Ukuqonda Isimiso Sokwahlulela: Umsebenzi Wecala

Isigaba sabefundisi basenkantolo siyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, sinikeza inqubo ehleliwe neqondanayo yokuqondisa ukwahlulela. Ngokuveza amazinga acacile egunya negunya, isigaba sabefundisi siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aphathwa ngokunempumelelo, imibuzo engokomthetho ixazululwa ngokuvumelana, futhi amalungelo abantu avikelwa ngesimiso esihleliwe sokunxusa. Lesi sihloko sihlola amazinga ahlukene egunya lokwahlulela, imisebenzi yenkantolo ngayinye ngaphakathi kwesigaba sabefundisi, nokubaluleka okubalulekile kwalesimiso ekulondolozeni umthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma umane unesithakazelo endleleni ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo, ukuqonda okuphelele kwenkantolo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni amandla amakhulu enqubo yokwahlulela.

Ukuvuna Icala Elahlulelwayo

Isigaba sezikhulu zenkantolo sibhekisele elungiselelweni elihleliwe lezinkantolo eziphethe umthetho, eziyalwe yigunya lazo, igunya, nohlobo lwamacala eziwasingathayo. Ngaphakathi, isigaba sabefundisi simisa uchungechunge lomyalo nezindawo eziphambili: izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zibopha izinkantolo eziphansi, futhi amacala akhuphuka esuka ezinkantolo ezinkantolo eziqulwayo ukuya ezinkantolo eziphezulu. Lesi sakhiwo sivimbela isiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba ezinjalo ezingokomthetho ziphathwa ngendlela efanayo nokuthi amaphutha enkantolo ephansi angalungiswa ngezikhulu eziphakeme, ezinegunya.

Isigaba sabefundisi simi ngohlobo olufanayo, sinezisekelo ezibanzi zezinkantolo ezilalela amacala kuqala, iqoqo eliphakathi eliphakathi lezinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo eyodwa ephakeme kakhulu emqongweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingaba khona emazingeni ahlukahlukene, ezibonisa isidingo sobuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zomthetho. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, izimiso eziyisisekelo zezinkantolo ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe namasiko angokomthetho — ngokwesibonelo, i-United States inesigaba sesifunda samazwe esiphethe eduze kwezifundazwe, kuyilapho i-United Kingdom inesakhiwo esihlangene nezinkantolo ezihlukene zeNgilandi ne-Wales, i-Scotland, ne-Northern Ireland. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, izimiso eziyisisekelo zesigaba sesigaba somthetho — inhlonipho ngesibonelo, ukubukezwa kwe-Ellate, nemingcele ebanzi.

Ukuqonda isigaba sesigaba sekhulu lenkantolo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela abaqondisi bemithetho abalawula ngayo, indlela abameli abahlela ngayo amacala, nendlela abahluleli abachaza ngayo umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States siphethe igunya elibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ezidingida imibuzo kahulumeni, kuyilapho isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo asinamiphumela ebo ababophayo ngaphandle kwalelocala eliqondile.

Izinga Lenkantolo Engalawuleki: Ukuwohloka Okunemininingwane

Nakuba inani eliqondile lamazinga lingahlukahluka, izinkantolo eziningi zihlanganisa izitembu ezintathu eziyinhloko: izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ezidlulisa amacala, nenkantolo ephakeme. Ezinhlangothini eziningi, kukhona futhi inkantolo ephethe phakathi kwezinkantolo eziqulwayo nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zakha amagatsha engeziwe asingatha izigaba ezithile zecala. Ngezansi, sihlola isilinganiso ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, kuhlanganise negunya lazo, imisebenzi, nezindlela ezizizo.

Izinkantolo Zokwahlulela: Isisekelo Sesimiso Sokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zenkantolo, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesenzakalo sokuqala noma igunya lokuqala, ziqala lapho kuqulwa khona icala lomthetho. Ziyizinga eliphansi kakhulu kubaphathi besonto, kodwa azibalulekile neze — eqinisweni, amacala amaningi aqala futhi aphele kulezinga. Izinkantolo zenkantolo zinecala lokuthola amaqiniso ecala, ukusebenzisa umthetho obalulekile, nokukhipha isinqumo noma isahlulelo. Zisingatha zombili izimpikiswano zomphakathi (njengezivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nomthetho womkhaya) kanye nokumangalela izigebengu (ngokusuka emaphutheni angathi sína).

Enkantolo equlwayo, kunikezwa ubufakazi ngobufakazi, amaphepha, nemibukiso engokoqobo. Umahluleli wengamela inqubo, imithetho ephikisayo, futhi ayala abahluleli (uma ekhona) emthethweni. Amajaji, wona enza njenge-hoversay prompler, anqume ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela kubufakazi. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, futhi umahluleli unquma amaqiniso. Umphumela wenkantolo eqhubeka inkantolo ungaba ukuqulwa noma ukulahlwa emacaleni obugebengu, noma isahlulelo seqembu elilodwa enkantolo yomphakathi.

Izinkantolo eziningi zokuqulwa kwamacala zihlukaniswa kakhulu njengezinkantolo eziphethe izifundazwe nezinkantolo zezikhulu ezilinganiselwe. Le ngxenye isiza ekusingatheni izinkantolo eziphezulu, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesigodi. Izinkantolo zezenkantolo ezilinganiselwe, ngokungafani, zingeniswa namacala athile, njengeziphakamiso ezincane, amacala omgwaqo, noma izimpikiswano zezendawo ezivamile. Le ngxenye isiza ekusingatheni ukuthweswa kwecala futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izindaba ezilula zixazululwa ngokushesha nangethukela, kuyilapho amacala ayinkimbinkimbi ethola imithombo ephelele yezemithetho yenkantolo ephethe.

Izibonelo zezinkantolo zecala zase - United States zihlanganisa izinkantolo zeSigodi (inkantolo yesifundazwe), izinkantolo eziphakeme, nezinkantolo zezimantshi eNgilandi naseWales.

Izinkantolo Zokuhlolwa Kwabantu Ababoshelwe Eqenjini: Isiphetho Sokuqala Sokubukeza

Akuwona wonke ama-odosal asezinkantolo ezithatha iziphakamiso eziphakathi, kodwa lapho zikhona, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni umthwalo enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu. I-intermediate appenellate enkantolo — ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo, ukuhlukanisa, noma izinkantolo eziphezulu zokudlulisa icala — lalela izikhalo ezithathwe ezinqumweni zenkantolo equlweni. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukubukeza umlando wenkantolo ephansi ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi ukuphikisa amaqiniso.

Izikhalo zisekelwe kakhulu ekutheni inkantolo inkantolo isebenzisa kabi umthetho, ivumile ubufakazi obungafanelekile, inikeze iziyalezo ezinganembile, noma yenza amaphutha angekho mthethweni athinta umphumela. Inkantolo ibukeza ama-copyrpocry, ibhalwe kafushane kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izwa izimpikiswano zomlomo. Ngemva kokuphenya, inkantolo ingasiqinisekisa (ibambe) isinqumo sokuqala, ibuye ibuye (ibuye) ibuye ithathe icala (libuye ngemva) icala elivumelana nesinqumo sayo.

Izinkantolo ezithatha imvume zikhona futhi ezifaka iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umthetho ngokukhipha imibono ebhaliwe ecacisa izimiso zomthetho. Nakuba lemibono ibopha phakathi kwesimiso sendawo senkantolo (kakhulukazi isifunda sezwe noma isifundazwe), zingaba nethonya kwezinye izindawo. Kuhulumeni wezwe, izinkantolo ezingu-13 zezokudlulisa izikhalo zisebenza njengezinga eliyinhloko lazo zonke izinkantolo zesifunda sezwe, futhi izinqumo zazo zibopha ngaphandle kokuba zigumbuqelwe iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi anezinkantolo ezihambela phambili zokusingatha umthamo okhulayo wezicelo, eqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ingagxila kakhulu emibuzweni engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme: INkantolo Yokugcina

Eqophelweni eliphezulu lesigaba sabefundisi kuhlala inkantolo ephakeme (noma inkantolo engokomthetho kwezinye izimiso). Lena yigunya lokwahlulela eliphakeme kakhulu, futhi izinqumo zayo ziwukuphela kwemibuzo yomthetho olawulwa yiso. Inkantolo ephakeme ayizwa amacala njengenkantolo equlwa icala; kunalokho, ibukeza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ezinkantolo eziphansi, ngokuyinhloko ukuze ixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphakathi, inquma izindaba ezingokomthetho ezibalulekile, noma ichaze umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufinyelela enkantolo ephakeme ngokuvamile kuyisinqumo. Ezimisweni eziningi, inkantolo ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa ngenqubo enjenge-cretiori (U.S.), ukuphuma ekudluliseleni isicelo (i-Canada, iNgilandi), noma ukudlulisa izicelo zendaba yomthetho (iJalimane). Inkantolo ingawanqaba amacala amaningi — ngokuvamile angaphezu kuka-95% — ishiye isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sisendaweni yayo. Icala kuphela eliphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile, elihilela ukuchazwa okuphikisanayo komthetho phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, noma ikheli lezindaba zomphakathi elishukumisayo linikezwa ngokucubunganisayo.

Lapho inkantolo ephakeme izwa icala, ngokuvamile ithola izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe futhi izwa izimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo ezikumaqembu, kanye ne-ancirus curiae (umngane wenkantolo) ezishwankathela amaqembu athakazelayo. Inkantolo ikhipha umbono obhaliwe wokuthi ingehluleli nje kuphela icala elithile kodwa futhi imise isibonelo esibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Lesi sibonelo siba yingxenye yesimiso somthetho, sihlela indlela amacala afanayo ayoxazululwa ngayo esikhathini esizayo. Izibonelo ezingenakukhohlakalelwa ezinqunyweni zeNkantolo ePhakakhulu eqondene amalungelo omphakathi, uhulumeni, amandla ombuso, kanye nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ye-UK ephethe i-devolution nelungelo lomuntu.

Amanye amazwe anenkantolo ehlukile engokomthetho esebenza ngenhla noma eceleni kwenkantolo evamile yamajaji, njengeNkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo YaseJalimane. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, inkantolo engokomthetho isingatha izinselele ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho inkantolo ephakeme isingatha ezinye izindaba ezinqunywayo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile: Zigxile Ecaleni Eliyinkimbinkimbi

Ngaphandle kwesigaba sezikhulu, izimiso eziningi zomthetho zimisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze kusingathwe izici ezithile zomthetho ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obujulile, isinqumo esisheshayo, noma indlela ehlukile yokuzihlela. Lezinkantolo zingaba khona lapho kuqulwa icala noma izinga le-appelta futhi ngokuvamile zibe namajaji anikezelwe aqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekile. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya — Ukusingatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya. Bavame ukugcizelela izindaba zokuxhumana kanye nezithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zengane ngokuzifaka emalini.
  • [[[QUT:0] Izinkantolo zeJuvenile[[FT:1] — Ukubhekana nabantwana abamangalelwa ngobugebengu (ukungagwegwesi) noma labo abadinga isivikelo (ukunganciki). Ukugxila kwabo kuyinguquko kunokuba isijeziso.
  • Izinkantolo zentela — Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwentela nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Zisebenzisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yentela nezimiso.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic [ — Coca i-Nyakatho, kuhlanganise neSahluko 7, 11, kanye no-13 ezisemigqonyeni ye-U.S.
  • Izinkantolo zokuphatha[ — Izinqumo zokubukeza ezenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengezinkantolo zokufuduka, izikhalo zokhuseleko lwezenhlalakahle, noma iziphathi-ziyalezo.
  • [ Izinkantolo eziqinile[[[QUL:1]] — umthetho wempi ophoqelelayo nesiyalo phakathi kwamabutho ahlomile.

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingathuthukisa ukuphumelela ngokuvumela amacala ukuba aqondiswe abahluleli abaqonda incazelo yomthetho, banciphise ukucindezela kwedokisi ezinkantolo ezivamile, futhi banikeze imiphumela eguquguqukayo. Nokho, futhi bafaka engozini yokwakha izigebengu ezihlukene lapho amagatsha ahlukene aqala khona ukuchaza umthetho ngokungafani. Ukudambisa lokhu, izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile zihlala zingaphansi kokuphathwa yisigaba sesigaba sekhulu.

Indlela Amacala Adlula Ngayo Endleleni Ekhangayo

Enye yezindlela eziwusizo kakhulu zokusebenza kwesigaba sabaphathi benkantolo inqubo yokuthatha isigwebo. Ukuqonda indlela icala elivela ngayo enkantolo eqululweni likhanyisela sonke isimiso. Cabangela ukumangalelwa komphakathi okuvamile ngesilinganiso esinezinga elithathu:

  1. Ikhambi 1: Inkantolo yamacala — Icala liqala enkantolo equlweni ngegunya lokuqala. Icala lifaka isikhalo, ummangalelwa, nangemva kokutholwa, icala liqulwa. Inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo. Uma ingazange ifakwe icala, icala liphelela lapha.
  2. Inkantolo 2: I-intermediate Appelcationte — Icala elilahlekileyo liyisaziso sokudlulisa icala, liphikisa ngokuthi inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho. Inkantolo yecala alibuzwa ubufakazi obusha; ibukeza umbhalo wokuqulwa kwecala nezimpikiswano zomthetho. Ingaqinisekisa, ukubuye ubuye uphendule, noma ukuphinde ulungise icala.
  3. Inkantolo 3: Inkantolo Ephakeme — Uma lowo olahlekelwayo engakaneliseki, inganxusa inkantolo ephakeme ukuba ibukeze. Inkantolo ephakeme inquma ukuthi izolizwa yini icala. Uma yenqaba, isinqumo senkantolo ye-applette me. Uma sivuma, inkantolo ephakeme ikhipha isinqumo sokugcina esibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezisebusweni bayo.

Lokhu kugadla kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha ayabanjwa futhi alungiswe, kuyilapho futhi kunikeza inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ithuba lokucacisa umthetho. Ezikhundleni ezingekho inkantolo ephakathi, ukudluliswa kwezicelo kusuka ngokuqondile enkantolo equlweni lokuqulwa kwecala kuya enkantolo ephakeme, engathwesa izintambo ezinkulu kakhulu. Yingakho izimiso eziningi zanamuhla ziye zanezela izinga eliphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudlulisa izikhalo akuyona “icala lesibili.” Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zilalela ukutholwa kwenkantolo uma ingaboni ukuthi iyiphutha. Ukugxila ekutheni umthetho usetshenziswe kahle yini. Lokhu kuvala kuvimbela izithakazelo ezifaka amaqiniso afanayo ngokungapheli.

Ukubaluleka Kokungalawuleki Kwenkantolo: Okwenza Kubaluleke

Isigaba sabefundisi basenkantolo asiyona into esungulwe yibo ngokwabo; sifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi esekela ukubusa komthetho:

  • Ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela [ — Izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme zidala izimpawu ezibophayo eziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi, abameli, nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuvumela abantu ukuba bazi umthetho kusengaphambili futhi bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuvumelana.
  • [ Ukulungisa amaphutha — Isimiso sobukhulu obuningi sinikeza izinqubo zokubukeza nokulungisa amaphutha enziwa izinkantolo eziqulwayo, ukuvikela abantu ezinkolelweni ezingalungile noma ezahlulelweni ezingalungile.
  • I-Altation Resource Altafication — Amacala alula nangabalulekile angaxazululwa ngokushesha ezingeni lokuqulwa kwecala, kuyilapho imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho igcinelwe izinkantolo eziphakeme ezinesikhathi esiningi nobuchwepheshe.
  • Ukusungula ukukhipha — Ngokufaka izikhalo ezicansini eziphakathi, inkantolo ephakeme incishisiwe ekubukezeni wonke amacala. Lokhu kulondoloza ikhono layo lokugxila ezindabeni ezingokomthetho ezithinta kakhulu.
  • ILegitacy and Public Trust Ideficity — Isimiso esikhanyayo, esibusayo lapho iziphathimandla eziphakeme zivame ukusakaza khona imibono eveza ukwethemba umphakathi enkantolo. Izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni, hhayi ekuthatheni imizwelo.
  • Ukufana koMthetho [ — ngaphandle kwesigaba sokubusa, izinkantolo zecala ezihlukene zingachaza umthetho ofanayo ngezindlela eziphikisanayo. Inkantolo ephakeme ingaxazulula lezingxabano, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo ngapha nangapha kwemingcele.

Ngokwesibonelo, esimisweni sikahulumeni njenge-United States, inkantolo yesifundazwe isingatha amacala amaningi osuku, kuyilapho isigaba sikahulumeni sisingatha izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni nomthetho-mthetho. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ihlala phezu kwazo zombili izimiso, iqinisekisa ukuthi lomthetho kahulumeni uhunyushwa ngokungaguquki ezweni lonke. Ngokufanayo, esimisweni sokuhlanganisa esifana nesaseFrance, iCour de Cassation (ISikhathi Sokuqulwa Kwezinkampane) iqinisekisa ukuchazwa okufanayo komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owesizwe kuzo zonke izinkantolo zomphakathi nezigebelele.

Ukunakekela Abashayeli: Ukukhathalela Okuwusizo Kubafundi Nabakhiqizi

Kubafundi bomthetho, ukuqonda isigaba sezikhulu zenkantolo kungenye yezisekelo zokuqala zemfundo engokomthetho. Itshela indlela ofunda ngayo umthetho wecala — ngoba, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sinesisindo esikhulu kunesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo. Ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi inkantolo ekhipha isibonelo kukusiza ukuba uhlole igunya layo. Ochwepheshe banquma ukuthi inqubo yabaphathi bekhulu ihlelwe kanjani: Kufanele ubhale icala? Isiphi isenzakalo senkantolo esibophayo? Ayini amathuba okuphumelela ekudluliseleni icala?

Lapho ucwaninga umthetho, qaphela isigaba senkantolo kanye nobukhulu becala. Imininingwane eminingi engokomthetho ikuvumela ukuba uhlungwe ngesigaba sekhulu lenkantolo. Futhi, yazi ukuthi isigaba sabefundisi singathinta indinganiso yokubukeza ekudluliseleni icala: imibuzo yomthetho iyabukezwa futhi. ayibhekisi u-novo [, kuyilapho okutholwayo kubukezwayo kubhekiswe ngephutha elicacile noma ubufakazi obuqinile. Lezindinganiso ziveza indlela inqubo ebhekisa ngayo ezinkantolo.

Uma ungumuntu ongekho emthethweni osebenzelana nesimiso somthetho, ukuqonda isigaba sabefundisi kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyilindele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ungowokumangalelwa, kufanele wazi ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ekulingweni akusho ukuphela — unelungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo (ngokuzithoba ekulinganiselwa). Ngokuphambene, uma inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe inqume kakade impikiswano efanayo ngokumelene nawe, amathuba akho okuphumelela ekuqulweni kwecala anciphile kakhulu.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwezimiso Zemithetho: UMthetho Ovamile uphikisana. UMthetho Wasemphakathini

Nakuba isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-triartite (i-triartite, i-panellate, i-padment) sivamile, kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi komthetho ovamile namasiko omphakathi. Ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho (umz., U.S., UK, Canada, Australia), imfundiso ye- stares decisis[ [ukungahluli] [ukungalingani]] kusenkabeni. Izinqumo eziphezulu zenkantolo ziyabopha, futhi iziphathi zesigaba ezisemthethweni zibophezela lokhu. Izinkantolo ezisezansinini kumelwe zilandele izimetho zezinkantolo ezingaphezulu kwazo. Ngaleyo izikhulu zihlela ngokuqondile ukuziphendukela komthetho ngecala.[FLT]

Ezimisweni zomthetho wezakhamuzi (umz., iFrance, iJalimane, iJapan), isigaba sabefundisi sikhona futhi, kodwa isiqalo asiboshelwanga ngendlela efanayo. Izinkantolo kulindeleke ukuba zisebenzise izimiso ezibhaliwe nezimiso. Nokho, ezisebenzayo, izinqumo eziphezulu zenkantolo — ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo ezinkulu noma ezingokomthetho-mthetho — ziyayekelela futhi azinakwa. Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zivame ukuba nenkantolo ehlukile engaphandle kwemithetho evamile yejaji, futhi izindaba zokuphatha zingaya ezikhundleni ezihlukene zezinkantolo zezempathi (njenge-Conse d’État). Imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuhlola amaphutha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyunifomu ihlala ikhona, kodwa izimiso nemisebenzi ehlukile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amagunya, njenge-United Kingdom, anesakhiwo senkantolo esihlangene esihlanganisa kokubili izikhalo zobugebengu nezemiphakathi. INkantolo ePhakeme (eyamiswa ngo- 2009) yathatha indawo yeNkantolo Yobukhosi njengenkantolo ephakeme. Ngaphansi iyiNkantolo Yokudlulisa (ehlukene phakathi kweZinkantolo Zomphakathi nezobugebengu) neNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi ephethe izinkantolo eziphansi. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo akhethekile kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izifundo zomthetho ezisezinhlolweni zomthetho ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Isiphetho: ISiphepho NjengeNsika Yobulungisa

Isigaba sabaphathi benkantolo singesona nje ishadi lenhlangano. Siyisimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela esilinganisela isiphetho nesidingo sokubukeza, sihlonipha ubuchwepheshe bamazinga ahlukene, futhi sikhuthaza indikimba evumelanayo, evumelanayo yomthetho. Enkantolo equlwayo lapho ijaji liqala ukuzwa ukuphikisana nenkantolo ephakeme echaza umthetho-sisekelo, isigaba ngasinye sifeza indima ekhethekile nebalulekile. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela kusetshenziswa kanjani — kungaba umfundi, isazi esingokomthetho, noma isakhamuzi esinolwazi olungokomthetho — kubalulekile. Inikeza ibalazwe esihamba ngalo uhambo lokwahlulela, iqinisekisa ukuthi icala ngalinye linendima enikezwa ngaphansi komthetho, futhi umthetho ngokwawo uhlala uqinile.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukufunda kanye nemithombo kuphindaphindene:[[[Umthetho:1]