Igunya lenkantolo lisekelwe ekhonweni lalo lokunikeza izinqumo ezinengqondo, ezingaguquguquki, nezigunyazwayo. Indlela ethathwa ekubekeni isinqumo kuqala esiya enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ekhona ichazwa amakhulu eminyaka emithetho engokwesiko, eklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo kanye nelungelo eliyisisekelo. Ukuqonda lendlela kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo okugcinwa ngayo ngaphansi kokubusa komthetho nendlela amalungelo abantu alinganiswa ngayo ngokumelene nezithakazelo zomphakathi nombuso. Lohambo, nakuba luhlukahlukahluka kwemithetho ezindaweni ezithile, lulandela i-sclexpot: ukuqulwa kwecala, ukudluliswa kweminxeba, nokugcinwa.

Isisekelo Sezinqumo Zenkantolo

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwezigaba ezithile zecala, kubalulekile ukuqonda amafilosofi ayisisekelo. Isimiso somthetho saseMelika siyisimiso somthetho esiphikisayo, lapho amaqembu amabili anikeza khona ubufakazi bawo nezimpikiswano kumajaji ongathathi hlangothi. Lesi sakhiwo sihlukile kuzimiso ze-inquisition ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe angomthetho wesizwe, lapho ijaji linendima esebenzayo ekuphenyeni amaqiniso. Inqubo engokomthetho esemthethweni ivikelwe ngomqondo we- wenqubo ephambili , efakwe eMthethweni we-Outricstions of the 5 ne 1450 Refective Refecters eU. Inqubo engokomthetho ephakeme. I-'umthetho ifuna ukuba ukuhlonipha wonke amalungelo angokomthetho afanele, isiqinisekiso sokulalela, nokungakhethi, futhi inqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho ephelele ngaphansi kwe-struption:[Ft] [F.FS] [F.S]

Unya 1: Ukuqulwa Kwecala — Amaqiniso Ahlaziyayo

Icala liyisigaba esiyisisekelo lapho icala lakhiwe ngobufakazi obuyiqiniso. Lengxenye ikhathalela kakhulu ukuphendula imibuzo emibili: Yini eyenzekayo? futhi yimiphi imithetho engokomthetho esebenza kulawomaqiniso? Isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala silawulwa ngemithetho eqinile, njenge Imithetho ye-Foderal ye-Civil Procedure ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, enquma indlela icala elisuka ngayo empikiswaneni nje liye ekwahluleleni okugcina.

Ukusola Nokuhola

Inkantolo ayinakuzwa icala ngaphandle ukumangalela `igunya elingokomthetho ukwenza isinqumo sokubopha amaqembu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa [ ukubusa okungalawulekiyo [[ (amandla enkantolo ohlobo lwecala) kanye [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] umbuso [[FLT] [umbuso] [umbuso] [umbuso] [umbuso] [umbuso] [owenkantolo] (igunya phezu kwabantu abathile noma izinhlangano ezihilelekile]. [inqubo iqala ngokuphonsa ingebhethiwe, ehlelwa yikhothafa esemthethweni yesuti futhi ifuna ikhambiza. [FOT] [5] [5] [iprojective, noma imvume yemvume yeze imvume, iyakuvuma.[FFoctaltist:]

Inqubo Yokuthola

I-litigation yanamuhla ithonywa kakhulu yinkathi yokuthola. Lenkathi yangaphambi kokuhlolwa ivumela izinhlangothi ukuba ziqoqe ubufakazi komunye nomunye naku-3 clear ukuze ziqede izinto ezimangalisayo ezisekuqulweni. Amathuluzi okuthola imishini ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Imvume:[ Ubufakazi obudlulisayo obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkantolo, obuvumela abameli ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kofakazi nokhiye ebufakazini babo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, kanye nemininingwane ye-electronic (e-ivolution).
  • Izimemo ezivumela ukuvunyelwa: izinkulumo okumelwe zivunywe noma zenqatshwe ukuvala izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso.
  • Imibiko yoFakazi:[ Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ochwepheshe emikhakheni njengemithi, ubunjiniyela, noma izimali banikeza imibiko ehlaziya ubufakazi.

Ngokuvamile ukutholakala kwecala kubiza kakhulu futhi kuthatha isikhathi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi icala lisekelwe emaqinisweni aphelele.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, abantu bangase bathathe amachashaza becela umahluleli ukuba axazulule icala noma afake izimpikiswano. ukuthambekela kokulahla [ (njengomthetho 12(b) (6) ukunyakaza kwendlela yokukhipha isiqubulo) (ukunyakazisa) baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yonke into eshicilelweyo ithi iyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi ikhambi. Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu yileyahlulelo olufingqiwe [[[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] , okuphikisa ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso yiqiniso futhi ukuthi ukunyakaza kweqembu linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma uma uma uma umahlulelwe ukwahlulela ngokufushazi.

Umphumela Wecala

Uma icala lisinda ngaphambi komthetho, liqhubekela ekuqulweni kwecala. Izici eziyinhloko zokulinga zihlanganisa:

  1. Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire): Ama-Attorney abuza ukuthi kungabonakala ubandlululo futhi aqinisekise indawo engakhethi.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izingxenye zonke zinikeza ubufakazi ezibunikezayo. Lokhu akuwona ubufakazi, kodwa imephu yejaji.
  3. ICase-in-Chief:[ I-pacttiff (noma ukushushisa kobugebengu) inikeza ubufakazi bayo kuqala, ibiza ofakazi ukuba bahlolwe ngokuqondile. Isivikelo sibe sesinethuba lokunqamule labofakazi. Isivikelo siveza ubufakazi nofakazi baso siqu ngemva kommangali.
  4. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele balawule besekela bona.
  5. Imiyalo e-JURY:[ Umahluleli ufundisa amajaji ngomthetho oqondile osebenza ecaleni. Lona umthombo ovamile wezicelo, njengoba iziyalezo ezinganembile zingabandlulula iqembu.
  6. [[FLT: 0] I-Deliberation kanye ne-Verdict: Abasizi bamajaji ngasese ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo. Emacala obugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi ungewona ukungabaza okunengqondo [[. Ezimweni zomphakathi, kungu [[FLT:] [[FLT] [4] ukuphikisana nobufakazi [ (cishe]]).

Ngemva kwesinqumo, umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni . Ecaleni lokwahlulela, umahluleli usebenza njengomgcinisango emthethweni, kuyilapho ijaji lingumtholi weqiniso.

I - pase 2: Ukukhanga — Ukubukeza Iphutha

Ukudlulisa icala akulona icala lesibili. Ummeli akanakumane aphikise ngokuthi ijaji lalinephutha. Kunalokho, ukudluliswa kwecala kuyi-explorence ukuze kubonwe ukuthi inkantolo equlwayo yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elithinte umphumela. Iqembu likhanga [ i-apper, futhi iqembu eliphikisayo yi- ellece [.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Esimisweni sikahulumeni, akukho lungelo elizenzekelayo lomthetho-sisekelo lokudlulisa isiqinisekiso sobugebengu noma ukwahlulela komphakathi. Inqubo iqala ngokufaka i-ace yesicelo . I-applent kumelwe ihlele ngokudlulisa izicelo , okuhlanganisa ukudluliswa kwecala, bonke ubufakazi obuvunyelwe ekwahlulelweni, futhi yonke imiyalweni yangaphambi kwecala nemiyalelo. Inkantolo ye-appellette ithembele kulombhalo kuphela; abukho ubufakazi obusha obunikezwayo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza Okusha

Izinga lokuhoxa inkantolo enikeza inkantolo ephansi lixhomeke ohlotsheni lwendaba olubukezwayo:

  • Imibuzo yoMthetho (De Novo):[ Inkantolo ihlola ukuchaza kwenkantolo ephansi umthetho kusukela ekugudluzeni, ingawubekeli ijubane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza iziyalezo zokwahlulela kanye nencazelo yezimiso.
  • Imibuzo yeQiniso (Eyiyiphutha elisobala): Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi (emahluleleni ngaphandle komahluleli), inkantolo iyoqeda ukuvumbulula amaqiniso uma kusobala ukuthi kuyiphutha", okusho ukuthi inkantolo ishiyelwe ngokuqiniseka okuqinile nokuqinile ukuthi iphutha lenziwe. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, ukutholwa okuyiqiniso cishe akunakwenzeka ukukugumbuqelwa uma kusekelwa yinoma yibuphi ubufakazi obunengqondo.
  • Izinqumo ezithatha indawo: Abahluleli bamacala banokwahlulela okubanzi ezindabeni ezisekelwe kumthetho, njengasekuvumeni ubufakazi obungochwepheshe noma ukunikeza imvume phambili. Inkantolo ephetheyo izozigumbuqela lezinqumo uma uma umahluleli ethatha inyathelo ngokungenangqondo noma ngokungenangqondo.

Izizathu Zokuvuselelwa

Akuwona wonke amaphutha avumela ukuguqulwa. Izinkantolo zihlukanisa phakathi:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Iphutha elingenazikhali:[ Iphutha elingawuthintanga umphumela womthetho. Isinqumo siyama.
  • Iphutha elibonakalayo: Iphutha elingase lithinte umphumela wecala, elidinga inkantolo ethatha isigwebo futhi ikhiphe ukuqulwa kwecala elisha noma isahlulelo esishintshiwe.
  • Iphutha eliPlain: Iphutha elingathi sína elenzeka ngisho noma lowo muntu engaphikisanga uma kuthethwa icala. Lokhu kushiyeka akuvamile ukunikezwa, ngoba isimiso se-adversarial sidinga izigigaba ukuba zilwe ngokushesha ukuze zilondoloze umagazini ukuze zidlulise.

Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa ukuvuma ubufakazi benzwabethi obungafanele, amazwi omahluleli acwasayo, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko (emacaleni obugebengu), neziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Amacala aqulwayo anqunywa iqembu lamajaji (ngokwesibonelo amathathu). Lenqubo ihlanganisa:

  1. [ Ukuphendula: Umdwebi ufaka ukuchaza okufushane amaphutha enziweyo nokuthi kungani evumela ukuguqulwa. I-apelle inikeza impendulo emfushane ephikisayo ngokuthi isahlulelo sasilungile noma ukuthi iphutha alikho.
  2. Impikiswano e-'Oral's :% Izinhlangothi zonke zinikezwa inkathi emfushane (ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30) ukuze kuxazululwe icala labo futhi kuphendulwe imibuzo yamajaji. Izimpikiswano zomlomo zivumela abahluleli ukuba bahlole amandla okucabanga okungokomthetho.
  3. Isinqumo: Inkantolo inikeza umbono obhaliwe. Umbono ungaba [ itshemba eliphansi inkantolo (iphethe isahlulelo), [ iphinde iphinde ikhiphe [ibuye ihlulele isahlulelo, noma [ ne [igcine icala emuva enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala elihambisana nesinqumo esiqhubekayo).

Ukubukezwa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Uma iqembu lilahlekelwa eNkantolo yamacala kahulumeni (noma inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yezwe), banganxusa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ukuba iphinde ithole i-certari. Ngokungafani nokudluliswa kwesicelo sokulunga, i-certiorari inguqu. INkantolo ephakeme ithola izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-7 000 unyaka ngamunye kodwa inikeza ukubukeza okugcwele cishe ku 80. Inkantolo [i-FLT] inquma ukuthi uma amajaji amane evotanti yokuzwa icala, i-writ inikezwa. INkantolo ngokuvamile izwa ukuthi kuhileleke ukuphikisana okukhulu, ukuphikisana okuphakathi kweNkathi yeNkakhulu noma ukudluliswa kwecala.

Uphoqelelelo 3: Ukuqaphela Ukwahlulela

Ukuphumelela ekwahluleleni kuyingxenye yempi, enye ingxenye inqwabelana kuyo, futhi ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo senkantolo sinemiphumela ewusizo.

Izahlulelo Zemali

Uma ukwahlulela kudinga ukuba lowo olahlekelwayo akhokhe imali, iqembu elikhona (umthengisi wokwahlulela) lingasebenzisa izenzakalo ezingokwengqondo ukuze lithole impahla yeqembu elilahlekileyo (ilungu elinecala). Izindlela zokukhokha isibopho zihlanganisa:

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-'Ukwahlulela': Imvume yasenkantolo eqondisa i-hemperiff ukuba ithathe futhi ithengise impahla ukuze yanelise isahlulelo.
  • I-Garnishish:[ Iyalo yenkantolo efuna umqashi obolekile ukuba agodle ingxenye yomholo futhi awukhokhele umkweleti.
  • [[UMTL:0] u-Bhank Levi: Ukukhulula izimali zomkweleti futhi uqondise ibhange ukuba liphendule imali.
  • [ Intengo eqinile: Ukumangalela impahla yangempela yobolekisi, ukuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwempahla kuze kukhokhelwe isikweletu.

Ukulahlwa Kwenkantolo

Kuyalethiwe okufuna umyalo ukuba kwenziwe okuthile (noma uyeke ukwenza okuthile), inkantolo incike emandleni ayo okudelela. Ilulaza iklanyelwe ukuphoqa ukubopha ukuvumelana nomyalo wenkantolo, njengokukhokha ishende noma ukuya ejele kuze kube yilapho umkhakhandi weqembu uphoqelelwa. Ukwedelela okungalawuleki [ kusetshenziselwa ukujezisa ukuziphatha kwasemuva okuye kwaphula umthetho kakade owe enkantolo, njengokuhluleka ukuvela ekulaleleni okuhleliwe. Amandla okudelela abaluleke kakhulu egunyeni le judiary; ngaphandle kwalokho, iziyalo ziyoba yi-victedry.

Ngalé Kwendlela Yendabuko: Izindlela Zokwelapha Nezikhethekile

Indlela yesiko yokuqulwa kwecala lokuya eqenjini akuyona yodwa indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano. Ukusingatha izindleko eziphakeme nokulibala kokuququda, isimiso somthetho siye sasungula ezinye izindlela nezinkantolo ezikhethekile.

Enye Impikiswano

Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame i - ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

  • [ I-mediation:[ Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza ukukhulumisana phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba afinyelele indawo yokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo. I-medition iphumelela kakhulu, ixazulula amacala amaningi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Uku-arbitution: U-atle 3: phereat yesithathu (noma indawo elawulayo) uzwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano kumacala womabili futhi ukhipha isinqumo esibophekayo. I-Arbitration ingemthetho kakhulu kune-mediation kodwa ingekho ngokomthetho kunecala. Ukubukezwa kwemikcaba kulinganiselwe kakhulu ngaphansi kwe- Act , okwenza indlela yokugcina, ephumelela kakhulu, kodwa evame ukubuyiselwa.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ukuze kusingathwe umthamo nobunkimbinkimbi bezinhlobo ezithile zamacala, imibuso eminingi iye yasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yentela yase-U.S. izwa izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela ne-IRS, kuyilapho iBhankruptic Court yase-U. isingatha ukuvuselelwa noma ukukhishwa kwezikweletu. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa nezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo ziyinkinga egxile ekulungiseni nasekulaneni kabusha nasekujezisweni, ngokuvamile inikeza enye indlela yokulungisa inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lezelele.

Umphumela Wokonakala Kwezinkanyezi

Enye yemiphumela ebalulekile yesinqumo sokukhipha isigwebo imiphumela yaso emacaleni azayo. Ngaphansi kwesimiso se stares decisis (ngesiLatini se-"ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"), izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshelwe ukulandela izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme phakathi kwegunya elifanayo. Umbono onyatheliswe enkantolo yezezikhalo ubopha zonke izinkantolo zesifunda phakathi kwesifunda. Ngokufanayo, inkantolo ephakeme ibopha inkantolo yonke eUnited States. Le mfundiso yenza isakhiwo esiqinisekile nesizinzile esingokomthetho, ivumela abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo ngaphandle kokuzibopha zonke izimpikiswano. Ushintsho lwemithetho noma isinqumo esilandela esisenkantolo esinguwodwa.

Isiphetho

Indlela yokuthatha impikiswano isuka ekuququzeleni kwecala ukuya ekuqinisekiseni isahlulelo sokugcina iwuhambo oluhlelwe kahle. Isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala simisa amaqiniso futhi sisebenzise umthetho omisiwe. Isigaba se-apellate siqinisekisa ukuthi icala lenziwa ngokulunga nangokusemthethweni, silungisa amaphutha futhi sicacise umehluko phakathi kwecala lesikhathi esizayo. Isigaba sokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yephepha lenkantolo isebenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso zangempela. Kanye-ke, lezi zingxenye zikha isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngendlela evumelanayo, ekhanyayo, nefanelekile. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwecala nesicelo, indima yezimiso zokubukeza, nencazelo yenqubo efanelekile ibalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngesimiso somthetho noma ofuna nje indlela yokuqonda ngayo ubulungisa.