Ithonya Lobufundisi Bomthetho - sisekelo Ngokumiswa Kokwahlulela

Ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwaba isici esichazayo ekukhetheni nasekuqiniseni amajaji kahulumeni e-United States. Lefilosofi engokomthetho, egcizelela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwawo, ihlela ngokuqondile abaphathi bezimiso abasetshenziswayo ukuze bakhethe ama-mine kanye nezimpi ezilandela iSigele. Ukuqonda indlela i-prostalism ethonya ngayo ukumiswa kokwahlulela kudinga ukuhlola izisekelo zayo ezingokomlando, ukuphakama kwayo, kanye nemiphumela yayo esebenzayo ekwahluleleni emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule.

Ukuchaza Ukuqalwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqala inkolelo - sisekelo iwuhlobo lwemibono echazayo ehlangene nesisekelo sokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokumukelwa kwayo. Inguquko yanamuhla enethonya kakhulu ingumphakathi wendabuko yencazelo yokuqala[[FLT:], ebuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuchaza umthetho-mgaqo uqonde ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini. Lokhu kuhlukile ezinhlotsheni zakuqala zemfundiso egxile ezizinhlosoni eziyisisekelo zamaFramers. Izazi zokuqala ezivelele ezinjengoMahluleli uAnton Sccialia noMahluleli Robert Bork zayisekela lendlela njengendlela yokuqonda i-gart enqubweni.

Ubufundisi buhlukile kumthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ifilosofi ekhona, ethi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ihlangabezane nezimo ezintsha. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli kumelwe bavumelane namagama avulekile njenge nqubo yokuqala” noma “ukungalawuleki nokungajwayelekile” ezindinganisweni zamanje. Abaqondisi-kuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvuleka okunjalo kwenza abahluleli bafake ezabo izintando yeningi, ngaleyondlela balulaza ukuzikhethela kobukhotho bomthetho wentando yeningi kanye nomthetho.

Isihluthulelo Semicabango Yakuqala

  • I-alticism:[ Imithetho namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kuchazwa ngokwencazelo yawo evamile yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwesivumelwano, hhayi ngokomlando wemithetho noma ngokwemibono yomuntu siqu yamajaji.
  • Incazelo efingqiwe:[ incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayishintshi ukushintshwa okungokomthetho okungekhoyo ngesimiso V izinqubo.
  • Jodicial Batment: Izinkantolo kufanele zinamathele emagatsheni ezombangazwe ngaphandle uma umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ocacile noma incazelo yokuqala iphoqelela umphumela ohlukile.
  • Ukwakhiwa kobuSturt: Iqoqo elingaphansi lomthetho-sisekelo ofunda ulimi olubhalwe ngomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba kungezona zonke izazi zokuqala ezinamathela ekwakhiweni okuqinile.

Ukukhula Kobuqaba Efilosofini Yokwahlulela

UbuProfethi be-pritains njengenhlangano engokomthetho bathola imvume ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokuyinhloko njengendlela yokusabela ezinqumweni zeSikhulu saseWarren naseBurger Courts ezinhlelweni ezibanzi zenqubo yobugebengu, ezemfihlo, nezombuso kahulumeni. Phakathi nawo-1980, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wenza ukumiswa kokwahlulela kokuqala kwaba ingxenye eyinhloko yesimiso sakhe sezombangazwe. Wammisa uScalia eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 1986, futhi uScalia waba ummeli wenkolo wokuqala onethonya kakhulu emlandweni wezomthetho waseMelika. Isifunda sesifunda sakwaBerk kuya kuD.C.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubuKhomanisi buye baba yifilosofi engokwesiko engokwesiko ethandwa kakhulu. Federalist Society , yasungulwa ngo-1982, yafeza indima enzima kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zokuxhumana futhi yakhuthaza abameli nabahluleli bokuqala. Bobabili abameli uGeorge W. Bush noDonald Trump bafuna obala abazofuna “ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo njengobhaliwe,” kanye nomphathi we-Trump ngokwezimo eziphambili ezithile zabasunguli kuzo zonke izinganiso ze-jadicidiary zikahulumeni.

Ithonya Ekukhetheni Ukwahlulela

Ukuthatha iziqu zakuqala kuthonya ngokuqondile abantu abaqanjweyo nendlela isiqinisekiso esivela ngayo. Abaholi abamukela ubuProfethi bahlola izinkolelo zabo zefilosofi ngokulandelana kwazo. Lokhu kuhlola kwenzeka ngezincwadi zemibuzo, izingxoxo, nokubukeza imibhalo, izinkulumo, nemibono yokwahlulela.

Izinqumo Zobumongameli Kumuntu Ofunda Imvelaphi Yakhe

  • Irekhodi lokusebenzisa incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala ezincwadini zomthetho noma ebhentshini
  • Ukuba amalungu noma ukukhuluma ezinhlanganweni ezisemthethweni ezibambelele ezimisweni ezivamile (isib., Federalist Society)
  • Ukucwaninga okungokwemfundo okugunyaza indlela yokufunda yokusungula
  • Imithetho eqinile namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme (Scalia, Thomas, Atalito, Gorfe)
  • Ukusekela okuvela kumalungu eRepublica naseqenjini lenzalo elingaphandle

Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, abaphathi abamisiwe abasebenzisa amajaji aqanjiwe ngokwezimo ezilinganiselwe, ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli u-Elena Kagan ubhale ngendima yencazelo yokuqala emibuzweni ethile yomthetho-sisekelo. Noma kunjalo, abameleli abaningi ababonakala benziwa yiziphathimandla zamaRepublic.

Ukuqinisekisa Izimpi Nokuqamba Phambili

Inqubo yokugunyaza iNkantolo Ephakeme i-minedes iye yaba itshelo eliphezulu lobuNkulumo. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abameli babuza u-nonminees ngokuqondile ngefilosofi yabo echazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuqinisekiswa kwakhe ngo-2017, uMahluleli uNeil Gorfoth wagcizelela ukuzimisela kwakhe ukubhalwa kwemibhalo ne-ronastism, ethi, “Umahluleli othanda yonke imiphumela ayifinyelelayo cishe ummeli omubi kakhulu.” UJaji uBrett Kavatanegh ngokufanayo wachaza ubukhonzi be-listism kanye ne-mistism ngokuthi i-“ North Stary” yefilosofi yakhe yokwahlulela.

Abaphikisi bobukhomanisi bokuqala ngokuvamile baphikisa ngokuthi indlela eqinile yokulandela i-flist ingalulaza izandulela ezimisiwe njenge Roe v. Wade noma Obergefell v. Hodges. Lokhu kugxeka kwanyuswa phakathi nokuqinisekisa kweJaji Gordaw, Kavanugh, noAmy Contey Barrett.

“UbuOrigealist abuyona inkolelo-lwazi ephelele. Akuyona inkolelo-lwazi kuphela. Kodwa yiyo kuphela efuna ukuphoqelela abahluleli ekuqondeni koMthetho-sisekelo njengoba kwakuqondwa ngabantu abawamukela.” — IJaji u-Antonin Scialia

Ukuhlola Amacala Ekunqunyelweni Kwakuqala

UMahluleli u - Antonin Scalia (1986 - 2016)

Scalia wayengumahluleli wobuPratist. Imibono yakhe ku- Digriant of Columbia v. Helter (2008) kanye kaCrawford v. Washington[ [2004]) waveza indlela yakhe yokubuyisela injongo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi. Ithonya likaScalia lanwebeka kakhulu ngaphezu kwemibono yakhe; waqeqesha isizukulwane somabhalane bomthetho manje abakhonza njengabahluleli, oprofesa, nabameleli. Ukwakhelwa nguMongameli uReainfain junistism njenge-odrose.[202]

UMahluleli uClarence Thomas (1991-presenter)

UThomas ubizwa ka-FLT umbhali weNkantolo ongaguquki kakhulu. Usebenzisa incazelo yokuqala ezindaweni ezinjengethi amandla ombuso kanye ne-[FLT] Fist Reconsolement [, ngokuvamile ufinyelela iziphetho ezidlula ezinye izazi zendalo. Imibono kaThomas ngokuphathelene nesimiso sokuzivikela sobukhomabhizinisi uClausce nobuso bubonisa ukufinyeza okujulile nemithombo yokusungula. Ukwakhelwe nguMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush wabonisa ukuthi ubuSlostism bungachuma ngisho nangemva kokufika kukaScalia.

UMahluleli uNeil Gorfo (2017-presenter)

Uhlelo lokuqala lukaTrump eNkantolo Ephakeme, uGorfo uthathe indawo yeScalia futhi waletha ifilosofi efanayo yokubhala nokubhala. Incwadi yakhe A Republic, Uma Ungayigcina ivikela ukuthathelwa phambili kwamacala e-inflexition. Gorth ibhale imibono ebalulekile yakuqala engokomthetho wokulawula (umz. Bostock. County Commonyce/irrence/irregist onstation) nenkululeko yezenkolo ([[FLTLD:4]]

UMahluleli Brett Kavanaugh (208-presenter)

Kavathaugh, naye omiswe nguTrump, uye wazichaza njengomsunguli wezokuqala ohlukahluka ngokwemithetho eqinile yemibhalo lapho kufunwa isiqalo noma i-pragmatism. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhe kwancishwa kabuhlungu, nabagxeki begxile emibonweni yakhe ngokuphathelene namandla aphethe nokukhipha isisu. Ebhentshini, iKavangaugh iye yazihlanganisa nobukhulu obuphambili ezimweni ezinjenge New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLD:1] [202]

UMahluleli u - Amy Coney Barrett (2016-presenter)

Ukufakwa kwe-opera kaBarrett kwaqinisa i-conomont eqinile ethatha isithupha. Ukubhala kwakhe kwezemfundo kuvumelana ngokuqondile nomphakathi osho incazelo yokuqala. Phakathi nokuqinisekisa kwakhe, washo ukuthi ubuqali “buyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo” nokuthi amajaji akumelwe anqume amacala asekelwe emibonweni yawo siqu yokuziphatha. Imibono kaBarrett ibonisa ukuthi cishe uzonamathela ngokuseduze kwinqubo yokuqala yokuhlola indalo.

Ithonya Lokuqala Ekumisweni Kwenkantolo Ephansi

Ngalé kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ubuSulumane buye baguqula izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Izikhulu zikaTrump ezimiswe amajaji angaphezu kuka- 230, abaningi babo abasebasha, abashisekeli bempikiswano. Laba bahluleli bazothonya umthetho kahulumeni amashumi eminyaka. I-Senate Judicary Committee[[[FLL:1] manje ivame ukubuza izinkantolo zesifunda nesifunda ngefilosofi yabo yokuchaza. Amajaji amaningi aveza ngokucacile ukuthi ayizazi zokuqala, okwenza isiqinisekiso sibe nzima kakhulu lapho iDemocrates ilawula iSigele.

Amajaji asekela izinkolelo zakuqala ezinkantolo ezincane aye akhipha izinqumo ezibalulekile ngezihloko ezinjengalezi:

  • Isichibiyeli esihlangene:[ ukwandisa amalungelo ezibhamu ngokwencazelo yomphakathi yokuqala (umz., NSRPA v. Bruen eSifundeni sesibili)
  • Amandla asebenzayo: Ukwehlisa igunya lenhlangano ngaphansi kwemibuzo yemfundiso enkulu
  • UbuFaresali:[ Ukwenqabela amandla oMkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Claus yezentengiselwano neSichibiyelo se-14th

Izimpikiswano Nokugxeka

Ukuvela kokumiswa komthetho wokuqala ekumiselweni kokwahlulela kuye kwabangela impikiswano enkulu mayelana nokufaneleka kokwahlulela nendlela umthetho - sisekelo ochaza ngayo.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Nesenzo Sokwahlulela

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubuSulumane abuwanqandeli ngempela amajaji. Kunalokho, bathi bunikeza imbobo yokukhomba yezimiso ezingaguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, ku bush v. Gore, amajaji abambelele ekulweni abekwa icala lokulahla ubuShunam bokuqala ukuze anqume ukhetho lukamongameli. Abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi ubuProfenti buyindlela yokusebenza, hhayi umqondo wezombangazwe, nokuthi abasunguli bezinto zobuqali bakuqala ngezinye izikhathi bafinyelela imiphumela ekhululekile (umz., Scalia’s amacala eqeqekelelwa yilungelo ]] [[FLT]]]]

Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Nesiqalo

Uma incazelo yokuqala ingqubuzana nesiqalo eside, abaqambi benkolo babhekene nokukhetha okunzima. Abaningi bavuma ukubaluleka kokubheka kodwa baphikisane ngakho ukuba kungaqhubeki nezincazelo eziyiphutha. Lokhu kucindezeleka kukhulu kakhulu ezinqumweni ezifana [ Roe v. [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] kanye ne [FLT] v. Virginia [[FLT:] Virginia [[FLT:]][FLT]] [2]] [[12]].[2] Inkantolo Ephakeme ikhulukazi igcwele amalungelo [[FLT] [[FLT] [i Fot:] [5] [i] [iqembu] v.Inhlangano yabesifazane yezempilo [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [2]] [2] [202]]] [202]]

Ukusungula Nenhlangano Yanamuhla

Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi benkolo bungazixazululi ngokwanele izinkinga zanamuhla ezingacatshangelwanga yi-Framers − njengokuzifihla ngamanani, ukuqapha, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izazi zengqondo ziphendula ngokuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izimiso ezivamile (umz., “ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka” okungasetshenziswa ebuchwephesheni obusha ngaphandle kokuguqula incazelo eyisisekelo.

Ukubhala Ngesiqalo Nezici Eziqondile Zomthetho

ISichibiyelo Sesibili

Ukulungelana kokuqala kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kumalungelo ezibhamu. , iScalia ihileleke ekuhloleni okunde okungokomlando ukuze iphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzigcina nokuphatha izindonga. Lendlela yokucabanga yadluliselwa ezindaweni [ku- McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010]) futhi yaqiniswa [[FLT: 4,]] Brurun[FLT:] [2022]]), lapho iNkadeli yamukela khona umlando ohlolelwayo ukuze ihlole izibhamu.

Ukukhipha Isisu

, umbono woMahluleli u-Alito wasebenzisa umbono wokuqala ukuze aphethe ukuthi ukukhipha isisu akulona ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho ngoba iSichibiyelo se-Gradient ye 144th Claus asiqondwanga ngo-1868 ukuvikela ukukhishwa kwesisu. Alito walandelela umlando wemithetho yokukhipha isisu kusukela ekusungulweni kweNguquko ye-145. Lendlela yokuqala yabonisa ukuthi iwujuqu ekugumbuleni RO [[FLT] kanye [FLT:] ne [FLT]

Amandla Kahulumeni NoMbuso Ophethe

Abahluleli bokuqala baye babekela isifundazwe sanamuhla inselele. umbuzo wemfundiso , odinga ukugunyazwa okucacile kwezenzo zezentengiselwano ezinkulu zezezomnotho noma zezombangazwe, unezimpande zezimiso zokuqala zokungathembekile. IJaji Gorwle ibiyizwi eliphambili lokuvuselela imfundiso engathembekile, liphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution ufaka wonke amandla emithetho eKhonsela naleyo zinhlangano azinakwenza inqubo ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esicacile.

Ikusasa Lobuqaba Ekunqunyweni Kokwahlulela

Ubuqamama abunakunyamalala. Bulokhu buyinkolelo-lwazi evelele phakathi kwamajaji amiswe yiRepublic futhi bufundiswa ezifundweni eziningi zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-geqe(nakuba ingabaza kakhulu) njengendlela engcono kakhulu kunokuphila komthetho-sisekelo. Ithonya lesikhathi eside lobuProthesm lixhomeke ezicini eziningana:

  • Imibono:[ Umongameli weDemocratic angalawula amajaji alahla ubuProfethi, kuyilapho umongameli waseRepublic cishe eqhubekela phambili abalandeli bokuqala.
  • Ukulawula kobusise: ISigele esiqinisekisa noma esivimbeleni esisekelwe embonweni wengqondo singasheshisa noma livale umsebenzi wesiqalo.
  • Ukuziphatha okungokobuJudicist:[ Uma amajaji akuqala eveza imiphumela engathandeki noma ephithizelayo, umphakathi ungaphendukela kuyifilosofi, unciphise ukuheha kwawo ukumiswa kwesikhathi esizayo.
  • Scholarship:[ Ingxoxo yezemfundo ingacwenga noma iphikise ukusungula. Abasunguli abaqhubekeki phambili baye bavela, bephikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala isekela ukuzala kanye ne LGBTQ+ amalungelo, nakuba lombono wenqatshwa kakhulu abaqali abathatha imingcele.

Kakade, ukuphatha kweBiden sekuthathe izinyathelo zokumisa amajaji amafilosofi ahlukene. Abanye babaphathi bakhe benqaba ngokuqondile ubuProfethi bokuqala, futhi i-amperes iye yakhuthaza izizinda ezinezizinda zomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nolwezomphakathi. Lokhu kumisa iqophelo lokungqubuzana kwemibono emide ebhentshini kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Umthetho-sisekelo uthonye kakhulu inqubo yokumiswa kokwahlulela e-United States. Inikeza inqubo ecacile (uma incintiswano) yokuhlola abazokwahlulela futhi iye yaba ukuhlolwa kwe-lituss kwamalungu abambelele emacaleni akudala. Ukumiswa kwamajaji akuqala kuwo wonke amazinga e-judicary ye-unicariary yenkolo kuye kwaholela ezinguqukweni eziphawulekayo ezindaweni kusukela emalungelweni okukhishwa kwezibhamu kuya emandleni kazwelonke. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho nakwezombangazwe iqala ihlala ingumzamo omkhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi obani abahlala ebhentshini nokuthi banquma kanjani. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngezimfanelo ze-jajini lokuqala nemingcele iqinisekisa ukuthi ithonya layo ekwahlulelweni liyo liyo liyaqhubeka liba isihloko sesithakazelo esikhulu sesizwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Consitution Anconotence (Inkonzo yokucwaninga komthetho), iProject [oyez[ yemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye ne-Cornell Leginformal Information Institute yencazelo ye-ism[.[FLT:]