Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uvame ukuchazwa njengomsuka wokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Yinqubo evimbela noma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni − ukuhlulwa, ukubekwa kwemithetho, noma ukwahlulelwa ("kusukela ekutholeni igunya elingavinjelwa."Ukube izakhiwo zokuzimela idemokrasi, kushiyela izakhamuzi zisengozini yokulawulwa yi-autocratic, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokuntengantenga. Lesi sihloko sihlola imiphumela ejulile yokususa isimiso esinjalo, ukudwebela ekwakheni kwezehlakanisweni emlandweni nokuhlolwa kwamanje ukuze kubonise lokho okwenzekayo lapho amandla eshiywe engekho emthethweni.

Ukuqonda Kuyakuhlola Futhi Kulinganisele

Phakathi nendawo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisakaza amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela izenzo zamanye. Lomklamo awusona nje isiphetho esicatshangelwayo; uyisivikelo esiwusizo ekubuseni ngonya. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso(-legiside, ukumiswa kwemithetho yezikhulu, nokuchazwa kwendlela yokwahlulela () iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongawulawula umthetho, awuphoqelele, noma awuchaze ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kuvimbela.

Nakuba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokungafani, ukwahlukana kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela kuyimibono ehlukene. Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kwabela amagatsha ahlukene imisebenzi ehlukile, kuyilapho ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okumelana nokuphanjwa amanye. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wase-U.S. angawukhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawususa lowo mthetho, futhi izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho njengengagunyaziwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuncitshiswa kwemithetho, ukwahlukana kuphela kuba yize kube yize kungabi nanjongo, futhi isigaba sezisebenzi singabe singenakho ukuphatha okuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Izindlela Zokulandisa

Ukulandisa esimisweni esilinganiselwe kunezizindlela eziningi: ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, izinqubo zokulawula, izinqubo zokuzimela, kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezinjengezinhloli noma izigebengu. Inqubo ngayinye idala ukuxabana, ihlisa ijubane noma ilimaza izinqumo. Esimisweni esingenakho ukuhlola, lokhu kuxabana kuyaphela. Imithetho ingasheshiswa ngaphandle kwengxoxo, iziyalezo zezikhulu zingadlula ezivumelwaneni zomthetho, futhi izinkantolo zingapakishwa noma zisha. Lomphumela uphumelela ekulawuleni kwenkululeko, ukulunga, nokuzinza okude.

Isimo Ngaphandle Kokusihlola Nokulinganisela

Ukucabanga ngesimo esingenazinhlolo nezilinganiso akuwona umklamo wenkolelo ecatshangelwayo. Amazwe amaningi aye abhekana nomphumela osuka ekubusweni okulinganiselwe kuya emandleni anamandla alinganiselwe, ngokuvamile ngesivinini esibhubhisayo. Imiphumela yembuleka kabanzi: kwezombangazwe, ngokomthetho, ngokwezomnotho, nangokwenhlalo.

Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Kumandla: Ukusuka Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi Kuya Ebushiqelani

Imiphumela esheshayo ukuvela ukufakwa kwamandla egatsheni elilodwa noma kumuntu ngamunye. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwemithetho, umphathi angakhipha imithetho ephethe umthetho ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Ngaphandle kwesinqumo esizimele, leyomithetho ayibhekene nenselele engokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu aphikisayo ayabekwa indinganiso, ukhetho luba amasiko angenanjongo, futhi abe imithombo yezindaba ilawulwa uhulumeni. Lokhu kungakwenzeka kancane kancane-ngoba kukhukhuleka okukhulu kwemithetho, kulandela ukugumbuqelwa noma umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo. Ngandlela-kenye, umphumela ukhona: abantu balahlekelwa ikhono lokubeka abaholi babo ngaphansi kwezimiso zomthetho.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zigcizelela lesi sibonelo. EJalimane lobuNazi, iReichstag Fire Signence ka 1933 yayeka inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi uMthetho we-Enagent walandela wavumela uHitler ukuba adlulise imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, indikimba yemithetho yesizwe yanikwa amandla. Ngokufanayo, eVenezuela, uMongameli uHugo Chávez wasebenzisa umhlangano ohlangeneyo ukuze abhale umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, agxilise amandla kumphathi, futhi anciphise igunya leNkanto ephakeme neSishaya - ngqungquthela. Uma nje kususiwe ukuhlolwa, indlela yokulawula i-agculkncul.

Ukwanda Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, isivikelo samalungelo abantu sixhomeke ekuthandweni kahle yilabo abaphethe. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi amalungelo ancipha ngokushesha lapho kungekho nhlangano engabekela uhulumeni inselele. Inkululeko yokukhuluma incishiswa ngemithetho yokuhlola noma ngokuchitha ubudlova ngokuphikisana. Inkululeko yokuhlangana inqatshelwa ngokufuna imvume engavunyelwa. Inqubo ilahlwa njengezinkantolo zomshoshaphansi noma izinkantolo zezempi esikhundleni sabahluleli abangakhethi.

Izinhlelo ezidinga imvume yokwahlulela ngaphansi kwezimiso ezilinganiselwe zingasebenza ngaphandle kobubonisi. Amaqembu amancane asengozini kakhulu: ngaphandle kwenkantolo yokushaya umthetho wobuhlalo, imithetho ecindezelayo isasebenza. Ukungabikho kwamaqabunga ezakhamuzi ezizimele azimeleyo angenakhambi elingokomthetho uma amalungelo awo ephulwa. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngokudumile, usongo olukhulu lwenkululeko luwuhulumeni owephula umthetho ongenakuvinjelwa yinhlangano.

Imiphumela Engokomnotho

Amasheke namasilinganiso akuzona nje izikhungo zezombangazwe kuphela. Kukhona futhi ukulawulwa komthetho, ukuthatheka, nokuzimela okungabonisiyo kwakha indawo lapho amabhizinisi engabeka khona ngokuqiniseka. Uma lezisivikelo zinyamalala, inkohlakalo iyanda. Izivumelwano zikahulumeni zinikezwa ama-crons, amalungelo empahla aphelelwa amandla, futhi i-judicary ayisaphoqeleli izivumelwano ngokulunga. Umphumela uba ukubhakela kwekomkhulu, ukuncishiswa kwemali kwamanye amazwe, ukuncipha kwezomnotho.

Uma kungekho ukuqondisa kwemithetho, amabhange aphakathi angabekwa phambili, kuholele ekuncipheni kwenqubo yemali yokunyuka kwamandla emali. Isiyalo se-Fiscal siyanyamalala njengoba abaqondisi besebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume evela ephalamende. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okuthatha isikhathi eside kwemibuso eminingi ye-athoristism, kusuka eZimbabwe kuya e-Siriya ngaphansi komkhaya wakwa-Assad . .=Izinzuzo ezimfutshane ezibangelwa ukwenza izinqumo zinqotshwa yinkohlakalo nempatho elawulwa i-asdad.

Ubuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke Nokungaguquguquki Komhlaba Wonke

Amazwe angenazo izingcingo nezilinganiso zangaphakathi ngokuvamile aletha izingozi ekuzinzeni kwesifunda nakwembulunga yonke. Isimiso sawo sangaphandle singashintshashintsha, sishoshozelwa yizinhloso zombusi oyedwa kunokuba sihloselwe ukuqashelwa. Izenzo zempi zobuthakathi, ukuphulwa kwezivumelwano, nokuxhaswe kwezivumelwano. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ziyayekelela ngoba akukho nqubo yasekhaya yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulalela. Izifunda zendawo kumelwe zilungiselele ukuziphatha okungalindelekile, kwandisa ingozi yengxabano.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe alahla amasheke namagebesi ngokuvamile aba izindawo ezilondekile zokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali ezingekho emthethweni noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu, akhiphela ukulahlwa ezimisweni zomhlaba wonke. IZizwe Ezihlangene, iWorld Bank, nezinye izinhlangano zihlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo usizo lokuthuthukisa nokuqaphela kobudlelwano ekunamatheleni ezindinganisweni zomthetho. Umbuso ongenacala ngaphakathi ungase ubhekane nezijeziso, ukuzihlukanisa, kanye nethonya elinciphileyo ezingeni lembulunga yonke.

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando

Ukuhlola izindaba ezithile kwembula izindlela ezivamile: ukubekwa kwegunya kuqala, ukucindezelwa kokuphikiswa, ukuwa kwemingcele engokomthetho, kanye nenhlekelele ekugcineni.

AmaNazi aseJalimane (1933-1945)

Ukuvela kuka-Adolf Hitler ekubuseni mhlawumbe kuyisibonelo esihlasimulisa kakhulu sendlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okungasuswa ngayo ngokushesha. iReichstag Fire ngoFebruary 1933 yanikeza ibhaxa leReichstag Fire Sign, elalengisa i-habeas corpus, inkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nezinye izinqumo zomphakathi. Kungakadluli inyanga kamuva, i-Eniting Act yavumela uhulumeni ukuba udlulise imithetho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwephalamende iminyaka emine. I-Reidicantiary, kunokuba imelane, ngokushesha ivumelane nombono wamaNazi − − amajajistance , kanye neminye imithetho engokomthetho yayingaphansi kwentando ye-Führer. Njengomphumela, iJalimane yashintshwa kuhulumeni wentando yentando yeningi ezwekazini ngenyanga. Ukungathwa kwanoma isiphi isiphi iSigungu seMpi somhlaba II.

ISoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin

Umthetho kaJoseph Stalin ubonisa indlela ukususwa kwemihlola yangaphakathi kanye nesahluleli esizimele okungaveza ngayo ukubusa kobuphekula. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa amandla ekupheleni kwawo-1920, uStalin wakhipha iQela lamaKhomanisi, ibutho lezempi, nezinkonzo zobuhlakani. Bonisa amacala alahlwayo asekelwe ekuvumeni ngokuphoqelelwa, kanye nenhlangano enkulu yenkampane yezisebenzi (iGulag) ebambe izigidi zeziboshwa zezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kokuhlola amaphoyisa asemfihlekweni, ukuboshwa nokubulawa ngokungenasizathu. Isimiso saseSoviet ekugcineni sawa ngaphansi kobunzima baso bokuvuma izono ngokuphoqedwelwa, kodwa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuhlupheka.

Ukuwa KweRome Republic

Umlando wasendulo unikeza nezifundo. IRome Republic yathatha amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yesimiso sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola: iziphakamiso ezimbili eziphethena i-veto, iSigele esasilawula izimali, nemihlangano edumile eyayingadlulisa imithetho. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ojenene abanamandla njengoJulius Caesar banqwabelanisa amabutho abantu futhi bashaya imingcele. Lapho uKesari ewela i-Rubicon ngo-49 BCE, waqalisa impi yombango. Ubushiqela bakhe obulandelayo, ukubulawa, nokuvela kuka-As Augustus kwaqeda ukubusa kwe-riphabliki. Ukuswela kwezimiso ezisebenzayo kwavumela umuntu oyedwa ukuba anqobe isimiso, kuholele ekuthatheni imingcele ye-ompetho yezohwebo.

Izibonelo Zanamuhla: IVenezuela NeHungary

Izibonelo zamuva kakhulu zihlanganisa iVenezuela ngaphansi kukaHugo Chávez noNicolás Maduro, neHungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orbán. EVenezuela, uCávez wasebenzisa umthetho-siseko omusha ukuze abeke amandla, wagcwalisa iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu nabaqotho, futhi wagunyaza ibutho lempi ezindima zesizwe. I-National Constituteent Assembly yathathelwa indawo yi-Constituent Assembly elawulwa yiqembu elibusayo. Ukuwa kwezomnotho, ukukhukhumala kweze, futhi inhlekelele engokobuntu yalandela. EHungary, i-Orbán’s Fidesz yamisa umthetho we-sescet ngokomthetho weNkathiyongalatho, yokukhetha, ukulawula imithetho yomthetho wokhetho, nokulawula i-Regalders Union, igxeka i-1901seyaseyaseyaseyaseya.

Ukulinganisela Okungalawuleki: Izinsongo Zanamuhla Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Ngisho nasebudemokrasini obusebushaye isikhathi eside, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nokucindezela okuphikelelayo. Ukuqonda lezizinsongo kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuwa okuchazwe ngenhla.

Ukufinyelela Esikhundleni Esiphezulu Ezakhiweni Zombuso Zanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, izikhulu eziningi zemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ziye zandisa amandla azo ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, futhi zaphula izinqubo ezivamile zomthetho. Nakuba izenzo ezinjalo zingalunga phakathi nezinkinga zangempela, zingaba ithuluzi lokugwema ukulandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress yase-U.S. iye yanika igatsha igunya elibalulekile enkampanini yezohwebo, ukuthutha, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Uma umsebenzi wesikhulu ngaphandle kokugunyaza komthetho, ukulinganisela. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zihlehlisa, kodwa amakhambi ahlulele angathatha ijubane futhi angaphelele.

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinkantolo Nokuzimela Kokwahlulela

Ijaji elizimele yi-inchpin yezehlo nezilinganiso. Uma uhulumeni ekwazi ukuhlanganisa izinkantolo nabaqotho, angagoma ngokuphumelelayo ekubekeni inselele engokomthetho. Ukupakisha kweNkantolo kuye kwenzeka ePoland naseHungary, lapho abahluleli basuswa noma bamiswa khona abahluleli abasha bezombangazwe. INkantolo ye-Europe Yobulungisa iye yanquma ngokumelene nale mikhuba, kodwa umonakalo ekuzimela ngokwayo kokwahlulela uhlala isikhathi eside. E-United States, iziphakamiso zokwandisa iNkantolo ePhakathi zilokhu zikhonkwa yimiba yomibili, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncintisana kwemizwa kwemizwa yezomthetho. Nkantolo yenkantolo ibhekwa njengemishini eqinile, ukufaneleka kwayo njengomlindiswane.

Ukuqiniswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezakhiwo Zesine

I-media yamaphephandaba ekhululekile isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imibuso kahulumeni − ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi isakhamuzi sesine. Uma imithombo yezindaba ilawulwa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni ezihlangene noma ilawulwa ngokuqondile, imishini yokuhlola ihlupheka. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo okufanele ziphoqelele imithetho emelene nokholo zingabheka enye indlela, futhi izintatheli zibhekene nokwesatshiswa noma ukuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho. Emazweni azimele, imithombo yezindaba ivalwa ngokuphelele. Nokho, edemocracyism, ngisho nezindlela ezicashile zokuthatha izihloko zomphakathi − ezilula noma zisebenzise imithetho yokuthulisa abagxeki bezincwadi ukuze zithule lokhu kuhlola okubalulekile.

Ukuvikela Isimiso: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokuqapha

Ukulondoloza amasheke nokulinganisela kudinga okungaphezu kombhalo womthetho - sisekelo; kudinga ukuthembisana komphakathi nokuzinza kwezinhlangano.

Imfundo Nengxenye Ehlangene

I-volotetate enolwazi ingohlu lokuqala lokuzivikela. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo − kanye nendlela amandla angasetshenziswa ngayo kabi.(-emmonds) abavoti ukuba baphendule izikhulu. Izikole, amayunivesithi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zigcizelele ukufunda nokubhala komphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuhlukanisa imibuso. Ukuhlanganyela ekuchosheni komphakathi, amahholo edolobha, nokhetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bazizwa becindezelwa umbono womphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingaba nendaba exekethile, umnyango uvulela ukuphamba kwesikhulu.

Umklamo Weziqu Nokushintsha

Izinqumo ngokwazo zingaqiniswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusungula amakhomishane okuzimela okumelene nokonakala, ukuqinisa amakomiti okwahlulela, nokuvikela ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kungaqinisa ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Imingcele yokuhlela, izigaba zokushona kwelanga emagunyeni aphuthumayo, nezimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu zokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo zinikeza izivikelo ezengeziwe. Izinhlangano zomhlaba zonke ezifana ne International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Convition kanye ne-World Justice Project inikeza izisekelo zokuhlola nokuthuthukisa umthetho wezimiso. Ukufunda emazweni aye aphinde avuselelwa ngokuphumelelayo ngemva kwezikhathi zokuhlola kwe-19668] njengezikhathi zezempi yamazwe eBrazil.

Isiphetho

Ukungabikho kwemishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela akulona iqiniso elicatshangelwayo − liyinto eyenzeka njalo eye yaholela kwezinye zezinhlekelele ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni. Kusukela eJalimane lamaNazi kuya eVenezuela yanamuhla, lesi sibonelo sikhona: ngaphandle kokuzinziswa kwezinhlangano, amandla aba aphelele, amalungelo anyamalala, futhi umphakathi uhlupheke. Ngakho - ke ukulinganisela ngokulingana okungacindezeli phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni kuwumthwalo oqhubekayo, hhayi ukufezwa okukodwa. Njengezakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabaholi, kumelwe sihlale siqaphile, sivikele izinhlangano ezizimele, futhi sifune ukulandisa ngalabo ababusayo. Kungakho kuphela lapho singaqinisekisa khona ukuthi isivikelo esicatshangelwayo esibekwe yizimo ezingokomthetho womthetho sihlala njalo.