Isimiso sokwahlulela simi njengensika yokubusa kwentando yeningi, siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa nobuqotho akuyona imicabango engekho kodwa izinto ezingokoqobo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Sihlanganisa iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lezinhlangano, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izinqubo, nezimiso ezisekela wonke umthetho. Lesi simiso sinikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuchaza imithetho, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesimiso sisebenza kanjani kubaluleke kusenzeka kumninikhaya ngamunye, njengoba sithinta ngokuqondile inkululeko yakhe siqu, ukuzinza kwezomnotho, nokuziphendulela icala ngecala. Igatsha lokwahlulela eliqinile linikeza isilinganiso segunya lemithetho yemithetho ne-Greant, livimbela ukucunulwa nokugcinwa kwezithembiso zomthetho womthetho. Ngaphandle komthetho ozimele nosebenzayo. Ukuqonda umthetho wezwe, umthetho womphakathi oncithayo, nezimiso zomphakathi.

Izingxenye Zezikhova Zesimiso Sokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela sanamuhla sakhiwe phezu kwezingxenye eziningana ezihlangene ezisebenza ndawonye ekudluliseleni ubulungisa. Isici ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile ekulungiseni izindaba, ekusebenziseni imithetho, nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imiphumela ilungile futhi ayiguquguquki. Lezi zingxenye zihlanganisa iziphathi zenkantolo, abahluleli, abameli, izigijimi, nezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukusebenzelana kwabo. Zizonke, zikha indawo lapho izingxabano zingavezwa khona, zihlolwe, futhi zinikezwe ngokwezindinganiso ezimisiwe zomthetho.

Izinkantolo: Izikhulu Eziphakathi Zokulunga

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano eziyinhloko lapho kuzwakala khona izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi zinqunywe khona. Zihlelwe ngokwesimiso sezikhulu zezikhulu ukuba zinikeze kokubili isinqumo sokuqala namathuba okubukeza. Isimiso esivamile se-330tier sihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo ze-applate, nenkantolo ephakeme (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme). Izinkantolo, futhi ezaziwa njengezinkantolo zesenzakalo sokuqala, zisingatha izinqumo eziningi zecala. [ezezinye izinkantolo], iNkakhulu zenkantolo (zomthetho nezomphakathi. Lapha, ubufakazi bunikezwa, ufakazi, futhi ijajibhini noma inkantolo inquma inquma ukuthi amaqiniso. Applate ihlola irekhodi ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswe ngokulungile nokuthi amaphutha enkantolo awazange alulazekele isigwebo. [empephonsi yemithetho engokomthetho, i-UF], inikeza isibonelo esiphezulu seNkantolo eMnyango ephakeme kakhulu ye-United States, isebenza njengekhasahlulelo lomthetho esiwumumumumumumumumumumumumumumu engokomthetho. [ejingamele uku

Abahluleli: Izinduna Zezentengiselwano Zesihle

Abahluleli baqondisa izinkantolo, bahlulele ngobufakazi, bathathe izinqumo, futhi ekugcineni bakhethe amaphutha ebhentshini. Kulindeleke ukuba bangathathi hlangothi, bahlukane kakhulu nemfundiso engokomthetho, futhi babe nekhono ekuqondiseni inkantolo. Izindlela zokukhetha ziyahlukahluka ngegunya: abanye abahluleli bamiswa ngesikhulu noma ikomiti yokwahlulela, kuyilapho abanye bekhethwa umphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuyagxeka. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ezingcindezweni zangaphandle, noma ezintweni ezisemkhankapheni zezombangazwe, noma ezingosini ezicebile, noma ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, ukuze banikeze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemathelini. Izindinganiso zokuxhumana ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezentethelelo engokomthetho, ukuvinjelwa ngokwezi zezokuxhumana, nokunamathela kwezimiso zezeluleko. Izimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho zikhuthaza ukuphatha isithunzi.

Abameli: Abasekeli Nabeluleki

Abameli bamelela abathengi phambi kwezinkantolo nakweminye imikhakha engokomthetho. Bakhonza njengabameli, abaqondisi, abaqondisi, abaqondisa abantu, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokulandelana kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Emacaleni ezingokomthetho, abameli bamelela umbuso, befuna ukufakazela icala lommangalelwa ngalé kokungabaza okunengqondo, kuyilapho abameli bevikela amalungelo omthetho omthetho, futhi bevikela amalungelo omthetho, futhi besebenzisa iziqondiso zokugwema ukuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga nokubekwa icala ngokulunga. Izimiso zemithetho yezemthetho zibekwa yimithetho yezomthetho, izinqumo ezingokomthetho, izimemezelo ezingokomthetho, izingxabano zezivumelwano, impahla, umthetho, izikhundla, izikhundla, futhi ezinye izikhundla, izimemezelo eziqinile, izikhundla zemithetho engokomthetho, i-J. I-Bhomoni, i-omganeze, futhi i-omfa yomthetho.[A.]

Amajaji: Izwi Lomphakathi

Isimiso sokwahlulela sifaka izakhamuzi ngokuqondile enqubweni yokwahlulela, ukunikeza isixwayiso egunyeni likahulumeni futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zomthetho ziveza izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ekuqulweni kwecala, izigebengu ngokuvamile zinamalungu ayi-12 (naphezu kwemikhakha eyisithupha) okuvamile ukuba zifinyelele isinqumo esihlangene sokuqiniseka emacaleni amaningi angathi sína. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, izinga lokwahlulela lingaba lincane, futhi izinqumo zidinga ukukhombisa okukhulu kakhulu. Izimiso ezingokomthetho zidinga ukukhombisa isigwebo esingcono kakhulu. Izehlulelo ezivamile zikhethwa esabelweni somphakathini ngenqubo ehlanganisa ukunxusa okungenangozi nokuphendulelwa okungaqondile. Ngezinye izikhathi zingakhuthazwa ukukhohliswa ngokungenakulungiseka okukhulu. Izimiso ezingathi zithola iziqondiso ezingathi ziwumthetho eziwugunyaze kakhulu, futhi zikhiphe iziqondiso ezingathi sína ngenxa yokulawula okungafanelekile.

Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho: Imithetho Yomdlalo

Imithetho elawulayo ibusa zonke izinyathelo zokumangalela, kusukela ekudluliseleni isikhalo kuya ekumiseni isahlulelo. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukubikezela, nokuphumelela. Inqubo engokomthetho egunyaza uhulumeni ukuba uhloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho abekwe umuntu, kuhlanganise nesaziso, ithuba lokuzwakala, nesinqumo sokungathathi hlangothi. Inqubo yokukhipha izikhangiso. Ilungelo lokukhipha izikhangiso ezicatshangelweyo kumacala obugebengu, noma ukukhipha isahlulelo sokukhipha isigwebo. [Inqubo yokukhipha i-projeza] Imvume yokulahla izigebethi ezinkantolo eziphakeme, ukunikeza i-nethemfektha yokuphepha ngenxa yamaphutha. (i-ADR) ehlukile, iyakuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namalungelo abekwe ngokomthetho athole izinqubo ezingokomthetho, futhi athole ukudunyiswa ngokushesha, nakuba kungenziwa nakancane. [ngendlela yokuveza inqubo yokwaziswa okubalulekile]

Imisebenzi yesimiso sokwahlulela

Ngaphandle kwesimiso salo sokuhlelwa, isimiso sokwahlulela senza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esekela umphakathi onobulungisa nohlelekile. Umsebenzi ngamunye uqinisa eminye, udala uhlelo oluhlangene lokusebenzisa imithetho, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zangasese nezemphakathi, nokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Lemisebenzi futhi isebenzelana namandla amakhulu ezombangazwe nawezenhlalo, ukwenza ummeli angabi nje umculi ongokomthetho kodwa umkhandi oyinhloko wokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho

Enye indima ebaluleke kakhulu yejaji ukuchaza incazelo yezimiso, izimiso, nezimiso zomthetho. Uma ulimi lomthetho lungaqondakali, noma lapho luphikisana nolunye umthetho, izinkantolo zingenela ukuxazulula ukungaqondakali. Ngencazelo, izinkantolo zicacisa izinhloso zemithetho, zigcwalisa izikhala ezisemthethweni, futhi “‘ ezimisweni zemithetho ezivamile zenza izimpawu ezibophayo eziqondisa izindaba zesikhathi esizayo. Isimiso sangaphambili [[FLT] udecis (ukwenze isinqumo sithuthukise ukuqina nokungaguquguquki, kodwa izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okulawula izinqubo eziphelelwe isikhathi lapho izimo zikhona. [ekukhona izinkantolo ezikhona], kusetshenziswa izimo ezihlukene. Izwe elinjalo [FLT: Brow][5] [eright Breast]) [12] (4] izigaba zezesigaba sezesigaba sezesigaba somphakathi sezezezwe elinguquluqulo) ezinguqulu , ukuvusekubusa ezingeni eliphansi, futhi zivunyelwe izinkantolo ezivunyenye

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano

Izingxabano azinakugwenywa kunoma yimuphi umphakathi, futhi isimiso sokwahlulela sinikeza indlela ehlelekile, enokuthula yokuzixazulula. Ngokuhlola nokunxusa, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bangaveza icala labo phambi kwegunya elingathathi hlangothi (‘a ijaji nejaji(noma ijaji() futhi bathole isinqumo esibophekayo. Lenqubo inciphisa amathuba okuzisiza noma ukwahlulela okuphaphamele, okungaphazamisa umphakathi. Emacala obugebengu, inkantolo eqashelwayo, ifuna isijeziso noma ukubuyiselwa komthetho. Emacala omphakathi, amaqembu afuna ikhambi anjengezindleko zemali, izimemo ezipho, noma izahlulelo zokukhipha izigwebo. Inqubo yokuzingela (idlayo ezindaweni ezivamile ezingokomthetho) ivikela ukuveza ukuphikisana kwazo okungcono kakhulu, futhi ikhiphe izinkantolo ezingenakukhokhwazwa. Izinkantolo ezihlukene kakhulu, nakuba kuneziphakaliswa ngokunye, izinkantolo ezihlukene, kodwa iziphakalelayo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo

Isimiso sokwahlulela siyisimiso sokugcina samalungelo abantu nenkululeko. Izinkantolo zomthetho ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yamalungelo, ukugadla imithetho ephazamisa ukukhulumisa, inkolo, ukuzifihla, noma isivikelo esifanayo. Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu ezithi zikhetha ubandlululo, ukuhlushwa, noma ukuphatha kabi. Inkantolo futhi ivikela amalungelo eziboshwa (ezethubeni) asemthethweni, ivikela amalungelo abantu atholakala ngokungemthetho (amalungelo okuthatha isigwebo), ukuthatha isigwebo esingekho emthethweni, ukubhekana nomthetho ongekho emthethweni, nokuvikela izingozi ezingozini eziphindwe kabili. Futhi, lapho uhulumeni ukhipha isigwebo sawo, izinkantolo zinikeza ikhambiso. Izelele, izivumelwano ezingagunyazi ukuthi izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zinikeza izingozi ezingokomthetho ezinjalo zezindawo ezingokomthetho. [Izinhlalo zomphakathi zomhlaba wonke, izinhlelo eziwugunyazayo, izinhlelo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womhlaba wonke.] [Izingagunyaziwe ze-F.]

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Komphakathi

Ngokumisa imithetho nokubeka izijeziso, isimiso sokwahlulela sisiza ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi futhi sivimbele ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Ukugwema kufeza izinjongo eziningi: isijeziso, ukunqanda (khona kokubili ukuziphatha okuqondile nokuvamile), ukubuyisela isijeziso, nokubuyisela. Usongo oluqinisekile lokuququlwa isigwebo nokujeziswa kukhuthaza ukuthobela umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo somphakathi sokulingwa nokusakazwa kwemibono kukhuthaza isimilo somphakathi nokukhuthaza izindinganiso zomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa izinga nezindinganiso, ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngokuziphatha okwamukelekayo. Izimiso zomthetho (*) isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ungaphansi komthetho, uqobo luyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokuqondisa isijeziso. Uma ukusebenza kahle, kunciphisa ukonakala namandla angenamthetho, ukukhokha izindleko ezingokobusweni zezentengokwasemphakathi, kodwa kuncishise izindleko zezimiso zomphakathi, ukukhohlakaza ukukhohlakala. Izimiso ezinjalo, njengoba kugcizelela ukuhle kakhulu ukuphatha kobulungisa, ukuhleba nokulungisa, kodwa kuncishwa kwezimiso zomphakathi, kodwa kuncipheka izinselele, kodwa kuncikelwe ukukho,

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yezindaba Ezizimele

Ijaji elizimele liyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Liqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zinqunywa ngokufanele umthetho namaqiniso, hhayi ngokwezinhloso zomthetho onamandla. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuvikelwa ngezivikelo zokwakha: ukuphila noma izimemezelo ezinde kubahluleli, ukuvikela ukuncishiswa kweholo, kanye nezinqubo zokumisa ezivimbela abahluleli ekuphindiselweni kwezombangazwe. Uma ukuhlukana kwezezombangazwe kubhekwa njengokungakhethi, ukuthemba umphakathi kuyakhula, futhi abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukwamukela izinqumo zenkantolo ngisho nalapho belahlekelwa imingcele. Ngokuphambene, ukuvikela noma ukukhohlakazeka kwemithetho yempi noma ukonakala kwempi kuqeda ukuthemba esiminyangweni esingokomthetho sonke futhi kubangela ukuncishiswa kwezentengo yomphakathi. Izimiso zokwahlulela ezingokomthetho, ifuna ukubusa kwezindawo eziphezulu, ngisho nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, imibandela yezindawo zezentengosi embusweni yezwe noma izikhulu zezentengoso ezindaweni zomthetho ezisekela inzuzo yokwahlulela.[10]

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwendima yayo ebalulekile, isimiso sokwahlulela sibhekene nezinselele eziningi. Ukunqwabelana kwecala nokuthatha indiva kwezezimali kubambezela ukulunga, ngokuvamile kuphoqelela abahilelekile ukuba balungise noma balahle izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa okungokomthetho kudala ukungalingani, njengoba izimboni ezicebile zingaba nemali engcono yabameli namacebo anamandla. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza izixazululo ezingase zixazululeke, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukufakwa kweze-electal, ukuhlelwa kwe-AINCEan, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalabo abangenakhomba-mdlanganiso. Imizamo yokwandisa ukwahlukana kwebhentshiwa kwemi nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zomthetho ezithuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukuthemba umphakathi nokuletha imibono ehlukene ezinqumleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kokucwaninga kwezimiso zomthetho nokuhlasela ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izizwe eziwusongela umthetho. Inkantolo kumelwe iphinde ikwazi ukuvala izingcingo eziqinile. Izindlela ezinjalo zokusiza ezingokomthetho, izikhonsonga eziphambili, iziphaka ezinye iziphaka eziqinile zezo zobulungisa.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela singaphezu kakhulu kokuqoqwa kwezindawo zomthetho, iqoqo eligcina ukuhleleka kwezenhlalayenza; iyinhlangano ephilayo ehlanganisa ukuzinikela komphakathi ekungakhethi, ukulingana, nokulandisa. Ngezinkantolo zayo, abahluleli, izijaji, izigiji, nemithetho ehleliwe, ichaza imithetho, ixazulula izingxabano, ivikela amalungelo, futhi igcine uhlelo lwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda izakhi zayo nemisebenzi yayo kunika i-odoli amandla okuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni nesimiso somthetho, kungaba ngabahluleli, abakhohlisi, abavoti, noma abasekeli benguquko. Njengoba imiphakathi iguqula, isimiso sokwahlulela kumelwe sivumelane nobuchwepheshe obusha, nokusongela kwezimiso zomthetho. Nokho ukuthunywa kwayo okuyisisekelo kuhlala: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela akuyona into elungile kodwa kungokweqiniso kubo bonke abafundi. Abafundisi bazuza ngokufanayo ekuqondeni kahle kwale ngokomthetho, ukufaneleka kwalendawo ezindaweni zokubusayo, njengoba isebenza ekuhlolweni komphakathi.[3] futhi kuveza amandla okuthena.