Izisekelo Zegunya Eliyigunya E - United States

Isimiso somthetho saseMelika sisebenza njengesimiso esinemithetho lapho igunya lihlukaniswa khona phesheya kwezindawo eziningi. Lokhu kusakaza akukona okuzimele; kubonisa uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho lwe-constitulism, olunikeza amandla athile kuhulumeni wezwe kuyilapho ezinye zigcinwa ezizweni. Abafundi nabafundisi abahlola ukugcinwa komthetho nezimiso zenkantolo, ukuqonda lemingcele yemithetho elawulayo kubalulekile ngoba banquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho esebenzayo, yiyiphi inhlangano ewaphoqelelayo, futhi yiyiphi inkantolo ezwa icala. UJurisdictioniation ubumba zonke izimo zenqubo yokuboshwa kwenqubo yokudlulisa isikhathi, futhi bathonya ngokuqondile indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo ezweni.

Phakathi nendawo, ukubusa kubhekisela egunyeni elingokomthetho lendikimba kahulumeni noma inkantolo lokuzwa nokunquma amacala. Leligunya lichazwa ngezwe, indaba, namaqembu ahilelekile. I-United States ihlanganisa izimiso zezomthetho ezingu-50 zikahulumeni, isimiso sombuso, izinhlanga, nezimiso zendawo, ngayinye enemithetho yayo siqu nezimiso zokuphoqelela. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kudala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho isenzo esifanayo singaphathwa ngokwehlukile kuye ngokuthi sivelaphi noma yiliphi igunya elilawulayo.

Imibuzo yezemfundo ayiyona nje engokwemfundo, ivela ezimweni zomthetho zansuku zonke, njengalapho ubugebengu budlula imikhawulo yombuso, lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso zithi zinegunya ecaleni elithile, noma lapho imithetho yendawo ingqubuzana nemithetho yombuso. Kubafundi bomlando nomthetho, ukuqonda lemiphumela okubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imiphumela engokomthetho ilolongwa kanjani ngesimiso ngokwaso, hhayi nje ngamaqiniso endaba.

Izinhlobo Zokusola Nezimfanelo Zazo Eziningi

Izigijimi eUnited States zihlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, ngasinye esinezici ezihlukile ezithinta indlela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nezinqubo zasenkantolo okusebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlaziya ukungefani okulandelayo.

Isinqumo Sikahulumeni

Imithetho elawula i-Federal ihlanganisa izindaba ezihilela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, nezenzakalo lapho i-United States iyinhlangano. Ihlanganisa futhi izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezihlukene uma isilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula umnyango wemithetho. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha ubugebengu obufana nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, ukugwenywa kwentela kukahulumeni, i-ibercrime, nobuphekula. Igunya lezinhlangano zomthetho zomthetho, kuhlanganise ne-Federal Bureauniauniation (FI) ne-Dircementmentmentment Administration (DA), lichazwa ngemithetho yombuso futhi lichazwa ngecala likahulumeni.

I-Federal isebenza egcekeni elinezinsika ezintathu: i-Foourtric Courts (izinga lomthetho), iNkantolo Yesifunda yezokudlulisa Amacala (izinga le-intermediate astellate), kanye neNkantolo ePhakathi ye-United States (izinga le-adellate). Izinga ngalinye lilandela i-Federal Rules of Civil Procedurecure noma i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedature, elinganisa izici eziningi zecala elinqamula izwe.

Isinqumo Sikahulumeni

Igunya likahulumeni lihlanganisa imicimbi eminingi engokomthetho eUnited States, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obunjengokuhlasela, ukugqekeza, ukubulala, nokuphulwa kwezimoto, kanye nezindaba zomphakathi njengezivumelwano, amatomu, nomthetho womkhaya. Isifunda ngasinye sinomthetho waso siqu, imithetho, nesimiso senkantolo, okusho ukuthi izinqubo zingahluka kakhulu kusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amajaji amakhulu ekumangalelweni kwecala, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa izimemezelo zokwandulela. Ezinye izifunda zinesimiso senkantolo sokuqulwa komthetho esihlangene, kuyilapho ezinye zigcina izinkantolo ezihlukene zezindaba ezilinganiselwe njengeprobate, umkhaya, noma izimemezelo ezincane.

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni zihlanganisa amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma ukugada imigwaqo emikhulu, ngokuvamile okuphoqelela imithetho yezimoto futhi kusize izinhlangano zendawo, kanye namaqembu akhethekile asingatha izidakamizwa, ukugembula, noma ukugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile. Amazwe futhi anezinhlangano zawo siqu ezihlolayo, njengeTexas Rangers noma iCalifornia Department of Justice, ezisebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa kukahulumeni.

Impicabadala Yasendaweni

Igunya lendawo libhekisela egunyeni lohulumeni bakamasipala noma bezifunda ukuba bamise futhi baphoqelele imithetho ezindabeni ezinjengokuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukulawulwa komsindo, impilo yomphakathi, nezimiso zomgwaqo. Izinkantolo zendawo, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zikamasipala noma izinkantolo zamajaji, zisingatha ukuphulwa kwalemithetho kanye namacala amancane obugebengu kanye nokuphambana kwezimoto. Isakhiwo sezinkantolo zendawo siyahluka kakhulu. Kwezinye izizwe, izinkantolo zendawo ziyingxenye yesimiso sombuso; kwezinye, ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwamaphoyisa edolobha, amahhovisi esifundazwe, nezinhlangano ezikhethekile njengamaphoyisa athutha abantu noma amaphoyisa asepaki. Lezi zikhungo zigxila kumaphoyisa omphakathi, ukusabela okuphuthumayo, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yendawo. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano zendawo zixhaswa ngemali yentela yendawo, ingcebo yazo, izindinganiso zokuqeqesha, kanye nezinto ezizosetshenziswa zingahluka kakhulu emphakathini ngamunye.

Izimpikiswano Ezikhethekile Nezesizwe

Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlangene, zikahulumeni, nombuso wendawo, i-United States iqaphela futhi imibuso ekhethekile, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zesizwe ezisendaweni yamaMelika Omdabu nezinkantolo zezindawo e-U.S. amazwe ahlukile ngenxa yokuthi ayizinhlangano ezizimele nezimiso zazo zomthetho, nakuba zisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho we-Indian Self-Denitation ne-Ireatment Act. Izinkantolo zesizwe zisingatha izindaba zezizwe nabemisebenzi eyenzeka emazweni esizwe, kodwa ubugebengu obuthile obukhulu buwa ngaphansi kwe-izwelonke i-Act.

Izinkantolo ezidukisayo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kodwa zingaphansi kokuqondisa okuqondiswe uhulumeni. Lezi zikhundla ngokuvamile zinezimiso zomthetho ezixuba izimiso ze-procedroal e-U.S. nemithetho yendawo.

Indlela Ukweqisa Umthetho Okuhluke Ngayo Ezahlulelweni

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho mhlawumbe kuyisici esibonakala kakhulu lapho ukungezwani kwemithetho kusobala khona. Izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho ezisezingeni ngalinye zisebenza ngaphansi kweziphathimandla ezihlukene zomthetho, izindinganiso zokuqeqesha, nemithetho elandelwayo. Lokhu kungafani kunemiphumela ewusizo yendlela uphenya okwenziwa ngayo, indlela ukuboshwa okwenziwa ngayo, nendlela imiphakathi esebenzelana ngayo namaphoyisa.

Izinhlangano Zomthetho Ohlangene

Izinhlangano ze-FBI, DEA, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemorns and Explolesives (ATF), kanye ne-U.S. i-Marshals Service ziyizinhlangano ezikhethekile ezizimele ezilawula izwe lonke ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile bukahulumeni. Ukuqeqeshwa kwazo kuqinile futhi kubekwa ngezimiso njenge FBI Academy yaseQuantico, eVirginia. Abameli abaphethe izakhiwo zomphakathi bavame ukuhlolwa kakhulu, ukufundiswa kwemfundo yezemfundo, nokuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezibonelweni okugcizelela inqubo engokomthetho, ukusingatha, nokubambisana.

Izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho we-U.S. kanye ne-Codement of Federal Regional. Zivame ukusebenza ezindaweni ezisebenza namazwe akanye nawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokuphoqelelwa kwezidakamizwa nokwehliswa kobugebengu ngobudlova. Nokho, amanxusa kahulumeni awanagunya lamaphoyisa avamile; awanakuphoqelela noma abeke imithetho yendawo engenayo isivumelwano esithile sikahulumeni noma amaqembu ahlangene.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho KaHulumeni

Izinhlangano zokuqapha umthetho kahulumeni, njengeminyango yamaphoyisa kahulumeni noma amaphoyisa asemigwaqweni emikhulu, zinegunya kulo lonke izwe lazo. Zimisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi zinikeza ukusekela izinhlangano zendawo lapho zidingeka. Izindinganiso zokuqeqeshelwa amaphoyisa kahulumeni zibekwa yizindinganiso zezikhulu zokuthula nokuqeqeshwa (POST), okusho izinga nokuqeqeshwa okukhona kungahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izizwe zidinga amakhulu amahora okuqeqeshwa okungalé kombuso, kuyilapho ezinye zilondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezingase zivuse zivuselelwe kaningi.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinezindawo ezikhethekile zokuhlola, izibulala zinambuzane, i-antensics, nokusabela okuphuthumayo. Zingasebenzisa futhi amagumbi okucwaninga ubugebengu anikeza izinkonzo zezezimali ezisiza izinhlangano zendawo. Ngenxa yokuthi amaphoyisa kahulumeni awaboshelwe kumasipala oyedwa, angaletha umbono owengeziwe ezinkingeni zobugebengu zezindawo futhi ngokuvamile asebenza njengenxusa elihola ekuhlolweni kobugebengu obuningi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Wasendaweni

Iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo namahhovisi amaphoyisa aphethe izinhlangano eziningi kakhulu zokugcinwa komthetho e-United States, ezinezinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-18 000 ezweni lonke. Lezi zikhungo zinomthwalo wokuphoqelela imithetho ngosuku lwezinsuku zonke emiphakathini yazo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwazo kugxile kakhulu ekunyathelweni kwemithetho yomphakathi, ekuncishisweni kwemithetho, nasekuqondiseni imithetho yendawo. Nokho, ukujula kokuqeqeshwa kuyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ebukhulwini bomnyango, ezimalini, nasezimfunekweni zikahulumeni.

Amahhovisi omphathi-sifunda ahlukile ngoba amaphoyisa akhethwa abaphathi ezifundazweni eziningi. Lokhu kuxhumana kokhetho kwakha uhlu oluqondile lokulandisa emphakathini kodwa futhi kungenisa ukucabangela kwezombangazwe eminyangweni yokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuvamile abaphathi besifunda baqondisa amajele, ukulondeka kwenkantolo, nenqubo yomphakathi esebenzayo, ngaphezu kokugada nokuhlola imisebenzi. Umasipala wedolobha, ngokungafani, ngokuvamile umiswa abaphathi bedolobha noma amameya futhi angase abe nobudlelwane obuhlukile nohulumeni wendawo.

Umphumela Wokwehluka Kwemithetho Yokuqeqesha Nemithetho

Ukuhluka kwezindlela zokuqeqesha nemithetho elandelwayo ezizweni ezihlukene kuye kwaba yindaba yokuhlola nokuphikisana okukhulu. Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-Federal ngokuvamile kufana kakhulu futhi kukhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile kuthatha amahora angaphezu kwenkulungwane okufundiswa. Ukuqeqeshwa kwezwe kungasukela ku-600 kuya ku-1,200 kuye kuxhomeke kuhulumeni. Ukuqeqeshwa kwendawo kuhluka kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi okunezinhlangano ezincane ezizama ukuhlangabezana ngisho nokulinganiselwa okuncane kwemithetho ngenxa yokungahleleki kohlelo.

Imithetho yemithetho futhi iyahluka ezindaweni ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwempoqo, ukushayela, nobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye ama-gundane afuna ukuba izikhulu zingene lapho umuntu ezisebenza naye esebenzisa amandla adlulele, kuyilapho amanye engenazimiso ezicacile. Lokhu kungafani akukona ukuthatha izintambo zokuqondisa; kuthinta ukuphepha kwezikhulu, ukwethembana komphakathi, kanye nokubekwa icala okungokomthetho. Abafundi abahlola ukugcinwa komthetho kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kwesikhulu ezweni elilodwa kungaba yinqubo ehlangeneyo uma kuvinjelwa kwenye indawo.

Izinkulumo Zenkantolo: Indlela Ukumangalela Okuyithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokwahlulela

Uma icala selingene esimisweni sokwahlulela, imingcele eligcinwa kuyo inquma imithetho elawula yonke into kusukela ekuhleleni isikhathi sokufica kuze kutholakale kufike ekuqulweni kwecala. Izinqubo zeNkantolo azishintshani, futhi abaqondisi kumelwe basebenzise imithetho ethile yenkantolo elawula icala labo.

Izindlela Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Izinkantolo zeFederal Umthetho we-Federal Procedure (FRCP) ezisebenza ngaphansi kwe-Federal Procedure (Fercedul Pagel of Criminal Procedire) emacaleni obugebengu. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukudala ukungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izigodi zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FRACP, inikeza izinketho eziqinile zesikhathi senqubo, ukutholakala, nokusebenza kwemisebenzi. I-Federal Pagel iphathwa nomahluleli oyedwa, futhi amajaji akhethwa equbeni elikhulu. Imithetho yobufakazi ilawulwa yi-Federal Revidetion of Evicence, ebanzi futhi isetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.

Izinqubo zenkantolo yeFederal ngokuvamile zihleliwe futhi zihamba kancane kunezimiso zikahulumeni. Ukugcizelelwa kokuchaphaza komthetho kungenza ukubiza nokweshela isikhathi kumthetho, kodwa futhi kunikeza izinga eliphakeme lokubikezela. Kubamangalelwa, iziqondiso zesigwebo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho manje i-dvision ngemuva United States v. Incwadi, isasebenzisa ithonya elikhulu, iholela emigwebeni evalweni ebekwa njalo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Isifundazwe ngasinye silondoloza isethi yaso siqu yemithetho elandelwayo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabeka imithetho yazo esimisweni sikahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Codence of Civil Procediture yase California ihluke kakhulu kwi-FRCP, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokuthola imingcele yokwamukelwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela nokufihlwa kwemithetho. ITexas inemithetho ehlukene yezehlakalo zomphakathi nezezelele, futhi izinqubo zayo zibonisa isiko lokulawula nokwahlulela kwendawo.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukuvumelana kakhulu ekuhleleni nasekuqondiseni amacala. Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa izimiso zokuqondisa amacala ezihlukene ezigwedla amacala ezindleleni eziya ezinjwayezi. Ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni kungavumela ukuba kube nenhlansi enkulu kakhulu (ukukhetha) futhi ezinye izifundazwe zivumele izinqumo ezingezona ezamukelwayo ezingokomthetho ezicaleni ezithile zomphakathi, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yadinga ukungahlukaniswa kwamacala amacala angathi sína kuzo zonke izigaba zezigebengu. Ukuhluka kwezinqubo zikahulumeni kusho ukuthi icala ngamaphuzu afanayo lingachazwa ngokwehlukile kuye ngokwesimo esifundazwe esibekwe kuso.

Izinkantolo Zendawo

Izinkantolo zendawo noma zikamasipala zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu e-United States, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwezimoto, ukwephulwa kwemithetho, namacala amancane obugebengu. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukusebenza ngezindlela ezilula eziklanyelwe ukusingatha amacala ngokushesha. Ezimisweni eminingi, abamangalelwa bangase babonakale bengenammeli, futhi amacala awanamthetho osemthethweni kunasezinkantolo eziphakeme. Nokho, lokhu kwenze ukuba kuholele ezinkingeni ezifanele, ikakhulukazi uma abamangalelwa bengawazi ngokugcwele amalungelo abo.

Izinqubo zenkantolo yendawo zingabuswa ngemithetho kahulumeni esekelwa yimithetho yendawo. Ezinye izinkantolo zendawo ziye zamukela amadokisi akhethekile, njengezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo noma izinkantolo ezingomakad ’ ebona, ezisebenzisa izindlela ezihlanganisa izinkinga kunokusebenzisa izinqubo ezingokwesiko zokulawula. Lezi zinkantolo ezikhethekile zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zendawo kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo, okunengxenye eyengeziwe ekuhleleni inqubo ehlukene.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kunqamula Izinsolo: Ukuhlolisisa

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi okungenzeka bacabanga ngemisebenzi yomthetho noma yokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuvivinywa Okuwumphakathi

Ukulingwa kwe-Federal kuphawulwa ukunamathela okuqinile emithethweni esemthethweni nezindinganiso ezisobala ezisobala. Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ebhaliwe, izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwenkantolo, nokutholakala okukhulu kuyindinganiso. Amajaji angokoMalumel asebenzisa ukulawula okuphawulekayo ekuziphatheni kokuhlola, kuhlanganise nesikhathi sokuqulwa kwempikiswano kanye nokungaqiniseki kobufakazi. Amajaji asekuqulweni komthetho kumelwe anikeze izinqumo eziphikwayo, futhi umthwalo wobufakazi ungenakungatshazwa ngokucubungula ngokunengqondo, ngokuhlola okuqinile.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuze kufinyelelwe icala, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yenqubo ebanzi yangaphambi komthetho. Nokho, lapho ukuqulwa kwecala kuqala, ukulawulwa kwecala kuyaqiniswa. Abashushisi bamaFederal ngokuvamile bathola imithombo eqinile, kuhlanganise nochwepheshe be-sensic kanye nokusekela kophengululo, okungathinta ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni nolwelwelwe.

Ukuvivinywa Kwezwe

Izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni zihlukene kakhulu. Ezinye izigodlo zisebenzisa isimiso senkantolo "esingaqinisekisiwe" lapho ijaji elifanayo lingase lisingathe khona kokubili izindaba zangaphambi kokwahlulela nokuqulwa kwecala, kuyilapho ezinye zihlukene. Ijubane lokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni lingashesha kunezokuqulwa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinezinhlokwana eziphakeme. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zingasebenzisa futhi izinqubo eziningi zethukela, njengokuvumela amaqembu ukuba aphikise ngezwi elithile ngaphandle kokubhala kabanzi.

Ukukhetha i-Jury ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuyahlukahluka. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abameli ukuba baphathe i-voir ngendlela eyingozi ngokuqondile, kuyilapho ezinye zivimbela ukuphenywa kumajaji. Inani lezinselele ezitholakalayo ohlangothini ngalunye liyahluka ngokwezwe. Lokhu kushintsha kungathonya kakhulu ukuhlelwa kwabaphathi bejaji futhi ekugcineni, umphumela wecala.

Ukuvivinywa Kwendawo

Ezinkantolo zendawo, ukuqulwa kwamacala kuvame ukuba yicala elisebhentshini kunokuba kube icala labahluleli, ikakhulukazi emacaleni amancane. Icala lilandelana, linezimpikiswano ezilinganiselwe. Nakuba lokhu kuphumelela kuvumela izinkantolo zendawo ukuba ziphathe imiqulu ephezulu, kungaphumela futhi emathubeni amancane kakhulu okubamangalelwa ukuba baphikise ubufakazi noma amaphutha angokwesiko. Abafundi bomthetho, ukuqaphela izinkantolo zendawo kunikeza umehluko obalulekile ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zezwe nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izingcingo: Umsebenzi Owumshicileli

Ilungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo senkantolo libalulekile, kodwa isimo nezizathu zokudlulisa icala ziyahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho. Le mithetho ingathinta ukuthi i-patton ingasibekela inselele ephambene noma ingamelana nasiphi isinqumo esingesihle nokuthi leyo nselele izothatha isikhathi esingakanani.

Inqubo Yokukhanga Kwama - compal

Kumthetho kahulumeni, izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ziyiswa eNkantolo Yesifunda Yezikhwelo. Kunezifunda eziyi-13, ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu enezela i-Federal Parme of Appellate Procedare. Izikhalo zizwakala kakhulu ngeqembu labahluleli abathathu, futhi izimpinga zingacela ukubuyiswa kwenkantolo yonke. INkantolo Ephakeme ibukeza ngokuqondisisa nge-ceretari, enikeza ingxenye encane yecala.

I-Federal applex igxila emaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi ekutholweni okuyiqiniso. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahluka kuye ngendaba: ukulahla imibuzo yomthetho, iphutha elicacile lalokho okutholakele, nokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha ezinqumweni ezingokomthetho. Lesici sisho ukuthi ukuwina isikhalo kudinga ukubonisa ukuthi inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elithinta umphumela.

Inqubo YoMbuso Yokukhanga

Umbuso ngamunye unezinga elilodwa lokuhlola i-applate, kodwa isakhiwo siyahluka. Ezinye izifundazwe zinezinkantolo eziphakathi ezisingatha izikhalo eziningi, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukudluliswa okuqondile enkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Izizathu zokudlulisa icala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zingase zibe zibanzi kunenkantolo kahulumeni, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo ezisekelwe kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo onikeza isivikelo esikhulu kune-U.S.

Izinqubo zezwe nazo ziyahlukahluka. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imvume yokudlulisa ezinye izimo, kuyilapho ezinye ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokufuna ukudluliswa kanye. Imingcele yesikhathi sokubhala isaziso sokudlulisa izicelo iyahluka, njengoba kwenza izimfuneko zokufinyeza okubhaliwe. Lokhu kungafani kwemiqondo kungadala izicupho kubasebenzi abangaqaphile abalahlekelwa isikhathi sokusebenza noma abahluleka ukulandela uhlelo olulungile.

Inqubo Yokukhanga Yasendaweni

Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zendawo zivame ukuya enkantolo yecala noma enkantolo ephakathi yenkantolo yezenkantolo, kunokuba kube inkantolo ehlukene. Lenqubo ivame ukwenza lula, ngaphandle kwezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe ezingokomthetho nezisheshayo. Nokho, izinga lokubukeza lingase libe lilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudluliswa kwecala likamasipala ngecala lezimoto kungase kubukezwe kuphela, ngaphandle kobufakazi obusha noma impikiswano enkulu. Lesi sakhiwo siveza izigxathu ezilinganiselwe zecala lenkantolo yendawo kodwa singabaluleka kakhulu kubantu ngabanye ababhekene nemvume yokuvala imvume noma amafa.

Ukusola Ngokweqile Nokuxabana: Imiphumela Ewusizo

Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingxabano zixazululwa kanjani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda isimiso somthetho.

Enye indawo evamile yokuhlangana ingubukhosi obubili, obuvumela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso ukuba ziqulise icala elifanayo ngaphandle kokwephula i-Bible Jeopardy Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophanga ibhange elisemthethweni engokomthetho angamangalelwa yi-omkhandlu wombuso wokuphanga nohulumeni we-guant ekuphangeni kwebhange. Lesimiso siye sasekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sibonakalisa isikhundla esizimele sikahulumeni nezifunda.

Enye indawo yokuhlanganisa ihlanganisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngesikhathi esisodwa. Amabutho omsebenzi akhiwe yizikhulu zikahulumeni, zikazwelonke, kanye nendawo avame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukugcinwa kwezidakamizwa nokulwisana nezenzo zobuphekula. Nakuba la mabutho emisebenzi engaphumelela, aphakamisa futhi imibuzo ngokuthi iziphi izinqubo zenhlangano ezisebenzayo, ukuthi ubufakazi buhlanganyelwa kanjani, nokuthi kwenzekani uma kunokungavumelani ngamasu noma izinto eziza kuqala.

Izingxabano ziqala futhi lapho imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni iwohloka, njengasendabeni yokugcinwa kwensangu. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zagunyaza ngokomthetho ezokwelapha noma insangu yezokuzilibazisa. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni okuza kuqala nomthetho kahulumeni, okuholela ekuphoqeleleni kokungaqiniseki okungahleleki okungokomthetho emabhizinisini nakubantu ngabanye.

Okwenza Ulwazi Oluyisixwayiso Lubaluleke Kubafundi Nakubafundisi

Kubafundi bomlando nomthetho, ukungafani kokulawula akuyona indlela ecatshangelwayo yokuhlaziya amacala angokomthetho, indlela izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezichazwa ngayo nendlela izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezizokwenziwa ngayo esikhathini esizayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Movement, ithonya elijulile ekucindezeleni kwezwe nezwe, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukungena ukuze zivikele amalungelo ayenqatshwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-paunt habeas corpus kuveza ukuncintisana okuqhubekayo mayelana nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni nombuso.

Kubafundisi, ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso zokufundisa kungasiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono okucabanga agxekayo ngezimiso zomthetho. Kunokuba banikeze isimiso somthetho njengesimiso esisodwa, othisha bangasebenzisa ukungafani okukhulu ukuze babonise indlela imithetho engokomthetho elolongwa ngayo yizezombangazwe, umlando, nezenhlalo. Lendlela ilungiselela abafundi ukuba bahileleke ngemibuzo engokomthetho ngendlela exakile, baqaphele ukuthi impendulo yemibuzo engokomthetho ngokuvamile ixhomeke ekutheni umbuzo ubuzwa kuphi.

Kulabo abacabangela imisebenzi yomthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, noma isimiso somphakathi, ulwazi lwezomthetho lubalulekile. Abaphathi-mthetho kumelwe baqonde ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo ephethe icala labo futhi yimiphi imithetho esebenzayo. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zazi imingcele yegunya lazo nalapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni zidinga ukuhileleka. Abaphathi-mthetho kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho zezinga elithile ziyosebenzelana kanjani nemithetho kwezinye izigaba.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwezinhlobonhlobo Zeziqu Zamagama

Ukwehluka komthetho ophoqelelwayo nezinqubo zenkantolo kulo lonke elase-U.S. akuwona amaphutha kulesi simiso; kuyizici zomklamo kahulumeni osakaza ngamabomu amandla ukuze kuvinjelwe ukumiswa kwezindawo nokuhlola. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kusho ukuthi ubulungisa abusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ezweni, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izifunda nezindawo zingafanelanisa izimiso zazo ezingokomthetho ukuze zibonise izindinganiso nezimo zendawo.

Kunoma ubani ofunda isimiso somthetho saseMelika, ukuqonda okuyinhloko yileyondaba elawulayo. Inquma ukuthi yimiphi imithetho esebenzayo, iyiphi indikimba ewaphoqelela, inkantolo elalela icala, nendlela lenqubo eqala ngayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekupheleni. Ngokuqonda lokhu kungafani, abafundi nothisha bangathuthukisa ukuqonda okunembe ngokwengeziwe nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani. Isimiso singase sibe yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ukuthi yisiphi isimiso esiwuvumela ukuba ubhekane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zesizwe esinhlobonhlobonhlobo.