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezimiso zenkulumo yezentengiselwano (umzekelo, izikhangiso zomkhiqizo), ezivame ukuhlolwa kancane. Lomehluko ubonisa umbono weNkantolo ukuthi imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe iwusongo olukhulu ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile.

Isisekelo sokuqukethwe vs. Ukuqukethwe-Neuttics

Imithetho esekelwe ekukhulumeni ngokuvamile ayivumelani nemithetho. Uhulumeni ngeke athande imibono ethile noma izikhonzi ezithile kwabanye lapho eqondisa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo noma enye inkulumo noma enye incazelo esekelwe ekuquketheni noma ekuboneni.

Nokho, imithetho equkethe okuqukethwe ibhekene nokubukezwa okungaqinile. Imithetho yenkulumo engahlanganisi okuqukethwe yinkulumo ivame ukumelana nokuhlolwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala, ngokuvamile esaziwa ngokuthi "isikhathi, indawo, nendlela" imingcele, enemithetho equkethe okungahlanganisa imithetho kamasipala elawula ubukhulu bempahla kahulumeni, noma imithetho elinganisela indawo nobukhulu benkulumo, amahora lapho ingagcinwa khona, noma umthamo wemishini ebeka umsindo.

Ukuze kube ngumthetho - sisekelo, umthetho onjalo kumelwe ugcwalise izimfuneko ezintathu: Okokuqala, kumelwe ungaphazanyiswa, usebenzise ngaphandle kokuqondene nesigijimi esidluliselwayo; okwesibili, kumelwe uhlotshaniswe kancane ukuze unikeze isithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni, njengokuphepha komphakathi; futhi okwesithathu, lomthetho kumelwe ushiye eminye imikhondo evulekile ukuze izikhulumi zidlulisele isigijimi sazo.

Indima Yomongo

Umongo kahulumeni olawula ngawo inkulumo nawo ubalulekile, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme isiye yasungula ukuhlola okuthile noma izimiso zokuhlaziya ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo kwenkulumo yabafundi ezikoleni, izenzo zokujezisa izisebenzi zomphakathi ngenkulumo yazo, nezimiso ezilinganiselayo ngalokho okungase kushiwo yimpahla kahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza ngokungqongqo ezimisweni lapho uhulumeni ekwazi khona ukulawula kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi nezindawo zomsebenzi zikahulumeni. Kule mikhakha, indima kahulumeni njengomfundisi noma umqashi ivumela igunya elithile elingelula ukuqondisa inkulumo engalawuleki emphakathini ongokwesiko.

Indima Ebucayi Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezisebenzi eziyinhloko zamalungelo okukhuluma, zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo futhi zinquma ukuthi imingcele kahulumeni ikweqa nini imithetho engokomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Lokhu kuhlaziya kudinga ukukhipha indinganiso yezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanele ezithathwe enkantolo Ephakeme futhi ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusebenzisa lezo zindinganiso ezisekelwe emqondweni omusha nakubantu abasebenzelana nemimoya, ngokuhlaziya okuningi okunikezwa inkululeko yokukhuluma okuqondiswe ekunqumeni izindinganiso ezifanele ezingokomthetho ezingasetshenziswa emthethweni noma esinyatheloni sikahulumeni esiphikiswayo lapho umsizi ephakamisa isiVumelwano sokuqala noma ukuzivikela enkantolo.

Ukunquma ukuthi yini ekhona futhi ayivikelwe kugcinelwa izinkantolo zomthetho. Leligunya lokwahlulela livimbela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zinganqume ukuthi yikuphi ukuvuma, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo ekhululekile ibukezwa ngokwayo yijaji.

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Eziphakeme Eziphawuleka Kakhulu

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziye zandisa izivikelo zokukhuluma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo enkantolo ka-1963 iBantam Books v. Sullivan ukuthi uhulumeni akanakwenza usongo oluthonya inkulumo futhi uye wasekela lesosinqumo ezinqumweni ezilandelayo.

Ku-Minnesota (1931) kanye neNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sasivikela ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambi kwemingcele cishe emacaleni okuhlola angaphambili (h_akhona). Lezi zinqumo zaveza ukuthi uhulumeni ubhekene nomthwalo onzima kakhulu lapho uzama ukuvimbela ukunyatheliswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokwamukela ukwaziswa liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. lapho icabangela ukuthi ibhodi lesikole lendawo yaphule umthetho ngokususa izincwadi emtatsheni wesikole, ikholelwa ukuthi "ilungelo lokwamukela imibono liyisiqalo esidingekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo akhe anengqondo okukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, nenkululeko yezombangazwe" lokhu kuqaphela iSiphendulo sokuqala sihlanganisa izikhulumi ngaphandle kwezikhulumi ukuba zihlanganise izilaleli.

Ukulinganisela Uvivinyo Nezindinganiso

Ngisho noma uhulumeni eqondisa inkulumo yomuntu siqu, inkantolo ebukeza inselele yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ingase inqume ukuthi lomthetho uvumelana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala uma usekelwa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esanele nendlela efanelekile yokusingatha. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlaziye izithakazelo eziphikisanayo ngokucophelela, uma kucatshangelwa kokubili ukubaluleka kwenkulumo kanye nokulunga kukahulumeni kokuyilinganisela.

Akukho kuhlola okungalinganiyo kokunquma ukuthi umthetho wokukhuluma uhambisana yini neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho zilondoloza izivikelo eziyisisekelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Isenzo Sangasese: Umehluko Ophawulekayo

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezivame ukungaqondwa kahle zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma sihilela umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinqanda ukuziphatha kukahulumeni kuphela, hhayi ukuziphatha komuntu siqu.

Imfundiso Kahulumeni

I - Free Spee Claus inqanda ngokuyinhloko umthetho kahulumeni wokukhuluma ngasese, nemingcele yokukhuluma ebekwe yizinhlangano ezizimele, nemingcele kahulumeni enkulumweni yayo, ngokuvamile engahlanganisi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela kuphela imingcele kahulumeni ekukhulumeni futhi asivimbeli imingcele yokukhuluma ebekwa abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinsalela Zangasese

Amapulatifomu amakhulu, njengezinkampani zezokuxhumana, ngokuvamile ayizinhlangano ezizimele futhi akhululekile ekulinganiseni okuqukethwe, alinganisela ama - akhawunti, noma aqikelele iMithetho yawo yenkonzo, ngalezi zenzo, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi ukulinganisela kokuqukethwe yikho, ukuqapha komhleli futhi zingaphuli iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Abasebenzisi balezindawo zobupulethi abanawo amalungelo angokomthetho okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nepulatifomu ngokwako.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela izakhamuzi ekuhlolweni uhulumeni, kodwa asisebenzi kubadlali abazimele njengabaqashi noma izinkampani zezokuxhumana, okusho ukuthi inkampani ezimele ingadubula isisebenzi ngokomthetho ngenxa yenkulumo yaso, umphumela ongeke uvunyelwe ukube umqashi ube uhulumeni.

Izinkolo Zomphakathi Nabenzi Bemithetho KaHulumeni

Amayunivesithi omphakathi anjenge-Iowa State angaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho ebekwe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, kokubili kumthetho wezwe/wesizwe, futhi angase angaphuli inkululeko yomuntu yokukhuluma. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amakolishi omphakathi namayunivesithi kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo okukhuluma ngezindlela izinhlangano zabantu ezingadingeki ukuba zizenze ngokomthetho.

Nakuba umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo uvimbela ngokuqondile uMkhandlu ukuba uphazamise inkululeko yokukhuluma nezindaba, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabadlali bakahulumeni emazingeni kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nawomhlaba.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ngezimo Eziqondile

Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihambisana nomongo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi amalungelo azo okukhuluma asebenza nini futhi kanjani.

Inkulumo Yabafundi Ezikoleni

Abafundi banelungelo elikhulu lokukhuluma ezimisweni zemfundo, nakuba lamalungelo engafani nalawo ajatshulelwa abantu abadala emphakathini ovamile.

Iyunivesithi ingase ilawule isikhathi, indawo nendlela yokukhuluma ngokunengqondo ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi ayiphazamise imisebenzi evamile yaseyunivesithi.

Nokho, izikole zingabeka imingcele ethile engathandeki kwezinye izimo. Othisha bangayalwa ngenkulumo ekhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni okungekho emthethweni noma okungafanele. Uhlelo lwemfundo lusekela igunya elengeziwe lokuhlela indawo yokufunda.

Inkulumo Yomqashi Womphakathi

Ngaphansi komthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala, uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lomthetho-sisekelo lokulawula inkulumo yezisebenzi zakhe. Izisebenzi zomphakathi aziwalahlekelwa wonke amalungelo okukhuluma, kodwa isithakazelo sikahulumeni njengomqashi sivumela imingcele engavumelani nemithetho uma isetshenziswa emphakathini jikelele.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asiyivimbeli inhlangano kahulumeni ekufuneni isisebenzi ukuba sigcine ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo okungabekwa eqenjini, ngokwesibonelo, ngisho nakuba lokhu kuwumthetho osekelwe ekukhulumeni. Lobu buhlobo bomsebenzi budala isithakazelo esingokomthetho ngokusebenza kahle, ngokufihla imfihlo, nangokuvumelana emsebenzini okungathethelela imingcele yokukhuluma.

Izindawo Zomphakathi Nempahla Kahulumeni

Ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengemigwaqo yomphakathi, amapaki, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni, inkulumo yakho ivikeleke kakhulu, nakuba uhulumeni engabeka isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ayiphazamiseli ukuthula komphakathi. Izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile zithola izinga eliphakeme lesivikelo emsebenzini wokukhuluma.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula uhlelo oluhlukanisa phakathi kwama - stamente omphakathi angokwesiko, ama - countain aqanjiwe, ama - staum omphakathi alinganiselwe, nezindawo zokubukisa zomphakathi. Isigaba ngasinye sithola amazinga ahlukene esivikelo, ngomphakathi ovamile njengemigwaqo namapaki athola isivikelo esiqinile kakhulu semisebenzi yokukhuluma.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano − imane ihlongoza ukuthengiselwa kwezentengiselwano noma ihlobene kuphela nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nezezomnotho zezilaleli − ngokomlando ithola isivikelo esincane kunezindlela zokukhuluma ezivikelwe. Lokhu kuvikelwa okuncishisiwe kubonisa umbono wokuthi ukuveza kwezentengiselwano, nakuba kubalulekile, akubalulekile kakhulu ekuzifuneni kobukhomba ngentando yeningi kunenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Isivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile sisebenza ngezinga elincane, ikakhulukazi lapho sidukisa umphakathi, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala singawuvimbeli uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukukhangisa okudukisayo, ngisho nakuba cishe uhulumeni engenakuziphazamisa ngenkulumo yezombangazwe okungenzeka iyadukisa.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Umphakathi wanamuhla unikeza izinselele ezintsha nezixazululayo zesivikelo sokukhuluma. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisungulelwe izindlela ezingokwesiko zokuxhumana nezindawo ze-teknoloji, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo.

Izinqubo Zokuxhumana Nezinombolo

Ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme uReno no - ACLU, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi i - Internet kufanele inikezwe isivikelo esiphelele esifana nesemithombo yezindaba yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Nakuba iYunivesithi ingalawula okuqukethwe kuyiwebhusayithi yayo esemthethweni nexhaswayo, ayinakulawula lokho okufakwe ezindaweni ezingafifi, kuhlanganise namakhasi omuntu siqu noma iqembu leFacebook, noma i-Twitter, i-Instagram, noma i-Snapenat Chat, njengoba nje ingeke ilawule inkulumo eqondile, njengoba amayunivesithi engavunyelwe ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe yikho, futhi ayinakumjezisa umuntu ofaka umyalezo ocasulayo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga kuyi - Internet kudala izinselele ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, amanga avikelwa, ngaphandle kokuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, ukuqamba amanga, nokuqamba amanga phakathi nohulumeni ongokomthetho oqhubeka, ngisho namanga ahlosiwe ngamabomu ukuthi uhulumeni uvikelwe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvikelwa okukhulu kwenkulumo engamanga kubonisa ukukhathazeka ngohulumeni ngokuba umsekeli weqiniso.

Inselele isekubhekaneni nokungaqondi okulimazayo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimakethe zemibono futhi kuvinjelwa ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zilinganisele isithakazelo somphakathi ekwazisweni okunembile nesimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni akufanele ulawule lokho izakhamuzi ezingakuveza noma zikwamukela.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nokusetshenziswa Kabi Kwe - Internet

Iyunivesithi ingase ivimbele inkulumo ehlambalaza umuntu othile ngamanga; iwusongo noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwangempela; ihloselwe futhi cishe ibangele isenzo esingekho emthethweni esiseduze noma iphula umthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa kusho isigamu lapho kuphambana kwenkulumo evikelekile kungena ekuziphatheni okungaphephile.

Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zihlukanise phakathi kwenkulumo ecasulayo ehlala ivikelekile nenohlupho lwangempela ezihlasela abantu ngezindlela eziwusongo lweqiniso noma ezibangela izimo ezingezinhle eziwumo wenkani njengomsebenzi noma imfundo.

Izimpi Zokukhuluma ZaseKampas

Eminyakeni yamuva, lenkululeko iye yahlolwa kakhulu; kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zokubhikisha emakolishi kuya ezinhlotsheni zikahulumeni zokuphindisela ezintathelini nasezinqinti. Izikole zasekolishi ziye zaba izici eziphambili zezimpikiswano ezimayelana nokufaneleka kokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nendawo ezungezile yemfundo.

Amayunivesithi omphakathi abhekene nezinselele ezithile ngoba kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo okuQothulela Izinqumo Zokuqala kuyilapho efeza nomsebenzi wawo wokufundisa futhi elondoloza ukuphepha, ehlanganisa izindawo ezifunda kuzo.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Nakuba lomqondisi ngokuyinhloko egxila esimisweni sezomthetho saseU.S., ukuqonda izindlela zezizwe zonke zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kunikeza umongo obalulekile.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Inzondo Ngenkulumo

Cishe zonke ezinye izizwe zivumela inkulumo enjalo ukuba iqondiswe futhi empeleni yenqatshelwe, embonweni wokuthi ayiqhubeki phambili ezindinganisweni zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile futhi ayivumelani nezinye izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomphakathi.

Lezizindlela ezihlukene zibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukahlukene, amasiko omthetho-sisekelo, nezindinganiso zamasiko. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza ekukhanyiseni ukukhetha okusekelwe kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kanye nokuhweba okuhilelekile ezimisweni ezihlukene.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Amathuluzi amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawomhlaba wonke, aqaphela inkululeko yokuveza ilungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo. Nokho, lamathuluzi avumela futhi imingcele yezinjongo ezinjengokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo yomphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye avunyelwe kakhulu kunomthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

Lezi zinqubo zomhlaba wonke zithonya indlela izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho emhlabeni wonke ezisingatha ngayo imibuzo yenkululeko yokukhuluma, zidala izingxoxo zembulunga yonke ngobukhulu obufanele nemingcele yenkululeko ekhethekile yentando yeningi emiphakathini.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda isivikelo sokukhuluma kunezici ezibalulekile ngendlela izakhamuzi eziwasebenzisa ngayo amalungelo azo nendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imingcele engokomthetho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda lokho okuvikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuqaphela izinga nemingcele yokukhuluma kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngendlela efanele kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo abanye nemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukusabela Ekukhulumeni Okucasulayo

IJaji laseNkantolo ePhakeme uLouis Brandeis weluleka abantu abahlala e-United States ukuba baxazulule ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezindinganiso nezinkolelo zabo ngokuphendukela "ekukhulumeni kaningi, hhayi ekuphoqeleleni ukuba bathule." lesi simiso sisikisela ukuthi ukusabela okufanele ekukhulumeni umuntu okutholakade kungathandeki kungokungavumelani nomthetho kunokuba kucusumbulwe.

Izakhamuzi zingabekela inselele imibono ecasulayo ngamazwi azo siqu, ukubhikisha ngokuthula, ukunganaki, nezinye izinhlobo zokubhala. Lokhu kusabela kuhlonipha izimiso zokukhuluma zamahhala kuyilapho kuvumela abantu ukuba babonise ukungavumelani futhi basekele izindinganiso zabo siqu.

Ukufuna Ukubuyiselwa Ngokomthetho

Lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zephula amalungelo okukhuluma, izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningana zokuzisiza ngokomthetho. zingabhala amacala abekela imingcele engekho emthethweni, zifune imiyalo evimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho engekho emthethweni, futhi zifune ukulimala ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo azo angokomthetho.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge - American Civil Libersions Union namanye amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi anikeza imithombo futhi ngezinye izikhathi amelele ngokomthetho abantu abaye baphulwa amalungelo abo okukhuluma.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma uyaqhubeka ushintsha njengoba izinkantolo zibhekana nobuchwepheshe obusha, inqubo eshintshayo yezenhlalo, nezinselele ezivelayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Emisha Yezindaba

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izinto ezifana nobuhlakani obungezona ezemvelo, ngokoqobo, kanye neziteshi ezintsha zezokuxhumana ziyoveza imibuzo ewubuzwe mayelana nendlela izimiso zokukhuluma ezisebenza ngayo. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zinqume ukuthi izimfundiso ezikhona zikhuluma kahle yini ngalezinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhumana noma ukuthi izici ezintsha zidingekile yini.

Imibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela kwemithetho - sisekelo, ukufinyela okujulile, nokukhuluma okusekelwe e - AI kuyobekela izigaba ezingokwesiko inselele futhi kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo namaqiniso ezobuchwepheshe ababengenakuwalindela.

Ukuqondiswa Uhulumeni Imithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Izimpikiswano ngokuthi uhulumeni angalawula kanjani inqubo yokulinganisela engokwezembu jikelele yezezokuxhumana cishe ziyodala ikhambi elibalulekile. Lezi zimo zizovivinya imingcele phakathi kokuvikela inkulumo yomsebenzisi, ukuhlonipha ukwahlulela komhleli wesiteji, futhi zivimbele ukucusumbula kukahulumeni.

Izimfuneko zokuphatha iziteshi ezinkulu njengezithwala abantu abavamile noma izikhungo zomphakathi ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobuhlobo phakathi kwamapulatifomu angawodwa, inkulumo yomsebenzisi, nemithetho kahulumeni ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Ukulinganisela Inkulumo Nezinye Izimfanelo

Izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zilwa nendlela yokulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile namanye amalungelo abalulekile nezithakazelo, kuhlanganise nokuzifunela izinto zomuntu siqu, ukulingana, nokuphepha. lokhu kucindezeleka akukusha, kodwa kunezici ezintsha ezihambisana nezimo zanamuhla.

Ngaphansi kwendlela yeNkantolo yokukhuluma okungabalulekile ayicacile ukuthi izenzo zomphakathi noma zobugebengu zo "ukungahlangani kwezindaba zomuntu siqu" zingavuselelwa neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengangathi umuntu angajeziswa ngokusakaza kuyi-Internet "ukwaziswa okungasese" ngabanye abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Lemibuzo izodinga izinkantolo ukuba zilinganisele ngokucophelela izindinganiso zomthetho-mthethweni eziphikisanayo.

Ukwakha Isiko Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Nakuba kubalulekile, isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko yokukhuluma asinele ukuze silondoloze isiko eliqinile lokuziveza ngokukhululekile.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano zemfundo, imithombo yezindaba, namaqembu omphakathi asiza ekumiseni izindawo zokuxoxa nokuphikisana. Lezizinhlangano zingabonisa ukubophana ngemibono ehlukene futhi zibonise indlela yokungavumelani ngokunenzuzo lapho zihlonipha amalungelo abanye okuveza imibono ehlukile.

Izinhlangano zochwepheshe, izinkampani zezemfundo nezinye izinhlangano zingamukela izimiso nemikhuba esekela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kuyilapho futhi zikhuthaza ukukhulumisana okunenhlonipho nokuthembisana ngengqondo phakathi nokungezwani.

Imfundo Nokufunda Ngemithombo Yezindaba

Imfundo ephathelene nezimiso zokukhuluma, ukufunda ukuxhumana nokugxeka isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule isimo sanamuhla sokwaziswa.

Izikole, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kunganikeza imithombo nezinhlelo ezisiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise la makhono, zisekele kokubili amandla omuntu ngamunye nawamandla entando yeningi.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Womuntu Ngamunye

Nakuba izimiso zomthetho zivikela ilungelo lokukhuluma, abantu ngabanye banomthwalo wemfanelo ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo lelolungelo. Ukukhetha ukuhlanganyela ngenhlonipho, ukulalela imibono ehlukahlukene, nokunikela ngokunenzuzo enkulumweni yasobala kuqinisa impucuko yentando yeningi ngisho nalapho isivikelo esingokomthetho sivumela ukukhulumela okunonya noma okucasulayo ngokwengeziwe.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, inkolo, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa kukahulumeni, hhayi nje kuphela ukuvikela ilungelo lakho lokusho lokho okukholelwayo kodwa futhi sivikela ilungelo lakho lokungaphoqelelwa ukuba uvumelane nokuthile ongavumelani nakho.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngesivikelo sokukhuluma ziyakwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi yase-U.S. inikeza izinto zokufundisa ngokuphathelene namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Inkululeko yamaMelika yomphakathi Union[ inikeza imithombo ebanzi mayelana namalungelo eSikhawulo sokuqala seSichibiyelo kanye nezindaba zamanje ezikhululekile.

Izinhlangano zezomthetho, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho nezikhungo zomthetho-mthetho, zishicilela ukucwaninga nokuhlaziya ngezindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Freedom Forum Institute [ zigxile ngokukhethekile emfundweni yeSichibiyelo sokuqala nasemfundweni wezemfundo.

Izincwadi ezingokomthetho namawebhsayithi enkantolo anikeza imibono engokomthetho, avumela izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo ukuba zifunde indlela izinkantolo eziye zaphendula ngayo imibuzo eqondile yokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Eqhubekayo Yokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Isivikelo sokukhuluma simelela umsebenzi oqhubekayo kunokuba ufezeke. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe ziqhubeke zivumelanisa izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho zilondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo zenkululeko echaza futhi zichaze kabusha amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, izishaya - mthetho zicabangela imithetho emisha, nezakhamuzi zisebenzise futhi zivikele amalungelo azo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esisivumela ukuba siveze imibono yethu, sibekela igunya inselele futhi sixabane nomphakathi.

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho ezisekela ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele isivikelo ezinaso kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana naleyo nkululeko, okwenza ukuba zikwazi ukuhileleka ezimisweni zentando yeningi futhi zikwazi ukuhlangana nezimpikiswano zanamuhla eziphathelene nokufaneleka nokulinganiselwa kokukhuluma.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka, isivikelo sokukhuluma siyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha futhi sidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ezakhamuzini, ezinkantolo, nasezinhlanganweni ezizimisele ukulondoloza lelilungelo eliyisisekelo. Ngokuqonda izimiso ezingokomthetho ezivikela inkululeko, izakhamuzi zingayivikela kangcono lenkululeko futhi zibe nengxenye engxoxweni eqhubekayo mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile emphakathini ohlukile, wentando yeningi.

Izihluthulelo Zezakhamuzi

  • Isivikelo seConstigal:[ ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekhululekile ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, kodwa lesivikelo asiphelele futhi asisebenzi ezinhlanganoni ezizimele.
  • Izinga elibanzi: Inkulumo evikelwe ayihlanganisi amagama akhulunywayo kuphela kodwa futhi nenkulumo elotshiwe, inkulumo engokomfanekiso, kanye nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha okubonisayo.
  • Ezihlukanisiwe: Izigaba ezimcaba kuphela zenkulumo eziphunyuka ngaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala, kuhlanganise nezinsongo zeqiniso, ukuvuselelwa esenzweni sokungabi namthetho, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokulwa.
  • Indima ye-JUdicial: Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile yokuchaza izivikeleko zenkululeko yokukhuluma nokunquma ukuthi imingcele kahulumeni iphula nini amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izindaba eziku-Akha: Izinga lesivikelo liyahluka kuye ngomongo, ngezindinganiso ezihlukile ezisebenza ezikoleni, emsebenzini, emphakathini, nakwezinye izimo.
  • [[QUT:0] Imithetho kaHulumeni esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wenkulumo ibhekene nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlola kokwahlulela futhi ngokuvamile ayivumelani nemithetho.
  • [[I-PLT:0] Izakhiwo ze-Platform:[ Izinkampani zezokuxhumana zezenhlalo kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezizimele zingavimbela ukukhuluma emapulatifomu azo ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
  • I-Speech-eye-eye-corite: Ukusabela okufanelekile enkulumweni ecasulayo kuvame ukuba inkulumo ebanzi kunokucusumbula noma ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho.
  • Ukuphuma kwe Evolution:[ umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma uyaqhubeka ukhula njengoba izinkantolo zikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe obusha, ukushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi, kanye nezinselele ezivelayo.
  • Ivuna umthwalo wemfanelo:[ Ukuqonda amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile nokuwasebenzisa ngokunenzuzo kuqinisa impucuko yentando yeningi futhi kuvikela lenkululeko eyisisekelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ngokuqonda lezi zimiso nangokuhlala zinolwazi ngentuthuko yomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma, izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa kangcono amalungelo azo, ziqaphele ukwephulwa, futhi zibe nengxenye ekulondolozeni isiko eliqinile lokukhuluma ngenkululeko esekela izindinganiso zentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.