Table of Contents

Inkantolo ye-Federal iyindawo ekhethekile engokomthetho efeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela saseMelika. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo lapho uya enkantolo kahulumeni kungasiza abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho ukuba basebenzise le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi, ubhekene namacala obugebengu, noma umane nje ufune ukwazi ukuthi isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza kanjani, lesi siqondiso esibanzi sizokuhambisa kunoma isigaba ngasinye senqubo yenkantolo kahulumeni.

Iyini Inkantolo Yombuso Futhi Kungani Ibalulekile?

Izinkantolo ze-Federal "izinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe," ngokuphambene nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezivame ukucatshangelwa ukuthi zinegunya elingaphansi kwendaba ethile ecaleni. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela indlela amacala aphathwa ngayo futhi ikuphi ukubekwa kwamacala okungokomthetho okufanelekile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano.

Ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuye kwachazwa uMthetho - sisekelo, imithetho yezinhlangano, nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingalalela kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala angena ngaphansi kwegunya lazo elingokomthetho nelomthetho - sisekelo.

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zenkantolo kahulumeni. Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 eUnited States, futhi wonke amazwe anendawo okungenani eyodwa. Lezi zinkantolo zamacala zisebenza njengendawo yokungena emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni.

Kunezifunda zikahulumeni eziyishumi nambili ezihlukanisa izwe libe yizifunda ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, iSifunda sesihlanu sihlanganisa izifunda zaseTexas, eLouisiana, naseMississippi. Icala elivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zalezo zifunda lidluliswa eNkantolo yamacala e-United States eSifundeni sesihlanu, esikhungweni esiyinhloko eNew Orleans, eLouisiana.

Ngaphezu kwesigaba somthetho sabaphathi benkantolo kahulumeni kuhlala iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, esebenza njengommeli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ithatha ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala afuna ukubukezwa.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Ezizwakala ENkantolo YaseFederal

Ukuqonda amacala agunyazwa uhulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ocabangela ukuqulwa kwecala noma abhekene namacala.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Izikhongozelo zesifunda zikahulumeni eziphethe izikhulu eziphethe amacala ahlanganisa nemibuzo yomthetho kahulumeni: "Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyakuba negunya lokuqala lazo zonke izenzo zomphakathi ezivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, noma izivumelwano ze-U.S. 7631.

Ukuze inkantolo kahulumeni ibe negunya likahulumeni, indaba kumelwe iphakame ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Imfuneko yomthetho-mthetho inikeza izinkantolo zikahulumeni igunya phezu "konke amacala, emthethweni nasemthethweni, evela ngaphansi kwaloMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho yase-United States, nezivumelwano ezenziwa, noma ezizokwenziwa, ngaphansi kwegunya lazo.""

Izindaba zemibuzo zihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezihilela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Izindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuba ummangalelwa angene enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ummangalelwa esesimweni esihlukile. Ukuze alethe umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-pattiff kumelwe abesezindaweni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "osempikiswaneni" kumelwe abe ngaphezu kuka-R35 000.

Ukulawula izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo kuyasetshenziswa uma amaqembu evela ezifundeni ezihlukene, futhi ukuzisholo kungama - dollar angaphezu kuka - 75 000 (R150 000). Ukuhlukahluka okuphelele kudinga ukuba kungabikho mphathi oyisidlakelayo ongavela esimweni esifanayo nanoma imuphi ummangalelwa.

Loluhlobo lokulawula luvumela amaqembu ukuba angene enkantolo kahulumeni ngisho nalapho impikiswano yawo ihilela umthetho wezwe, uma kufinyelelwa izimfuneko zezinhlobonhlobo nezinga eliyimali. Isizathu esisekela ukubusa kwezinhlobonhlobo siwukunikeza ukungathathi hlangothi lapho amaqembu avela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene engase abhekane nobandlululo olungase lube khona ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukulahlwa Okuphelele

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni ezithile zokubaluleka kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi izindaba ezinjengomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni nowesizwe. Le gunya elikhethekile libonisa isithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni ezindabeni ezinjalo futhi lisiza ekuthuthukiseni indikimba ehlangeneyo yomthetho kahulumeni ukuba ilawule izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezici ezihlobene.

Lezi zimpikiswano ziyilungelo lomthetho kuphela futhi zihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zamacala: Aschemid phakathi kwezifundazwe : `Amazwe amabili noma ngaphezulu ayizingxenye. Amacala ahilela amanxusa nezinye izibalo zomphakathi ezibekwa phambili. Umthetho-mthetho owenziwe ngoFederal `Crimes' ochazwa yi-U.S. noma lawo achazwayo noma awenziwa ngemithetho kahulumeni. Ubugebengu obunjalo buhlanganisa ukuvukela i-United States, ukukhomba amanga, ubugebengu obumelene nomthetho wezizwe, nobugebengu obuhlobene negunya likahulumeni lokulawula intengiselwano yezentengiselwano. u-Bhankcycycy. . . .[4] Inqubo ye-staltic, ngokuvamile enziwa ngemithetho kahulumeni, umuntu okhululwe izikwele nezikwele eziqondiswe yize zezo zokwahlulela.

Ukumangalela Enkantolo Ezimele

Inqubo yenkantolo kahulumeni iqala lapho iqembu lithatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokufaka izincwadi ezifanele enkantolo.

Icala Lasembusweni: Ukukhononda

Lesi sikhalo siyincwadi engokomthetho echaza amacala ayiqiniso, eveza izinkulumo ezingokomthetho ezishiwoyo, eveza abahilelekile, futhi icela usizo noma amakhambi athile asenkantolo.

Ukukhononda kumelwe kuveze ukuthi inkantolo kahulumeni inegunya phezu kwecala, kungaba ngegunya likahulumeni lemibuzo noma imingcele yezinhlobonhlobo.

Ngemva kokuqeda isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe asebenzise ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nesicelo. Isicelo siveza ummangalelwa ukuthi umangalelwe umangalelwe futhi sinikeze ukwaziswa ngokuphela kwesikhathi sokusabela. Umsebenzi wenqubo kumelwe uvumelane ne-Federal Real of Civil Proceduture ukuze uqinisekise ummangalelwa ukuthi uthola isaziso esifanele.

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa uvame ukuba nezinsuku ezingu - 21 zokubhala impendulo noma enye impendulo ekukhonondeni.

Amacala Ezigebengu: Ukumangalelwa Nokwaziswa

Ekuqaleni kwecala lobugebengu likahulumeni, abadlali abakhulu bangummeli (umshushisi) wase-U.S. kanye nabahluleli abakhulu. Ummeli wase-U.S. umelela i-United States ezinkantolo eziningi, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izigebengu zobugebengu. Ijaji elikhulu lihlola ubufakazi obunikezwa ummeli futhi linqume ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele bokuletha icala. Icala likahulumeni liqala nge-"divrection"." Icala liyinkulumo esemthethweni ekhishwe yijaji elikhulu futhi lasayinwa umshushisi wecala ongokomthetho omangalela umuntu oyedwa noma abantu abaningi ngecala.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamajaji amakhulu ekumangalele abamangalelwa akudingeki yiyo yonke imibuso, kodwa kuyimfuneko emacaleni angokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa elahla icala elikhulu labamangalelwa.

Ijaji elikhulu libukeza ubufakazi obanikezwa abashushisi futhi linqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kunesizathu sokuletha amacala. Ukusola othile, okungenani abahluleli abakhulu abangu - 12 kumelwe bavume.

Ngecala elingafanele, abashushisi bangaweqa amajaji amakhulu bese befaka isikhalo sobugebengu noma ulwazi lobugebengu. Abamangalelwa abakhokhi abafuni ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho ukuze ubekwe icala. Lokhu kungamangalelwa ngencwadi engabizwanga ngokuthi ukwaziswa noma isikhalo. Nokho, ukumangalelwa okuningi kukahulumeni kuhilela amacala ecala futhi ngenxa yalokho kwenziwa ngokubekwa icala.

Ukubonakala Kwenkantolo Yokuqala Nokubekwa Icala

Ngemva kokuba sekuqulwe amacala noma kuquliswe isikhalo, abahilelekile baqala ukuvela phambi kwenkantolo.

Izigebengu: Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokukhubazeka

Icala lobugebengu likahulumeni ngokuvamile liqala ngokuboshwa. emahoreni angu - 48 ngemva kokuboshwa, kufanele uvele phambi koMahluleli OyiMagi waseU.S. ukuze unqume ukuthi ungakhululwa yini ngebheyili noma ngesasasa lakho siqu.

Uma kuvela kuqala, umahluleli weluleka ummangalelwa ngamacala abekwe kuleyo nkantolo nelungelo lokululeka. Abavikeli abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko balulekwa ngelungelo labo kummeli omisiwe enkantolo.

Ekuveleni kwenkantolo yakho yokuqala ngemva kokumangalelwa, inkantolo iyakutshela ngamacala, amalungelo akho, nezijeziso ezingase zivele. Uzocelwa ukuba ungene ekuceleni icala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano. Inkantolo ingakhuluma ngebheyili noma ngemibandela yokukhululwa kuleli zinga.

Ngakho, abahluleli ngokuvamile baphika isibopho kummangalelwa ngenxa yengozi yokundiza noma ingozi emphakathini. Ummangalelwa uyoba nempi ephakeme ukuze athole ukukhululwa ejele, ikakhulukazi emacaleni amakhulu ezidakamizwa noma emacala obudlova.

Indima YabaHluleli Abadumile

Amajaji angohulumeni asetshenziswa emacaleni kahulumeni ukuze ezwe izindaba zokuqala (njengezindaba zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala), kodwa ngokuvamile awanqumi amacala.

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, amajaji angase aqondise amacala athile, afune izimvume zokubopha nokubopha, aphathe izimemezelo zokuqala, amise ibheyili, anqume ezinye izenzo (njengokuzama ukuqeda ubufakazi), nezinye izenzo ezifanayo. Ezicaleni zombango, izimantshi zivame ukusingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokuthatha izinqubo zomthetho nokuthola izinto.

Ukutholakala: Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi Nokwaziswa

Ukuthola ukuthi isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu nesithatha isikhathi esiningi sokuthola ukwaziswa. Phakathi naleliqophelo, bobabili banikezana ukwaziswa futhi baqoqe ubufakazi ukuze bakhe amacala abo.

Inqubo Yokuthola Izindaba Zangaphakathi

Ezimweni zomphakathi, ukutholakala kwalendawo kuvumela abantu ukuba bathole ukwaziswa okubalulekile komunye nomunye nakumaqembu amathathu.

Amathuluzi okuthola izinto ezivamile ahlanganisa abacwaningi (imibuzo okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo), izicelo zokukhiqiza izincwadi, izicelo zokuvuma (ukucela omunye umuntu ukuba avume noma aphikise amaqiniso athile), kanye nezincwadi (obufakazi obulotshiwe obunikezwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala).

Ukutholwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngokuvamile kubanzi, kuvumela amaqembu ukuba athole ukwaziswa okuvumelana nanoma yikuphi ukusho noma ukuzivikela nokuvumelana nezidingo zecala. Nokho, ukwaziswa okuthile kungavikelwa ekutholweni ngamalungelo afana nelungelo elisemthethweni, imfundiso yezentengiselwano, noma ezinye izivikelo eziqashelwayo.

Ukutholakala Emacalani Esigebengu

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala nokuzivikela kungahlela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba ezihlukahlukene, njengokungaqiniseki kobufakazi noma ukuxoshwa kwamacala. Lengxenye futhi ihlanganisa inqubo yokuthola, lapho izinhlangothi zishintshana khona nokwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nalelicala.

Abashushisi bamaFederal bafuna ubufakazi bokusekela icala lommangalelwa ngokunengqondo, kuyilapho ummeli efuna ubufakazi bobumsulwa noma ukungabaza okunengqondo. Abashushisi bamaFederal kumelwe banikeze ummangalelwa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, amaphepha, noma eminye imibukiso abazimisele ukuyisebenzisa enkantolo kodwa bangagodla ukwaziswa okuthile kuze kube ngaphambi kokuba icala lifike noma phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Kukhuluma nofakazi abangase babizwe ukuba bafakazele enkantolo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enqubweni yokuthola. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zofakazi emacaleni obugebengu kahulumeni, njengalokhu okulandelayo: Ofakazi abalandelayo banikeza ukwaziswa okukhethekile kokuhlangenwe nakho noma imfundo endaweni ethile ekhethekile; ofakazi bophawu ngokuvamile bayamazi isisulu noma ummangalelwa futhi banikeze ukwaziswa ngobuntu babo; ofakazi bangama - Lay bangomunye owabona isenzakalo esibalulekile esihlobene nobugebengu futhi bayochaza lokho abakuphawulayo.

Izindlela Zangaphambi Kwezimboni Nezinyathelo

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke liqulwa, kunezinyathelo eziningi ezisekelwe emacaleni namathuba okuba izimpi zixazulule izindaba noma zilahle ngisho necala ngokuphelele.

Izisusa Zokuxosha

Umkhankaso wokulahla ukuphikisa ukuvumelana okungokomthetho kwecala lombangi ophikisayo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, abamangalelwa abavamile ukuthatha amafayela ukuze baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso ashiwoyo ekukhonondeni ayiqiniso, ummangalelwa akashongo ngokomthetho osemthethweni.

Enkantolo kahulumeni, ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, isenzo sokuxosha icala ngenxa yokungabi nagunya eliphethe isikhulu sibhekwa njengesivikelo esingcono. Singakhushulwa noma kuliphi iqophelo enqubeni yokuziphendulela, ngisho noma ngaphambili amaqembu ayephikisa ukuthi i-curentimenti yesihloko yayikhona. Eqinisweni, inkantolo ingalilahla icala elithi sua sponte (kwayo) ngenxa yokungabi nagunya eliphethe izihloko.

Izinyathelo Zokwahlulela Ngokubukeza

Isinqumo esifingqiwe sicela inkantolo ukuba inqume ngaphandle kwecala ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela mayelana namaqiniso angokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Izenzo zokwahlulela ngokufingqa zisekelwa ubufakazi obuvela ekutholweni, kuhlanganise nokufaka ubufakazi, amaphepha, izithako nezinye izinto. Iqembu elingahambi-zulanga kumelwe lisabele ngobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi kukhona izimpikiswano zangempela ezidinga ukuqulwa ukuze lixazululwe.

Uma inkantolo inikeza isahlulelo esifingqiwe, icala liphela ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqubuka Kwamacansi Emacaleni Ezelelesi

Ukuhamba ngenkathi yomthetho-sisekelo kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuvikela amalungelo akho (njengeSichibiyelo Sesine esivikela ekufuneni nokuthatheka okungacabangeli) futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ukuvimbela ubufakazi obuzokwethulwa (ngeNkampane eLimine). Izindlela zokuhlola zingashintsha ukuthatha icala lakho futhi kubalulekile ukuba ube nomphathi wesigebengu onolwazi obhekene nobufakazi bakho ukuze uthole ukuthi zikhona yini izindaba ezinjalo ezingokomthetho. Izibonelo ezivamile zenqubo ze-preastring ziyimine (ukugcina izinkulumo ezithile ezenziwa nguwe noma ofakazi), ukuthatha uhambo lokuvimbela (ukuqeda ubufakazi obuthile), kanye nezenzo zokuzilahla.

Izivumelwano zamacala zangaphambi kwecala zibhalwe abameli abavikelayo ababekela inselele ukuvalwa kwecala elithile. Ukugwema noma ukuthatha isinyathelo kungezinye zezinyathelo zokugcina ngaphambi kokuba ayoquliswa icala. Uma umshushisi noma ummeli kahulumeni ufuna ukuba inkantolo inqume empikiswaneni ethile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ingenza isicelo sayo ngokuthatha isinyathelo.

Ingqungquthela Yangaphambi Kwenkantolo Yokugcina

Zonke izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni zifuna ukufakwa komyalo wokugcina ohlongozwayo wengqungquthela yangaphambi kwenkantolo. Uhlelo lokugcina lwenkantolo lubalulekile ngoba uhlelo lokubusa kwe-Federal Procedure 16(e), uhlelo lokugcina lwangaphambi kwenkantolo luthatha indawo yakho konke ukuncenga kwangaphambi kwecala futhi "lulawula inkambo elandelayo yesenzo ngaphandle kokuba ishintshwe ngokulandelana kwenqubo."

Engqungqutheleni yokugcina yangaphambi kwecala, kudingeka uqinisekise imingcele yesikhathi umahluleli ayoyibeka ohlangothini ngalunye ukuze anikeze icala labo. Amajaji amaningi azobeka isilinganiso esiqinile sesikhathi kuye ngecala lakho. Isilinganiso sesikhathi siyoba esiwuhlobo lwamahora, okuhlanganisa amazwi okuvula, ukuhlola okuqondile, ukuhlola okunqamuleyo, nezimpikiswano zokuphetha. Emhlanganweni wokugcina, okungenani, kumelwe uzame ukucela isikhathi esingaphezu kwalokho obekulindelekile ngoba amajaji ayokwenza isilinganiso sesikhathi sisebenze kahle phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuxoxa Ngezigebengu

Amacala amaningi obugebengu kahulumeni axazululwa ngezivumelwano lapho umshushisi evuma ukuyeka noma anciphise amacala ngenxa yokuvuma kwakho ukungena esivumelweni somncintiswano. Isivumelwano kusamelwe siye phambi kwejaji, elingasamukela noma lenqabe.

Izingxoxo ziyisici esibucayi sesimiso somthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu. Icala elikhulu lomthetho uhulumeni lixazululwa ngezivumelwano ezikhokhelwayo kunokuba liyoqulwa icala. Lezi zingxoxo zivame ukuba khona ngemva kokubekwa icala naphakathi nenkathi yokutholakala.

Esivumelwaneni esingokomthetho, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuze athole ukuvunyelwa kwecala lokuquliswa icala. Lemvume ingase ihlanganise ukuxoshwa kwamacala athile, ukutuswa kwesigwebo esincishisiwe, noma isivumelwano sokuthi iziqondiso zokugweba kufanele zibalwe kanjani.

Uma ummangalelwa enquma ukumangalela icala, ukuguquka kwesicelo sokuqulwa kwecala kuzohlelwa ukuba kungene isikhalo esinecala. Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi ummangalelwa uyawaqonda amacala, imiphumela yokuncenga enecala, nokuthi isicelo singesokuzithandela.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala ENkantolo Yomphakathi

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuxoshwa kwecala, ngesahlulelo esifushanisiwe, noma ngesivumelwano esifushanisiwe, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kulandela izinqubo ezithile ezilawulwa iMithetho Yemithetho Yezigebengu Yesizwe yamacala omphakathi neFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure for the mentary.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Icala likahulumeni eliningi lihilela ijaji, nakuba amaqembu asemacaleni omphakathi engalikhipha ilungelo lawo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi icala linqunywe umahluleli yedwa (ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi).

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli, eyaziwa ngokuthi ivoir ehlasimulisayo, ivumela amajaji nabameli ukuba babuze abangase babe abahluleli ukuba banqume ukuthi bangakhetha yini futhi bangakhetha. Abagaxeli bangabekela inselele abangaba abajaji abangase babangele imbangela uma bebonisa ubandlululo noma behluleka ukungabi nabandlululo.

Inani elingenamkhawulo lejaji lingase lihlaselwe ngesizathu, kodwa inkantolo kumelwe iqale inikeze imvume, kodwa zombili izinhlangothi zingagadla inani elilinganiselwe labasizi bejaji elisekelwe kuphela ekwahluleleni kwabo. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi izinselele ezilahliwe futhi zivumela abameli ukuba basuse abangase babe abahluleli ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, ngaphansi kokulinganiselwa okungokomthetho ngokumelene nobandlululo.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula zomshushisi nolwelulwele zinikeza ijaji ukwaziswa ngobugebengu obumangalelwe, amaqiniso ayisisekelo ohlangothi ngalunye luthi azobufakazela.

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummeli we-paltiff unikeza inkulumo yokuqala, elandelwa ummeli wommangalelwa. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, umshushisi uqala, futhi ummangalelwa angase akhethe ukunikeza inkulumo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma alinde kuze kube yilapho umshushisi eseqeshile ukuveza icala lakhe.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Okokuqala, abashushisi okumelwe bafakazele icala labo ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo; icala likaHulumeni lilapho bayoqala khona ukubiza ofakazi futhi babonise ubufakazi obusekelayo. Bavame ukucela ubufakazi kumphathi kahulumeni ophengululayo. Bangase banikeze ubufakazi obuqondile noma obubodwa.

Ecaleni lobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi usohulumeni. Abavikeli akudingeki babonise ubumsulwa babo. Kunalokho, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi ukuze aqinisekise abahluleli becala lommangalelwa ngokungenakungabaza.

Ezimweni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokubonisa icala lakhe ngokucabangela ubufakazi, obuyindinganiso ephansi kunendinganiso enengqondo yokungabaza emacaleni obugebengu. Umphehlisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala, abize ofakazi futhi anikeze ubufakazi obulotshiwe nobungokoqobo.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esesondlweni, ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe. Ummangalelwa angabiza ofakazi, anikeze ubufakazi, futhi aphikise icala leqembu eliphikisayo. Emacaleni obugebengu, abamangalelwa banelungelo elingokomthetho lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli abanakuveza iziphakamiso eziphambene esinqumweni sommangalelwa ukuba angathathi icala.

Ukuwonakaliswa Kwesiphambano

Umshushisi kahulumeni uzodingeka afakazele amacala awenu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji. Iqembu lezokuvikela lakho lizokwazi ukunqamule ofakazi bakahulumeni, futhi ulwelwelo luzoveza noma yibuphi ubufakazi uma kungcono.

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyisici esibucayi senqubo yokuhlola. Ngemva kobufakazi bokuhlola okuqondile, umphikisi unethuba lokunqamule ufakazi. Ukuhlola isiphambano kuvumela abameli ukuba baphikise ukwethenjelwa kofakazi, badalule ukungavumelani, futhi bafake ubufakazi obamukelekayo kubo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Uma izinhlangothi zombili sezinazo, sekuyisikhathi sokuphetha izimpikiswano. Njengasekuvulweni, imingcele yesikhathi iyobekwa.

Abameli bafingqa ubufakazi ngamafuphi, bachaze indlela obusekela ngayo ukuma kwabo, futhi baphikisane ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathathe izinkulumo zabo ezibonisa ukuthi bayavumelana nabo.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, abamangaleli banikeza impikiswano yokuqala yokuphetha, bese belandela abamangaleli, bese beba nethuba lokuphikisa.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Uma ijaji seliyalile abahluleli, icala liyiswa ejajini ukuze likhishwe isinqumo.

Umahluleli ufunda lezi ziyalezo kubahluleli, futhi abahluleli ngokuvamile bathola amakhophi abhaliwe ukuze bathintane nabo lapho bexoxa.

Khona - ke abahluleli banquma ngasese ukunquma icala noma ubumsulwa bommangalelwa. Uma ijaji lifinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, abahluleli bafunda isinqumo enkantolo. Uma abahluleli behluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, inkantolo ingakhipha icala elingafanele, eliholela ecaleni elisha kumajaji ahlukile.

Ezicaleni zobugebengu zikahulumeni, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane. ezimweni zomphakathi, amaqembu angavuma ukwamukela isinqumo esingahambisani nesinqumo, nakuba izinqumo ezihlanganyelwe zisavamile.

Imiphumela Neziphakamiso Ezingase Zivele

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli benqume ngamabomu, noma ngemva kokuba ijaji linqume ebhentshini, inkantolo imemezela isinqumo.

Umphumela Wamacala Asembusweni

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, abahluleli noma amajaji banquma ukuthi ummangaleli uye waliveza icala labo ngokucabangela ubufakazi obuqanjiwe. Uma umbhishobhi enqoba, inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo esivumelana nabo futhi inqume ikhambi elifanele.

Izindlela zokwelapha ezicatshangelweni zombango zingahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali (izingozi zokukhokha ukulahlekelwa kwangempela, futhi kwezinye izimo isijeziso sokujezisa ukujezisa ukuziphatha okungafanele), ukukhipha isijeziso (iziyalezo zomthetho ezidinga noma ezinqabela izenzo ezithile), ukukhipha ikhefu (ukuzimisela kwamalungelo amaqembu), noma ukwenza okuthile (ukuzama ukugcwalisa izibopho zesivumelwano).

Uma ummangalelwa ekhona, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni ukulahla iziphakamiso zomphathi. Kwezinye izimo, iqembu eliphethe lingase lifanelekele ukubuyisa izindleko zommeli walo, kuye ngomthetho osebenzayo nanoma iziphi izivumelwano.

Kuvela Amacala Ezelelesi

Uma umahluleli noma abahluleli bekuthola ungenacala, khona - ke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala isiphelile. I-metary ye-Micronesia ka-Bic Jeopardy ivikela ekuphindisweni amacala afanayo. Uma utholakele unecala kunoma yiliphi inani, iNkantolo izakumisa usuku lokugwetshwa.

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala engenacala, amacala ayaxoshwa, futhi ummangalelwa uyakhululwa. Ukulahlwa kungokokugcina, futhi umshushisi akanakudlulisela icala noma adlulisele ummangalelwa icala elifanayo.

Nokho, uma, ngokwesibonelo, umbuso uletha icala lokubulala futhi ungatholi isiqinisekiso, kungenzeka ukuba uhulumeni kahulumeni kwezinye izimo ukhiphe izikhalo ezibekwa ummangalelwa uma lesisenzo singekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe babhekwa njengababusi abahlukene ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili.

Ukugwetshwa Emacala Esigebengu Esivamile

Lapho ummangalelwa elahlwa enkantolo kahulumeni, ngokumangalelwa icala noma ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo kumelwe inqume isigwebo esifanele.

Umbiko Wokuphenya Okhona

Ijaji lizoyala ukuba uphenye umbiko wecala lakho, umlando wakho wobugebengu, nethonya lobugebengu, nezinye izici eziningi ezingokomthetho, ukulingwa kuyobala iziqondiso ezituswayo zenkantolo.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa ekhalaze icala noma ethola ukuthi unecala ecaleni, umahluleli ube esenquma isigwebo sommangalelwa ngokucabangela izici ezingokomthetho ku-18 U.S.C. 76 3553 (a) kanye neziqondiso zokugweba zikahulumeni ezakhishwa yi-United States Sendensing Commission. Ihhovisi leNkantolo eliqulwayo lilungiselela iPrence Investigation Report (PR) yeNkantolo ngaphambi kokuba igwebe isebenzise iziqondiso zesigwebo kummangalelwa ngamunye nobugebengu.

Umbiko wamanje uyincwadi ebanzi ehlanganisa ukwaziswa ngecala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, isizinda sakhe siqu, izimo zezimali, nezinye izici ezihlobene nalokhu. Kokubili umshushisi nolwelwelo banethuba lokubukeza umbiko nento engekho noma ikuphi ukuphambana noma ukuphikisa ukutusa kwesikhulu esizihlonze.

Ukuboshwa Kwezindlebe

Ijaji lingacabangela izici eziningana ezingenza ukuba ulinganise iminyaka yakho, izimo ezihlobene nobugebengu, kanye nokuhlanganyela ekulahlweni kwesigwebo kunikeza kokubili ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ngokuthi imuphi umusho ofanele.

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhuluma ngendlela ubugebengu obuwathinta ngayo, futhi unelungelo lokuzikhulumela, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukubulala, ngaphambi kokuba ijaji likhiphe isigwebo.

Lapho isigwebo siphela, inkantolo iyomemezela isigwebo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusebenza ngokushesha, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile.

Ukukhululwa Okukhulu

Amacala amaningi kahulumeni aneziqu - mbumbulu anezinga lokudedelwa okuphakeme kuyafana nokukhishwa kommangalelwa osugwenyweni kumelwe abike njalo eHhovisi Lezeluleko laseU.S., futhi avumelane nezimo ezihlukahlukene.

Uma iNkantolo ithola ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wephula izimo zokukhululwa okuqondiswayo, iNkantolo ingase iqede ukukhishwa okuqondiswayo futhi igwebe ummangalelwa ngenkathi yokuboshwa nokukhishwa okwengeziwe okuqondiswa.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Ngemva kwesahlulelo sokugcina, lowo muntu olahlekelwayo angase abe nelungelo lokudlulisela isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme.

Ukuthola Isaziso Sokukhanga

Ukuze aqale isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale isaziso sokudlulisa icala phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, isaziso sokudlulisa icala kumelwe sigcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 30 ngemva kokungenisa isahlulelo. Emacaleni obugebengu, abamangalelwa banezinsuku ezingu - 14 zokufaka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo, kanti uhulumeni unezinsuku ezingu - 30.

Ukungasibhali isikhathi sokudlulisa isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lokudlulisa icala, nakuba ezimweni ezilinganiselwe izinkantolo zingase zinikeze ama - estlex noma zivumele amafayili esikhathi esedlule.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Uma unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho laholela ekuvumeni kwakho — ngokwesibonelo, abahluleli bahlola ubufakazi okwakungafanele neze buvunywe — ungaphishekela ukudlulisa isikhalo eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase - United States.

Izikhalo zinqunywa amajaji amathathu asebenza ndawonye. Isinqumo seNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala ngokuvamile siyoba yisiphelo sokuphetha ecaleni, ngaphandle kokuba siphindisele icala enkantolo yecala ukuze kubekwe ezinye izikhalo, noma amacala acela iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. kwezinye izimo inkantolo ukuba ibukeze lelicala. Isinqumo singabukezwa ngokuvimbela, okungukuthi, ngeqembu elikhulu labahluleli (ngokuvamile) leNkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala.

Inqubo yokukhipha isigwebo igxila emaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi ezimpikiswaneni eziyiqiniso. Izinkantolo eziphakamisi zivame ukuthobela amaqiniso atholwa yinkantolo yecala nezinqumo ezithembekile. Umemezeli kumelwe abonise ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elathinta umphumela wecala.

Bobabili abameleli bafaka amaphini abhaliwe aphikisana ngezimo zabo. I-panellant ichaza kafushane ukuthi kwenzeka amaphuthani nokuthi kungani kudingeka aguqulwe. Ukuvikela okufushane kwesinqumo senkantolo eqululisayo. U-applellant angafaka impendulo emfinyeni ephendula impikiswano ye-applee.

Ngemva kokubukeza le mpikiswano emfushane, inkantolo ingase ihlele ukuphikisa ngomlomo, lapho abameli bohlangothi ngalunye beveza khona izimpikiswano zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo evela kubahluleli. Akuzona zonke izikhalo ezihilela impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo; ezinye zinqunywe ngokusekelwe kuphela ezimpindaneni ezibhaliwe.

Imiphumela

Inkantolo yezikhalo ingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo equlweni, sibuye siphendule, noma sibuyisele icala emuva enkantolo equlweni ukuze kuqhutshwe amacala. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi amaphutha enziwa kodwa ayilimazi (ngoba ayiwuthintanga umphumela), iyoqinisekisa isahlulelo naphezu kwamaphutha.

Kungadluliswa icala uma ummangalelwa ekholelwa ukuthi wagwetshwa ngokungafanele noma isigwebo sasinzima kakhulu. Izinkolelo zingadluliswa futhi uma kwenzeka kwenzeka izinhlobo ezithile zamaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Icala likaFederal (ezimweni ezimbalwa kakhulu) lingase lidluliselwe eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Ukubukeza KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Umkhangisi olahlekelwa enkantolo yezicelo kahulumeni, noma enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kazwelonke, angafaka isicelo se-"imvume ye-certiorari," eyincwadi ecela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze lelicala. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme, akudingeki ukuba ivume ukulibukeza. INkantolo ivume ukuzwa icala kuphela uma lihilela isimiso somthetho esibaluleke kakhulu, noma uma izinkantolo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zikahulumeni zitolike umthetho ngokwehlukile. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa icala, amacala kudingeka abekwe amacala abhalwe phansi naleyo Nkakhulu angase azwe impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo.

INkantolo Ephakeme ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo ze - certiorari unyaka ngamunye kodwa inikeza ukubukeza emacaleni angamaphesenti ambalwa kuphela.

Isihlenga sangemva-kuhlanganisa

Ngisho noma uthola isigwebo futhi ukudlulisa isikhalo kwakho akuphumeleli, ungase ube nezizathu zokufaka isicelo se - habeas corpus noma uphishekele ezinye izinhlobo zosizo lwangemva kokuqulwa.

Izicelo zikaHabeas zivumela abamangalelwa ababoshiwe ukuba bavimbele ukumangalelwa kwabo noma isigwebo esisekelwe ekwephukeni komthetho - sisekelo.

Izizathu ezivamile zokukhululeka zihlanganisa ukungaphumeleli kosizo lweseluleko, ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi, ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Nokho, kunzima ukuthola ukukhululeka, futhi izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimfuneko eziqinile nezindinganiso zokubukeza.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile ENkantolo Yombuso

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezinqubo

Le mithetho ilawula inqubo kuzo zonke izenzo zomphakathi namacala ezinkantolo zesifunda zase-United States. Kufanele ithathwe, isetshenziswe futhi iqashwe inkantolo namaqembu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimisela okulungile, okusheshayo, nokungabiziyo kwezenzo nezenzo.

Imithetho kahulumeni yamacala obugebengu ingatholakala kuyiFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure, ebusa zonke izici zokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu.

Izinkantolo zomphakathi zinemithetho yendawo ehlukahlukayo ngokwesifunda. Lemithetho yendawo ikhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengokuhlela izinqubo, inhlonipho, nezimfuneko eziqondile zezenkantolo kanye nezinye izimemo. Ama-athorney namaqembu kumelwe bazijwayelanise nayo kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yendawo yesifunda esithile lapho icala lawo limi khona.

Ukukhokha KwaseNkantolo Nobuciko

Ngaphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho esetshenziswa enkantolo kahulumeni, kukhona futhi ukuziphatha okuhlukile okuphoqelelwa ngokuqinile. Izinkantolo zamaFederal zilondoloza izinga eliphezulu lomthetho nomsebenzi. Ama-Athorney kumelwe abize umahluleli ngokuthi "Udumo lwakho," ukuma lapho ukhuluma, futhi ulandele imithetho efanelekile yasenkantolo.

Amadili nezibukeli kumelwe futhi ziphawule ukuziphatha okufanele, kuhlanganise nokugqoka ngendlela efanele, ukuvala izinto zobuchwepheshe, nokuthula nokuhlonipha lapho kuqulwa izinkulumo.

Ukundiza Nge - electronic

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisebenzisa i-Case Management/Electronic Case Falls (CM/ECF) ukuze kugcinwe izincwadi ze-electronic. Izincwadi eziningi kufanele zigcinwe ngomshini, futhi iziphathi zingangena ezinhlomini zenkantolo nasemadokisini ngesimiso sika-Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER).

Ama-attorney kumelwe abhalise i-CM/ECF futhi avumelane nezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe zokugcina i-electronic. Amanye amaphepha, njengalawo afakwe ngaphansi kwe-octal noma aqukethe ukwaziswa okusheshayo, angaba nezimfuneko ezikhethekile zokufaka i-odacle.

Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwenkantolo Yesifunda Nesifundazwe

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nezombuso kusiza izigameko ukuba zisebenzise isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo futhi zenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ziziphi izimpikiswano okufanele zibhalwe lapho kudingeka zikhethwe.

Ukulahlwa Negunya

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo zegunya elivamile, okusho ukuthi zinegunya lokulalela amacala anoma iyiphi indaba. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibhekwa njengezinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe. Ukulawula okulinganiselwe kusho ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho silinganisela izindaba zezindaba ezizolatshalwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zeFederal kuphela ezinegunya lokulalela izimpikiswano uma amaqembu ehlukene esaba izakhamuzi noma impikiswano ivela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Izwe nohulumeni wezwe banemithetho eyenza izenzo ezithile zibe ezingekho emthethweni, futhi imibuso ngayinye inecala lokubeka isijeziso ngenxa yokwenza lezozenzo zobugebengu. Umbuso ungase ujezise ubugebengu obuthile ngokhahlo ngaphezu kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni (noma obuhlukile), kodwa ummangalelwa angabekwa icala futhi abekwe icala ngazo zombili izimiso.

Abahluleli Nokumiswa

Amajaji ahlangene (neNkantolo Ephakeme "Ubulungisa") akhethwa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe "ngeseluleko nemvume" yeSigele futhi "azobamba amahhovisi abo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle" abahluleli bangase bathathe isikhundla sabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, kodwa abaningi bayeke noma bathathe umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Bangase basuswe futhi ngokungagunyazi ngeNdlu yabameleli nangokuvunyelwa yiSigele.

Ngokuphambene, amajaji amaningi enkantolo yombuso akhethwa ngabavoti noma amiswe ababusi ukuze bakhethe amagama amisiwe. Lomehluko oyisisekelo ekukhetheni futhi ungathonya ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kanye nohlobo lwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso.

Umehluko Okhona

Inqubo yobugebengu engokwezinqubo zomthetho kahulumeni ihlukile ezimisweni zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neziqondiso umahluleli okumelwe azilandele phakathi nesigwebo. izinkantolo zamaFederal zilandela iMithetho Yemithetho Yezigebengu Zezigebengu NeFederal Yezigebengu, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilandela imithetho yazo siqu engokwesiko.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithambekele ekushukumiseni amacala ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, ziphethe imibandela eqinile futhi ziqondiswe amajaji akhuthele. Ukutholwa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kungase kulinganiselwe kakhulu kunakwezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokugcizelela ukulingana nokuphumelela.

Amacebiso Awusizo Enkantolo Yesifunda

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ukubekwa kwecala kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kungokobuchwepheshe. Ukumelelwa ngomthetho okunokuhlangenwe nakho kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho nasekufinyeleleni umphumela ongcono kakhulu ongase ube khona. Abameli benkantolo yaseFederal kumelwe bavunywe ukuba basebenze esifundeni esithile sikahulumeni lapho icala limi khona.

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokweluleka. Ihhovisi lomphakathi lomlweli womphakathi linikeza izimpawu kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa emacaleni omthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Imingcele Yesikhathi

Inkantolo kahulumeni isebenza ngaphansi kwezinsuku eziqinile zokufaka amaphepha, ukusabela ekuthatheni izicelo, nokuthatha izikhalo. Ukungasifaki isikhathi esimisiwe kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwezicelo, ukungena kwesahlulelo esiphelele, noma ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa icala.

Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procedire ne-Federal Miles of Criminal Procedare isho imingcele yesikhathi yezenzo ezihlukahlukene. Imithetho yendawo ingamisa eminye imithetho emisiwe. Amadili kumelwe alandelele ngokucophelela yonke imisebenzi esebenzayo efihlwayo futhi afune imishado lapho kudingekile ngaphambi kokuba izinsuku ezimisiwe ziphele.

Ukulungiselela Nokuhlela

Ukuphumelela enkantolo kahulumeni kudinga ukulungiselela nokuhlela ngokucophelela, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda umthetho osebenzayo, ukuqoqa nokuhlela ubufakazi, ukulungiselela ofakazi, nokusungula icebo elicacile elingokomthetho.

Ama-attorney kumelwe ajwayelane nezindlela ezithandwa amajaji, ezingahluka kakhulu kumajaji kahulumeni. Amajaji amaningi kahulumeni akhipha iziyalezo noma izinqubo ezinikeza isiqondiso ngendlela asingatha ngayo amacala nezenzo.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Enkantolo Yesifunda

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yokusiza abantu ukuba baqonde futhi baqondise inqubo yenkantolo kahulumeni. I-U.S.A. i-website ( www.ustourts.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinto zokufundisa, amafomu enkantolo, kanye nokuxhumana namawebhusayithi enkantolo ngamanye.

Inkantolo yesifunda ngasinye igcina ingosi yayo enemithetho yendawo, yahlulele ukwaziswa, izinqubo zokuhlela nezinye izinto. Isimiso se-PACER sivumela umphakathi ukuba ungene emarekhodini enkantolo kahulumeni nasemadokisini ngemali encane.

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho nezinkampani zezomthetho zinikeza abantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abangabodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza usizo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezindaba zikahulumeni.

IFederal Judicial Center ( www.fjc.gov) isebenza njengenhlangano yokucwaninga nemfundo yenkantolo zikahulumeni futhi inikeza izimali zokufundisa ngesimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni.

Imibono Evamile NgeNkantolo Yomphakathi

Inkantolo Kahulumeni Ihlale Ingathi Sína

Nakuba amacala obugebengu kahulumeni ngokuvamile ehilela amacala angathi sína, akuwona wonke amacala kahulumeni abaluleke kakhulu kunamacala kahulumeni. inkantolo kahulumeni imane nje inegunya elihlukile, futhi izimpikiswano eziningi ezivamile zombango zingaqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni ezisekelwe ekwakheni imingcele ehlukahlukene.

Ungakhetha Inkantolo Kahulumeni Noma YoMbuso

I-paritation ayikwazi ukumane ikhethe ukuhlanganisa enkantolo kahulumeni ngoba ikhetha. Ukubusa kwenkantolo yeFederal kumele kumiswe ngokusekelwe ekulawuleni kwe-costal mpikiswano, ukubusa kwezinhlobonhlobo, noma esinye isisekelo sokulawula kwezwe. Uma i-guvernet ingekho, icala kumelwe libekwe enkantolo yombuso.

AbaHluleli Abangomasha - qed ’ ebona Bangcono Kakhulu

Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni ephila futhi engase abhekane namacala ngendlela ehlukile kunamajaji kahulumeni akhethiwe, umphumela wanoma iliphi icala uxhomeke emaqinisweni, emthethweni, nasezingeni lamacala angokomthetho anikezwayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani lapho uya enkantolo kahulumeni kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi, ubhekene namacala obugebengu, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza kanjani, ulwazi lwalenqubo lusiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka futhi lukwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono. Nakuba inkantolo kahulumeni ingabonakala isabisa, isebenza ngokwemithetho emisiwe nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungile nobulungisa.

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika, sichaza umthetho kahulumeni, sixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, futhi sivikele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ngokuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingakuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kwaso futhi zikwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo uma kudingeka.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho nezinqubo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemiphumela engathi sína engabangelwa ukuquliswa kwecala likahulumeni, kwenza ukuqondisa okungokomthetho okungochwepheshe kube usizo kakhulu.

Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinqubo kungatholakala nge-Office yombuso ye-U.S. ( www.ustouts.gov), enikeza imithombo eminingi yokuqonda isimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni. Umnyango wewebhusayithi yeJaji ( www.grogement.gov) unikeza ukwaziswa futhi mayelana nokugcinwa komthetho nomthetho kahulumeni nokumangalelwa.