Isingeniso: Ukuqonda Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Wase - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wamisa uhulumeni ohlukene wamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: iButho, iSishayamthetho, neSishayamthetho. Lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso kuyisikhombo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umuntu ukuba athole igunya eliningi kakhulu. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, abakhi benze isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okudinga ukubambisana nokulandisa. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda ukuthi la magatsha asebenza kanjani ukuze zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, ekuvoteleni ukuze zihlanganyele nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi egatsheni ngalinye, imithwalo yaso eyinhloko, abadlali, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo ukuze zibumbe isimiso sombuso nomthetho.

Igatsha ngalinye linemithetho ehlukile nemingcele yalo. Igatsha Elilawulayo limisa imithetho, iGatya i-Grade liyimisa, futhi liyichaza. Nakuba leli lungiselelo libonakala licacile, imisebenzi yansuku zonke ihilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, amakhulu amanxusa, nezinkulungwane zezikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinweba ekucaciseni okuyisisekelo ukuze linikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngemishini kahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esisha, noma isakhamuzi esihlala isikhathi eside, sazi ukuthi lamagatsha akwenza usebenze kanjani ukuze uphendule uhulumeni wakho.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa, ukumisa, nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Liyigatsha elikhulu kakhulu likahulumeni, elihlanganisa uMongameli, uMongameli, i-pace, i-Kabinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni. Inhloko yaleligatsha, uMongameli, isebenza kokubili njengesikhulu esiyinhloko sesizwe nesikhulu soMyali-mkhandlu wamabutho ahlomile. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngesimiso se-Electal Collegement futhi ulinganiselwe ezivumelwaneni ezimbili ngeSiphemende se-Electal Collegement.

UMongameli: Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Amagunya kaMongameli ahlelwe eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa igunya lokusayina izikweleti zemali ezidluliselwe yisiKhomishane emthethweni, noma ukudunyiswa yizo. UMongameli futhi unamandla okukhipha iziyalezo zempi, ezinamandla omthetho kodwa ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namalungu e-kapital, nakuba lezi zinqumo zidinga isiqinisekiso seSigelethili. NjengoMphathi-inqana-i-Chief, uMongameli uqondisa uqondisa imisebenzi yempi futhi angafaka amabutho, kodwa uMongameli kuphela angamemezela impi. Umongameli uyakwazi futhi ukuqhuba izivumelwano zakwamanye amazwe, uxoxa ngezivumelwano (okudinga imvume yeSishaya iSishayamthetho), futhi amukele amanxusa bezizwe.

Ngaphandle kwalemibuso engokomthetho, uMongameli ufeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni izinqumo zesizwe. Ngenkulumo ye-State of the Union, uMongameli usikisela iziphakamiso eziphambili zemithetho. Ngesikhulu sezikhulu sezikhulu zesizwe esiqinelayo, uMongameli angathonya umbono womphakathi nengcindezelo ukuba ithathe isinyathelo. UMongameli futhi uqondisa i-comparation communment, eqondisa umsebenzi wezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa izinhlelo ze-social Security kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile.

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

Umongameli ongumsekeli ungumphathi ophakeme kunabo bonke eGatsheni Eliphethe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko woMongameli ongumongameli ukusebenzela njengoMongameli weSigele, evota ngokuphula isibopho uma kudingekile. UMongameli ongumKhosi uhlala ekulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sikamongameli uma uMongameli efa, eshiya isikhundla, noma esuswa esikhundleni. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, abaPhathiswa bamasekela bathatha izinyathelo eziyinhloko zenkambiso, ngokuvamile bahola izinyathelo eziqondile noma bakhonze njengesikhulu sokuqondisa umongameli.

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengoNobhala weSizwe, unobhala wezeNhloko, noMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney. Lezi zikhulu zimiswa nguMongameli futhi ziqiniswa yiSigele. IKhabhinethi yeluleka uMongameli ngezindaba phakathi kweminyango yawo futhi isiza ekuhleleni izimiso. Ngaphandle kweKbibinethi engokwesiko, iHhovisi Lesikhululo likaMongameli (EOP) lihlanganisa izinhlangano ezifana neHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezigele neHlo (OMB) neSishaya-National Security Council (NSC), ezisekela ngokuqondile kuMongameli (NSC),.

Izinhlangano Zokulwela Uhulumeni Nemibuso YasebuBureau

ISebe Eliphethe lihlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amakhomishane, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano zisukela eminyangweni emikhulu enjengoMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zomuntu kuya ezinhlanganweni ezizimele njenge-Nzaliseko Yezokuvikela Imvelo (EPA) neFederal Reserve. Izinhlangano zeFederal zibhala futhi ziqinise iziqondiso ezinamandla omthetho, zisebenzisa imithetho, zihlele futhi zinikeze izinkonzo emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-International Revenue Service (I) iqoqa intela, kuyilapho i-Federal Bureauragement of Investigation (FBI) ihlola ubugebengu bezwelonke. Ubukhulu obuphezulu bezisebenzi ezingabuswangasese zingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zeze zezenzwe zezenzwe, zisebenzisa iziqondiso zegatsha elibonakalayo kakhulu futhi elithinta ngokuqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

IGagislative Branch, eyaziwa ngokuthi iKhongolo, iyindikimba yokwenza umthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Inhlangano ye-badamal eyakhiwe ngamakamu amabili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli. ISishaya-mthetho simiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo futhi siphethe amandla okushaya imithetho, ukuphakamisa inzuzo, ukukhokha izimali, ukumisa impi, nokuqondisa iSebe lezempathiso. Inqubo yomthetho iklanyelwe ukuba ihambe kancane futhi ikhiphe imvume, ikhuthaze ukuhlehliselwa nokucabangela izikweleti ngokucophelela.

ISigele

ISigele sinamagunya ahlukene ayikhulu, amabili avela ezweni ngalinye, anezinombolo ezinyaka eziyisithupha ezishaqekayo. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yeSigele ivulelwe ukukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, inikeza ukuqhubekeka ngenkathi ivumela ushintsho lwezikhathi ezithile. ISigele sinawo amandla amaningana akhethekile, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (njengamalungu e-Cabitte, abahluleli abaphethe umbuso, namanxusa) nokusekela izivumelwano ngevoti emibili. ISigele sikhonza futhi njengenkantolo yokungavumelani ukuqulwa ngezikhathi ezithile; uma iNdluyalo yendlu ibeka isikhulu sikahulumeni, iqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala futhi isusa isikhulu ngevoti emibili yama-3. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigelentine kodwa ozibophela amavoti. Esenza umsebenzi wesigaba sesigaba sendikimba esingokomthetho sokuziboshelwa esingokomthetho esivamile futhi sigxile esibumbeni esimisiwe.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu ovota angu-435, abelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ezakhamuzini. Abameleli basebenzisa izimemo ezithatha iminyaka emibili, benza indlu isabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. Indlu inegunya lokusungula izikweletu zemali (umthetho wentela) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. USpeaker weNd House, okhethwe yinhlangano eningi, uyisikhulu esiwengamele nesikhundla esinamandla ekumiseni izinqumo ze-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi zonke izihlalo ziphezulu zokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, iNdlungela isakhiwo ivame ukuba ne-sibindi futhi isabela emimoyeni yezombangazwe eshintshayo.

Amandla Nezinhlelo Zomthetho

UKhomishane unikeza imibuso eminingi ebala iqoqo leSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi ukwenza yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekufezeni lemibuso. I-"efunekayo nefanele" umusho, owaziwa nangokuthi i-reatranstive, uye wachazwa kabanzi ukunika uKhongolose amandla asikiwe.

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ilungu liletha isikweleti. Imali ibhekiswa ekomitini yesifundo, ukuzwa, nokunyusa. Uma ikomiti ivuma, umthetho ungena egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo kanye nevoti. Uma idlula ngawo womabili amakamu afanayo, iya kuMongameli ngenxa yokusayinwa noma uku-veto. I-Congress futhi inamandla okuhlola izenzo zobucukubhede, ukuzwa, nofakazi abaphansi. Amakomiti anjengeSishaya-Ndlu noma iKomiti yeSishaya-Hulumeni idlala indima ebucayi ekubekeni uhulumeni ukulandisa.

Amakomiti Nezobuholi

Ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wesiKhongolo sendlu yenziwa emakomitini. Kunamakomiti amile (akanye) amakomiti (ameme ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaba ezithile), namakomiti ahlangene (ahlanganiswe kuwo womabili amakamu). Izihlalo zamakomiti, ngokuvamile ezivela eqenjini elikhulu, zilawula uhlelo futhi zinganquma ukuthi izokuqhubekisa izikwele. Izikhundla eziyinhloko zihlanganisa uMholi weMajoritha, uMholi Omncane, namaWhips kuwo womabili amagumbi. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukubekwa okukhethekile (ngoko sibonelo, iSishaya-gebe soMnyango wamazwe angaphandle usingatha izimpikiswano zezizwe zonke, kuyilapho i House ne-Atherice Committes protations sy soms.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha Lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokufanele futhi isebenza ngokungaguquki noMthetho-sisekelo. Limiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo futhi liholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States. Isimiso sokwahlulela sihlanganisa nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni: iNkantolo Yezikhalo (izinkantolo zezezinkantolo zesifunda), iziNkantolo (izinkantolo zezenkantolo), nezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinjengeNkantolo ye-International Trantir. IJadicary izimele eMthethweni ephethe i-Hulumend ne-Legistrative, namajaji amisa amajaji amacala enzelo esikhathi sonke sokuphila konke aphethe kahle.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme inezahlulelo ezingu-9: iJaji elilodwa eliyinhloko neJaji elingu 8 elihlangeneyo. AmaJaji amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele. Bafeza imibandela yokuphila, ebavikelayo ekucinezelweni kwezombangazwe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weNkantolo uwukuzwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi nokunquma izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho-mthetho, umthetho kahulumeni, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe. INkantolo isebenzisa amandla okuhlaziya imithetho noma amandla okukhipha imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu zokungagxubisho. Lo mbuso wamiswa enkantolo yezendaba yezwe .

Unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo Ephakeme ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo kodwa izwa amacala acishe abe ngu-70-80 kuphela. Icala likhethwa ngenqubo ye-certiorari, okudinga okungenani amajaji amane ukuze avume ukuzwa icala. Izindaba zeNkantolo ezibhalwe phansi eziba isibopho kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zenziwa ngevoti eningi, futhi abahluleli bavame ukubhala imibono ephikiswayo noma ephikisayo ukuze bachaze ukucabanga kwabo.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kunamacala eNkantolo Adlulisa Amacala (izinkantolo zesifunda) ezizwa izikhalo ezivela eziNkantolo Zesifunda. Kunezingu-94 zeSigodi kulo lonke izwe, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala kahulumeni amaningi. Izinkantolo zesifunda zisingatha kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namacala ahilela amacala kahulumeni, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (ukulawula). Izikhalo ezivela eNkantolo yeSifundazwe ziya eNkantolo Yezinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala, futhi zidlulise izikhalo ezingaphezulu zidluliselwe enkantolo esemthethweni. Inkantolo ekhethekile, njengeNkanto ekhethekile yeNkantolo yeze-U.S.

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlanganisa futhi nezinkantolo ezibole imali, amajaji, namajaji omthetho wokuphatha phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Abahluleli eziSiphakamiso III bamiswa ukuze baphile, kuyilapho abahluleli abawi bemali namajaji bekhonza izinqumo ezimisiwe. Ukuzimela kwejaji kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho, njengoba abahluleli bengangaphansi kokhetho oludumile noma ukuphindisela kwezombangazwe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nomphumela Wako

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. La mandla aye asetshenziswa ezicabeni ezingokomlando ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1854], eyaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, futhi [[FLT]] Roe v. [ [[FLT]] [7773]]), eyaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho lokukhipha isisu (kamuva elivukele ngo-20222). Izinkantolo futhi zichaza imithetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, futhi zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Nokho, i-judiary iboshwe ngesibonelo (i-decis) futhi ilindeleke ukuba ivike, igwema ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezimiso, ukuthi kungcono ekukhipheni kwesobunxele.

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kwamajaji kahulumeni iye yavuselelwa kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ibonisa izigxathu eziphakeme zokumiswa kokwahlulela. Abameli ngokuvamile bafuna ukumisa abahluleli abahlanganyela ifilosofi yabo yokwahlulela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangumlobi wokuqala, ababhala imibhalo, noma abasekela umthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, labahluleli bakhonza amashumi eminyaka, belungisa umthetho waseMelika esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba uMongameli owamisayo eseye washiya isikhundla.

Izivivinyo Nokulinganisela: Indlela Igatsha Elingenela Ngayo

Isimiso samasheke namasheke esilinganisweni siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linethonya elithile phezu kwamanye. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Ikhonki ihlola uMongameli ngokwenqaba ukuvuma izifungo noma izivumelwano, ukuphatha ama-veto ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili, nokuhlohla nokususa uMongameli.
  • UMongameli uhlola uKhongolo ngokukhipha umthetho, ukubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile, nokukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu eziqondisa indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo.
  • INkantolo Ephakeme ihlola womabili amagatsha ngokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela.
  • Ikhorat ihlola i-Judiciary ngokumisa inani lokwahlulela, ukuguqula umbuso wezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kanye namajaji afundisayo.
  • UMongameli uhlola iJadicary ngokukhipha amajaji akhiphe izintambo nangokunikeza izintethelelo (ngaphandle kwamacala angagunyaziwe).

Lokhu kushukuma kwemizwa kuhlosiwe. Abahleli bakholelwa ukuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe siwenziwe ukuze kulwiwe nesifiso sokuvelela. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angathatha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawalawula lawo mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya umthetho, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho singaveza inguquko yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze sigumbuqele ukubusa (nakuba lokhu kudinga ukuvelela). Inqubo iklanyelwe ukuphoqa ukunquma nokuhlehla, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane kuyilapho kusenza umthetho omkhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Kwesigqinsi

Ukuqonda amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; kuyimfuneko yokuba umuntu abe isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Abaqondisi abakwaziyo indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo bahlomele kangcono ukuhlola abazobhapathizwa, ukuqonda izimpikiswano zezimiso, nokusekela ukushintshwa. Iwebhusayithi ye-Website ye-White House[ inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngeGaza Eliphethe, kuyilapho [FLT:] i-Konrect.mov [i-ct] inikeza ukufinyelela ekwakhelisweni nasemisebenzini yekomiti. [[FLT:]] Iwebhsayithi yeNka yeNkanto [[FLT:]]]] ] ikhipha imibono nemibono.

Igatsha ngalinye lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuzameni okuqhubekayo kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Igatsha eliphethe likhipha imithetho ngokunempumelelo, i-Legislative Branch imisa imithetho ngokucabangela, futhi i- Judicial Branch ichaza imithetho ngokungakhethi. Uma elinye igatsha liphamba, elinye linamathuluzi omthetho-sisekelo okubuyisela ukulinganisela. Ngokuhlala linolwazi, livota, futhi lihlanganyela nabameleli, izakhamuzi zisekela ukusebenza okuhle kwalesimiso. Njengoba i-Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis yakeis yake yasho, ukuthi, "Ihhovisi lezombangazwe elibaluleke kakhulu yilelosakhamuzi elizimele." Ukuqonda amagatsha ayisinyathelo sokuqala ekufezeni leso sabelo."