Isingeniso: Izinsika Zenqubo Yokwahlulela

Isimiso somthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisesikweni somthetho ovamile noma somthetho womphakathi, sakhiwe emsebenzini ohlangene wamalungu amaningana ayinhloko. Phakathi kwawo, amajaji, abameli, namajaji akha isisekelo sezenzo zenkantolo. Kunokumane nje sibe yizintambo emshinini wobubhishobhi, laba bakhankasi basebenzisa ukwahlulela, basekela izivikelo ze-procedro, futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano ziyaxazululwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele kwemisebenzi yabo ekhethekile nemikhosi ehlangene akubalulekile kuphela kochwepheshe bezomthetho kodwa futhi nasezakhamuzini ezingase zizithole zise zisenkantolo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuningi kwendima ngayinye, ukuhlukahlukahluka kwemimo engokomthetho, nokudlala okuchaza inqubo yanamuhla.

Abahluleli: Abaqondisi Bobuqotho Obungokomthetho Nenqubo Elungile

Abahluleli bahlala enkabeni yazo zonke izinkantolo. Bangabamangali abangathathi hlangothi abanikezwa umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuphathwa ngokufanele, ukuthi ubufakazi busingathwa kahle, nokuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki. Nakuba umphakathi ngokuvamile ubheka abahluleli njengabaphoqelelwa ukuba bajezise isijeziso, imithwalo yabo yangempela yemfanelo mikhulu kakhulu futhi icacile.

Umtapo Womahluleli

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wejaji uwukwengamela ukuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuhilela ukubusa ngezenzo, ukunquma ukungezwani kobufakazi, ukuyala abahluleli ngomthetho, futhi ekugcineni ukukhipha isinqumo emacaleni asebhentshini (izinkantolo ngaphandle kwejaji). Abahluleli futhi baphatha inkantolo ngendlela ehloniphekile, beqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izigigaba , ukuhlushwa nokuvikelwa, ukuqulwa kwamacala okungagunyaziwe nokumangalelwa, ukulalelwa nokuqulelwa. Ezikhundleni eziningi, abahluleli banegunya lokulahla abameli ngokuziphethe izigwebo zokungalawuleki nokusingatha izinqubo zokwephuzi. Inkantolo engalawulwa kahle ihlazi ithemba esimisweni sokwahlulela; ngakho, abahluleli kumelwe bahlanganise ulwazi olungokomthetho nekhono lokuphatha nokuqaphela.

Izinhlobo Zabahluleli Nezinkantolo

Isakhiwo sejaji ngokuvamile sihlanganisa amazinga amaningana, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile:

  • amajaji angokomthetho (abizwa futhi ngokuthi amajaji esigodi noma izimantshi) ezwa amacala ngokokuqala ngqá. Bengamele ivoir (ukukhetha okubuhlungu), ukubusa ezimpikiswaneni, futhi bakhiphe iziyalezo. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, abahluleli abamajaji abaquli, abaphethe izindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu. Nokho, ezinye izifunda zabela abahluleli ezinhlangothini ezikhethekile njengenkantolo yomkhaya, iprobate, noma izikhankathi ezincane.
  • [ amajaji ahlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi. Ababuyisi ubufakazi noma babize ofakazi. Kunalokho, bahlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokwahlulela nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ukuze banqume ukuthi amaphutha omthetho noma inqubo yenzeka. Izinqumo ze-profecta zivame ukumisa izicathulo ezibopha izinkantolo eziphansi, zenza labahluleli abanamandla abaklama imfundiso engokomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amajaji ezinkantolo ezinkulu zikahulumeni noma eZinkantolo zezecala.
  • Abahluleli abanezici ezithile bagxila ezindaweni ezimngcingo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, abahluleli abawiswe yimali basingatha imicimbi yokuncitshiswa kwemali; abahluleli benkantolo yentela baxazulula izimpikiswano neziphathimandla zemali; futhi abahluleli bomthetho wokuphatha bezwa izinselele ezisemikhankasweni kahulumeni. Ubuchwepheshe babo buvumela ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokungaguquguquki emikhakheni eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela

Isimiso esiqinile sezimiso zomthetho zentando yeningi yinkululeko yokwahlulela. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, nethonya labathathi-mfundama noma amaqembu. Lokhu ukuzimela kuvikelwa ngokuphila noma ngokumiswa kwesikhathi eside, isivikelo seholo, nemithetho evimbela abahluleli ukuba bangene emisebenzini encintisanayo. Nokho, ukuzimela akusho ukuthi akumelwe kuqashelwe. Abahluleli bafanelwe yizindikimba, ukubukeza, nokungahambisani ezimweni zokuziphethe kabi okukhulu. Umbango ophakathi kozibuse nowenziswa yisihloko esiqhubekayo ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho i-judiaary ibhekene nenkokeli yezikhulu.

Abameli: Abasekeli, Abeluleki, Nabagcini Bobulungisa

Abameli bamelela amakhasimende ezindabeni zomthetho. Bayindawo eyinhloko ehlukanisa izakhamuzi nesimiso somthetho. Umsebenzi wabo udlulela ngalé kwenkantolo; ingxenye enkulu yosuku lommeli isetshenziselwa ukwabela amakhasimende, ukubhala izincwadi, ukuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala, nokwenza ukucwaninga.

Indima Eyisibopho Yomsekeli Nomeluleki

Njengabameli, abameli baphikisana nelungelo labo lezomthetho phambi kwenkantolo noma inkantolo. Balungisa iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, bahlole ofakazi, futhi baxazulule izimpikiswano zomlomo. Ukuqamba kudinga amakhono aqinile okulawula, ulimi olukholisayo, nolwazi olujulile lwemithetho ebekwe phansi. Njengoba abeluleki, abameli beluleka abathengi ngamalungelo abo angokomthetho nezibopho zabo, bebasiza ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe eziqondiswe ngaphandle kokuthethwa. Lo msebenzi wokweluleka ubaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni zezentengiselwano. Ngokungathi uzokwenza ibhizinisi noma ukwakha ibhizinisi. / /aphoase umgomo uvimbela ukungezwani ngaphambi kokuba kuvele.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokukhethekile Emsebenzini Ongokomthetho

Inqubo yanamuhla engokomthetho ikhethekile. Ummeli akanakukwazi ukusingatha zonke izici zomthetho ngokufanele. Ezinye izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Abameli abavikelayo bamelela abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bathola ukuphathwa ngokufanele, babekela ubufakazi obungafanele inselele, futhi bancenganisa. Umsebenzi wabo ulawulwa ngelungelo lokweluleka, ezimisweni eziningi okuqinisekisa ummeli ngalabo abangakwazi ukuthenga.
  • Ama-Civil litigator asingatha izingxabano phakathi kwesivumelwano esiyimfihlo, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuxabana kwempahla, nokufuna umsebenzi. Aqondisa izigebengu ngokuthola, ngokuthatha uhambo, nangokuqulisa, futhi ngokuvamile asebenzela ngesisekelo senkokhelo yokulungisa.
  • Abameli abaphethe izikhulu zezentengiselwano beluleka amabhizinisi ngokulalela imithetho, izivumelwano, ukuhlanganisa, impahla, nomthetho wemisebenzi. Ayivamile ukuvela enkantolo; kunalokho, agxila ekuqondiseni izingozi nasekuthengiseleni i-structal.
  • Isithakazelo se-Public break breat sisebenzela izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma imitholampilo engokomthetho. Ngokuvamile simelela imiphakathi encishisiwe emacala ahilela amalungelo omphakathi, izindlu, izinzuzo, noma ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ebalulekile Nokuziphatha Okuwubuchwepheshe

Abameli baboshwe ngemithetho yokuziphatha okugunyaziwe okugunyaza ukuba umuntu abe nekhono, agcine imfihlo, athembeke, futhi athembeke. Kumelwe bagweme izingxabano zesithakazelo futhi bangasizi emsebenzini wokukhohlisa noma ongekho emthethweni. Umsebenzi wobuqotho enkantolo ubaluleke kakhulu: ummeli angase angabunikezi ubufakazi obungamanga noma aphawule igunya elingokomthetho eliye lalawulwa. Ukuphula umthetho kungaholela ekulahleni, ekukhokheleni, ekukhokheleni iziphakamiso, noma ekumangaleleni kobugebengu. Izimiso zigcina umsebenzi ongokomthetho unecala futhi ulondoloze ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

Indima Yejury: Izwi Lomphakathi Ekunqanyulweni

Ijaji liyisibonakaliso sezimiso zomthetho ofanayo, lilandela izimpande zalo eNgilandi ephakathi. Lisebenza njenge-search mayelana namandla okwahlulela futhi liletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo. Abasizi bangabantu abavamile, hhayi ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kodwa baphathiswe umsebenzi ophezulu wokunquma amaqiniso nokukhipha izinqumo.

Indlela Amajuba Asebenza Ngayo Emacaleni Omphakathi Nasesigebengwini

Emacaleni obugebengu, abahluleli banquma ukuthi ummangalelwa uye waliveza icala lakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, abahluleli banquma icala futhi ezimweni eziningi, bakhokhela amadivosi. Umahluleli ufundisa abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kodwa abahluleli bodwa bahlola ubufakazi futhi bafaka ubufakazi bokuthembeka. Lokhu kuhlukanisa icala. − umahluleli unquma umthetho, amaqiniso. Nokho, akuwona wonke amazwe asebenzisa izijukulu; izimiso zemithetho yombango ngokuvamile zithembele emagqumeni abahluleli noma ezinkantolo ezixubile namajaji angomabili angochwepheshe.

Izinhlobo Zamajuri: Amajurie Amakhulu Ne - Petit Juries

Abantu abaningi bajwayelene nejaji eliqulwayo (ijaji eliyi-patit), kodwa uhlobo oluhlukile − abahluleli abakhulu . basebenza ngaphambi kwecala. Ijaji elikhulu lizwa ubufakazi kumshushisi futhi linqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokumangalela (ukumangalela okungokomthetho). Izehlulelo ezinkulu ziyimfihlo, futhi isisulu sokuphenywa akunalungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi noma ufakazi bamajaji abanqamulene. E-United States, i-Galementation idinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwe-jaji kwe-felon, nakuba amazwe amaningi esebenzisa ezinye izinqubo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelene, kuhilela ukuboniswa obala futhi kuhilela ukunikezwa yizinhlangothi zombili.

Ukukhetha I - Jury Nenselele Yokungakhethi

Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ijaji [1] iklanyelwe ukuveza iqoqo elingakhethi. Ama-athorney asemaceleni womabili abuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba abahluleli bangaba nobandlululo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nezimo zengqondo ezingathinta ukwahlulela kwabo. Izinselele zokuzikhulula zivumela abameli ukuba bakhiphe inani elilinganiselwe lejaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, kuyilapho izinselele zembangela yokufuna ukususwa okuboniswa kobandlululo. Umgomo ungabahluleli abamele isigaba esilungile somphakathi. Izenzakalo eziphezulu zihilela ukugwema okukhulu ukuze bagweme ukwahlulela. Izentelekelelo zeNkathi zeNkathi ye-United States zinikeza izinkonzo eziwusizo [[FLT] [FLD:] izinqubo zenkonzo [FFT]

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinto Eziphilayo: Amandla Aphikisanayo

Enye yezici eziphikiswana kakhulu zezinkantolo yigunya lokuchitha amajaji, ikhono lejaji lokukhulula ummangalelwa ngisho noma ubufakazi bubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lamandla aphakama ngenxa yokuthi isinqumo sabahluleli sokungabi nacala asinakuguqulwa. Ikomiti ingaqala lapho abahluleli bephikisana nomthetho ngokwawo noma bakholelwe ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokungafanele. Nakuba abanye bebheka ukuncishiswa njengesivikelo esimelene nokucindezelwa, abanye baphikisa ukuthi kululaza umthetho futhi kuholela ezinqumweni eziguquguqukayo. Izinkantolo eziningi zivimbela abameli ukuba batshele izigebengu ngokuncishwa komthetho, futhi abahluleli abafundisa abahluleli abaqondisi ukuba basebenzise umthetho ngokungafanele.

Ukuhlangana Nokungezwani Phakathi Kwabenzi Bemithetho

Abahluleli, abameli, nabameli abasebenzi e-silos. Ukusebenzelana kwabo kudala inkundla yecala eqinile. Umahluleli umisa imithetho nemithetho; abameli banikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano; abahluleli balalela futhi banqume. Izingxabano zingavela. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angavimbela uhlu lommeli lokubuza njengongasizi, noma umahluleli angadebeselela iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni. Isimiso sokwahlulela sincike kulengxabano ukuze acwengisise iqiniso. Ngalesosikhathi, ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kubalulekile: ummeli ohlukume umahluleli angase athathe ubandlululo, noma umahluleli olawula icala angase angene esabelweni yabahluleli.

Indima Yokumangalela

Kumthetho wobugebengu, umshushisi ummeli omelela umbuso. Ngokungafani neseluleko sokuzivikela, umshushisi unomthwalo wemfanelo ombaxambili: ukufuna ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuzuza izinkolelo ezicatshangelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuveza ubufakazi bokumangalela, ukugwema ukuququzelela, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uthola icala elifanele. Umshushisi usebenza eduze namaphoyisa nabaphenyi, kodwa kumelwe alondoloze inkululeko. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabashushisi namajaji bubuye bugxeke; abahluleli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi akuyona inqubo.

Indima Eqeqeshiwe Ye - Attorney Yokuzivikela

Abameli abavikelayo basebenza njengesehlo embusweni kahulumeni. Baphoqelela ukuba umshushisi afakazele icala lakhe, aphikise ukuphenywa okungekho emthethweni, futhi avikele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wommangalelwa. Ngisho nalapho emelela ikhasimende elinecala, ummeli ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lenqubo ilungile nokuthi isijeziso sifanelana nobugebengu. Ukuxabana phakathi kokumangalelwa nokuzivikela yikho okuveza amaqiniso futhi ekugcineni kusiza abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele umphumela olungile.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Amajaji Namajaji Ezimisweni Ezihlukene Zezomthetho

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko ezimisweni ezivamile zemithetho (njengase-United States, United Kingdom, e-Australia), kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi amazwe amaningi anezimiso ezingafani. Emazweni omthetho wesizwe njengaseFrance noma eJalimane, umahluleli uthatha indima eshiseka kakhulu, yokuqulwa kwecala (ofakazi bokuhlola nokuqondisa). Abahluleli bangahlala eduze kwabaphathi abavamile ezinkantolo ezixubile. Indima yommeli ayiyona indida yokufuna ukuphenduliswa kwemithetho eyimfihlo futhi ayithathi thi ukunikeza izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala okungavamile noma okungekona okungahambisani nemithetho eminingi ye-mthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kuveza iqiniso lokuthi izimiso zomthetho ziyimisebenzi engokomthetho, hhayi amafomu ezindaweni zonke. Ingxoxo ebanzi, [FLT] [FLT]

Izinselele Nezinguquko Ezikhona Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Izindima ezingokwesiko zabahluleli, abameli, neziqu zomthetho ziyavumelana. Imithetho, ukuphakama kwesinqumo sokunye ukuphikisana (i-application, i-mediation), kanye nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kobuchwepheshe (ukufihla, ukuzwa kude) kubuye kushayelele inqubo. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, abahluleli manje baphatha iziteshi ezinkulu ezinezisekelo ezilinganiselwe, kuyilapho abameli bebhekene nokucindezela kokulungisa izindaba kunokuba baye ekuqulweni. Isimiso sokwahlulela ngokwaso sibhekene nokugxekwa: izihloko eziphathelene nempumelelo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ithonya lezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yokungakhethi, futhi izindleko eziphakeme zokuqulwa kwezehlakalo eziholele ekubizeni. Ezinye izinkantolo zizama ngezindlela ezimfushane zokuqulwa kwecala, iziyalezo ezilandelanayo, futhi zivumela ukuba kuhlolwe imibuzo exutshisiwe. Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo zingabona ukuphikisana kwezimiso zezesayensi yanamuhla.

Isiphetho: Isiphetho Esiyisisekelo Sobulungisa

Isimiso somthetho asiwona umshini olawulwa abantu. Abahluleli, abameli, nabasizi bomthetho abazona izikhulu ezingenaluzwela kodwa abantu abaphunyukayo ababoshwe yimithetho, izimiso, nomgomo ohlanganyelweyo wokulunga. Abahluleli baphoqelela uhlaka, abameli phakathi kwalo, futhi baletha isahlulelo somphakathi. Uma lezi zisebenzi ezintathu zisebenza kahle, isimiso sizuza ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Uma behluleka ukucwaswa, ukuhluleka, noma ukukhohlakazeka. [1] Ukukholelwa ekulungeni kobulungisa kubhuntsha. Ukuqonda indima ngayinye kuyisinyathelo lokuqala ekuthuthukiseni isimiso somphakathi. Labo abafuna ukufundwa, Inhlangano yombiko wokwahlulela womphakathi inikeza ukukholeka kokwethemba ezinkantolo [FLT] [FF1]