Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States usebenza njengesisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika, unikeza uhlelo olubalulekile oluqinisekisa ukulunga, ukungaguquguquki, nobulungisa ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kokwahlulela kuye kwanika iNkantolo umthwalo obalulekile emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye aqinisekisayo, kanye nasekulondolozeni "Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo" ozimiso zawo eziqhubeka zisebenza ezimweni ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-mthetho ohlela ngayo imiphumela kuyisisekelo sokuqaphela umthetho eMelika nesivikelo esiwunikeza bonke abantu.

Isisekelo Segunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Omthetho WaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisebenza kuzo sonke isimiso somthetho waseMelika. OFathers abaQhunyushile babeyisho ngokuhlakanipha leyo ncwajana ngamazwi avamile ayivumela ukuba ivulelwe ekuhlolweni esikhathini esizayo ukuze ihlangabezane nezimo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kuvumelana ngenhloso kuvumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlale usebenza ezizukulwaneni zonke kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo zobulungisa nokulunga.

Isikhundla esiyingqayizivele seNkantolo Ephakeme sisukela esibophweni esijulile sabantu baseMelika kuya eMthethweni nase-hulumenini womthetho-sisekelo. Lesisibopho siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu noma inhlangano engaphezulu komthetho, nokuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala elawulwa yimingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza hhayi nje njengencwadi engokomlando kodwa njengesimiso esiphilayo esiqondisa izinqumo ezingokomthetho zanamuhla kuyilapho ulondoloza amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo echaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okuqonda Incazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Esinye isici esiyinhloko samandla okwahlulela kahulumeni amandla okuhlaziya ukwahlulela, igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokumemezela ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni ziphula uMthetho - sisekelo. Lamandla angavamile, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni - sisekelo ngokwawo, aye aba esinye sezici ezichazayo zesimiso somthetho waseMelika.

Ukumiswa Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Amandla eNkantolo okwahlulela awaqinisekiswanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1803, lapho icelwa uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall eMarbury v. Madison. Kulesi sinqumo esivelele, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamemezela: "Kuwumsebenzi ogcizelelayo woMnyango Wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi uyini umthetho." Lesi simiso saveza ukuthi izinkantolo zinegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zinqume ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Umlando ogciniwe ovela ekuFunyanweni naseminyakeni yokuqala yeRepublic usikisela ukuthi labo abahlela futhi bagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo babekuqaphela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nokuthi abanye babethanda ukunika izinkantolo amandla. Umqondo wokwahlulela wawusumisiwe kakade ngesikhathi sokuFunyaniswa. Hamilton wayebhale ukuthi ngokuhlola kweNkantolo yahlulelo waqinisekisa ukuthi intando yabo bonke abantu, njengoba iboniswe eMthethweni wabo woMthetho-sisekelo, yayiyoba mikhulu kunentando yendlu yomthetho, ezimiso zayo zingaveza kuphela intando yesikhashana yabantu.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyinqubo lapho izenzo zikahulumeni eziphethe, zomthetho, noma zokuphatha zibukwa khona. Ekubukezeni kokwahlulela, inkantolo ingachitha imithetho, izenzo, noma izenzo zikahulumeni ezingavumelani neminye imithetho. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha kahulumeni ahlala enomthwalo wemfanelo kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi amalungelo omuntu ngamunye athole isivikelo kumacukuthwane kahulumeni.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungokunye kokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso − amandla ejaji lokuqondisa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu lapho lawo edlula igunya lawo. Ngalenqubo, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli bezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathi ezinkulu zezombangazwe zesikhashana azinakwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma zidlulele ukulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho emandleni kahulumeni.

Imfundiso yeJajiement Review ayilinganiselwe kuphela ezenzweni zikahulumeni, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezenzo zikahulumeni. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iphoqelela amandla eSupremacy Claus, isho ukuthi inegunya lokubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo kahulumeni ezihilela ukuchazwa komthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ngokwawo. Lengxenye ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuvumelana komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kulo lonke izwe.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo: Izindlela Nezindlela Zokufinyelela

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi zihlole ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho. Lezi yizi: (1) umlando, (2) umbhalo, (3) ukwakheka, (4) imfundiso, (5) izimiso zokuziphatha, futhi (6) ukuhlakanipha. Indlela ngayinye inikeza ukuqonda okuhlukile ezincazelweni zomthetho-mthetho futhi isiza amajaji ukuba asebenzise imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho.

Ukuchaza Imibhalo Nomlando

Incazelo yemibhalo igxila encazelweni ecacile yamagama oMthetho-sisekelo, ihlola ulimi ngendlela olwaluyoqondwa ngayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Incazelo yezomlando, ngokuvamile ehlobene nenhloso yokuqala noma ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni, ifuna ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izifemu nama-ratifiers oMthetho-sisekelo ahloselwe ukuthatha amalungiselelo akhethekile. Lezi zimo zigcizelela ukuthembeka embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo nasemongweni ongokomlando owabhalwa ngawo.

Ukuya Esakhiweni Nasemicikilishweni Engokwesayensi

Incazelo yesakhiwo ihlola umklamo woMthetho-sisekelo wonke kanye nobudlelwane obukheka phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene. Lendlela icabangela indlela izinhlelo zomthetho sisekelo ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso sikahulumeni esivumelanayo. Incazelo yeDoctrine ixhomeke esandulelayo nasemkhandlwini wezomthetho wezezimali oye wavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokomthetho.

Ukucatshangelwa Kobuciko Nokukhuluphala

Lendlela iphikisa ngokuthi imiqondo ethile yokuziphatha isekelwe emagameni athile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo (umzk., "isivikelo esilinganayo" noma "inqubo esele i-'mthetho"), nokuthi lemiqondo kufanele yazise amajaji ngencazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuthatha inqubo kuhilela iNkanto elinganisa noma ilinganise imiphumela engenzekayo yokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinye izincazelo. Okunye ukuhlobana komthetho womthetho kulinganisa izindleko zesikhathi esizayo nezinzuzo zencazelo emphakathini noma emagatsheni ezombangazwe, ukuchaza okungase kuholele emphumeleni ongcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukulondoloza Ukulinganisela Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni okufanele likwazi ukusebenzisa amandla phezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye igatsha ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni kufanele lihlole amagunya amanye amagatsha kahulumeni, kanjalo lakha ukulinganisela okulawulayo phakathi kwawo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo sivimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla futhi sivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lihlala lihlukene futhi lilinganise.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

E-United States, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubhekwa njengokuhlola okuyinhloko kwemibuso yamanye amagatsha amabili kahulumeni ngejaji. Igatsha lomthetho limisa imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyimisa, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyayichaza futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha ngalinye linezindawo eziqondile ezingalinganisela noma zihlole izenzo zamagatsha amabili, lidala isimiso esishukumisayo sokulandisana.

UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolose, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho ngevoti enkulu. ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli ezinhlanganweni zejaji ze-ouniversity nezikhulu. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa iziKhomishane zingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zithathe izincazelo zokwahlulela. Le nqubo yokuhlanganisa iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa noma lingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokunqandelwa.

Ukuvimbela Ukuhlasela Okungaphezu Kwendlela Kahulumeni

Ukwehlukaniswa kwemfundiso yemibuso kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ubulungisa phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Kuvimbela ukusebenzisa igunya likahulumeni ngokufuna ukubambisana nokuvumelana phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene ezenzweni ezinkulu zikahulumeni. Kuvikela amalungelo amancane ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zesikhashana zezombangazwe azikwazi ukumelana nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Kukhuthaza ukucabangela nokucophelela izimiso zikahulumeni ngokufuna ukuba izinhlangano eziningi zihlanganyele enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo.

Nakuba lelicala liye lasebenza njenge-lickot yokuhlola kokwahlulela kusukela kudala, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqaphele ukuba zingawuphuli umthetho ohlukanisayo wemfundiso yamandla lapho zihlanganyela ekuhloleni kokwahlulela. Nakuba kunjalo kungumsebenzi wamajaji ukuchaza umthetho futhi anqume ukuthi yimiphi imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo, abahluleli nabahluleli abaqonda ukuthi akumelwe bathathe isibopho somthetho sokusungula umthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zifeza indima yazo engokomthetho ngaphandle kokuyeqa imingcele ezindaweni ezigcinelwe amagatsha akhethiwe kahulumeni.

Inqubo Efanele: Ukuqinisekisa Ukwelashwa Okufanele Ngaphansi Komthetho

I-Gast Process Claus imelela esinye sezivikelo zoMthetho-sisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye nezinqubo zomthetho ezilungile. ISichibiyelo seSiphendu se 14th inikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso ongancisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke aphazamise amalungelo ayisisekelo ngokuzikhethela nokuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zihlala zilungile futhi zilungile.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Le nqubo engokomthetho efanelekile inikeza abamangalelwa becala isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe isijeziso sobugebengu.

Izimfuneko ezifanele zenqubo yenqubo ziyahluka kuye ngesimo sesenzo sikahulumeni kanye nezithakazelo ezibhekene nendaba. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa bathola isivikelo esikhulu esihlanganisa nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji, nemfuneko yokuba uhulumeni abonise ukuthi unecala elingenakungabaza okunengqondo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi nasemikhankasweni yokuqondisa, izinga lesivikelo somthetho lixhomeke ezimweni eziqondile nasekutheni izithakazelweni ezihilelekile.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisici ivikela abantu ekulahlekelweni okungenangqondo kwamalungelo okuthumba, njengelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nelungelo lokukhuluma ngezindaba zomuntu siqu. Nakuba inqubo efanelekile engokwesiko igxila ekulinganiseni kwezinqubo zikahulumeni, inqubo efanelekile emisiwe ihlola ukuthi uhulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho yini lokulawula izindawo ezithile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

INkantolo iye yanquma ukuthi i-The

Isimiso Sokuzivikela Nesokudla

Umthetho uyize ngenxa yokungacaci uma usebenzisa amagama angacacile noma adidani. Imithetho engahlelwanga ngokuqondile ayinikezi isaziso emphakathini ngohlobo oluqondile lokuziphatha oluwubugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, inikeza ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuqonda okungaphezu kwamandla futhi iphoqelelwa ngokungafanele. Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho inikeza isiqondiso esicacile ngokuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ivimbela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Umthetho oweqisayo uhlanganisa ukuziphatha okuvikelwe ngokomthetho-sisekelo futhi ngakho ngokungenangqondo ungenelela amalungelo abantu. Lemfundiso ewujuqu ivikela inkululeko yokuQhubela iSichibiyelo sokuqala ngokungasebenzisi imithetho eshanela kakhulu futhi enqabela kokubili amazwi angavikelekile navikelwe ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlasela ukuziphatha okulimazayo ayinqandeli ngokungaqondile inkulumo engokomthetho.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo: Ukuqinisekisa Amalungelo Alinganayo Abo Bonke

Ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile yomthetho nesivikelo esilinganayo somthetho manje lisebenza kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. I-Umeal Protection Clause ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu oMthetho-sisekelo okulwa nobandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bazici zabo.

Ubungako Besivikelo Esilinganayo

Inombolo elinganayo yesivikelo ivimbela uhulumeni wezwe ekumiseni imithetho yobugebengu ehlukanisa ngendlela engenangqondo nengenasizathu. Lokhu akusho ukuthi zonke izahlulo ezingokomthetho zenqatshelwe − imiyalo ivame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene zabantu, ukuziphatha, noma izimo. Kunalokho, i-Expact Protection Claus idinga ukuba izimpawu ezinjalo zibe nesisekelo esinengqondo futhi zifeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni.

Imiqondo yesivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele, kokubili eveza impumelelo yethu yokulunga yaseMelika, ayihlukene. Isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho siyisivikelo esicacile sokungalungi okunqatshelwe kakhulu kunokuthi 'inqubo esele yomthetho,' futhi, asithi lezi zinkulumo ezimbili zihlala zixhunyaniswa. Lezi zikhungo eziphelelisanayo zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa nokuvimbela ukucwaswa kukahulumeni.

Izinga Lokuhlola

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola lapho zihlola ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziphula izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza ezinhlotsheni ezicatshangelwayo njengesizwe noma imvelaphi yesizwe, kanye nasemithethweni ethwesa umthwalo wamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa ngokucophelela, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kufeza isithakazelo esinamandla sikahulumeni futhi kulungele ngokuncane ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-intermediate kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ebulilini nasebuntwini obusemthethweni. Ngaphansi kwalendinganisweni, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kufeza injongo kahulumeni ebalulekile futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nokufinyelela lowo mgomo. Isisekelo se-rationalal, indinganiso ebekelwe impela, isebenza kwezinye izigaba eziningi. Ngaphansi kokubukezwa okunengqondo, umthetho usekelwe ngokomthetho uma uhlangene ngokunengqondo nenjongo kahulumeni esemthethweni.

Ukuvikelwa Okulinganayo Ekwenzeni

Imithetho yezigebengu enesisekelo esinengqondo sokucwasa futhi esekelwa yinzuzo kahulumeni esemthethweni ingabandlululwa, futhi ivame ukwenza kanjalo. Imithetho yezobugebengu ejezisa amasela amagebengu kakhulu lapho enomlando wobugebengu, ngokwesibonelo, imithetho emithathu ebekweyo, isekelwa yizithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni zokunqanda ukunqatshelwa okuthile nokubekwa imingcele eqondile nokubekwa indle. Qaphela ukuthi isisekelo sobandlululo, isikhundla sommangalelwa wesigebengu njengecala, asinangqondo, asibangeyondlela engokohlanga. Ngakho nakuba lemithetho ikhetha ngokwemithetho, iyi-pursustion ye-mthetho evikela isivikelo esilinganayo.

KuPlyler, uDoe (1982), iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa umthetho waseTexas owawunqabela izingane ezazingezona izakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ukuba zifunde izikole zomphakathi ezikhululekile. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa indlela izimiso zokuvikela ezilingana ngayo ezidlulele kwezakhamuzi ukuze zivikele abantu abasengozini ekucwaseni okungenasizathu, siqinisekisa ukuthi amathuba ayisisekelo ahlala ekhona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukufuduka kuyini.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

IBhili of Rights iyizinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi iqukethe izivikela eziningi kubamangalelwa bezelele. Lezi zinguquko zibala amalungelo akhethekile uhulumeni angenakuwephula, anikeze isivikelo esiqinile senkululeko yomuntu ekusebenzelaneni nohulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yezindaba, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lenkululeko yakha isisekelo sokuzilawula kwentando yeningi, yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, zigxeke izinqubo zikahulumeni, futhi zisekele ushintsho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni.

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula imfundiso ebanzi echaza izinga nemingcele yesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Inkulumo ithola amazinga esivikelo ahlukahlukene kuye ngomongo wayo. Inkulumo yezombangazwe ithola isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu, kuyilapho izigaba ezinjengokuhlazisa, ukuhlamba, nokugqugquzela izenzo ezisondelayo zokungabi namthetho kuthola isivikelo esincane noma ingabi nasivikelo nhlobo. I - Free Speed Claus Claus ivikela inkolelo engokwenkolo kanye nomkhuba, kuyilapho ukumiswa kuka-Claus avikeli uhulumeni ekungcoliseni noma ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho.

Izikhungo Zesigebengu

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni, sidinga ukuba imvume isekelwe cishe ngesizathu futhi ikakhulukazi ichaze izindawo okumelwe zihlolwe futhi zithathwe. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningi kuhlanganise nelungelo lokumelana nokuzilimaza, isivikelo esiyingozi ephindwe kabili, nenqubo efanelekile. ISimemezelo seSithathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelisobala, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eyeqile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

Ukuhlalisana NgeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

I-Bill of Rights ekuqaleni yabhalelwa ukusebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Nokho, isibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US siye sathi noma yikuphi ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo okusekelwe enqubweni efanelekile yenkululeko egunyaziwe kumelwe kufakwe ezivikelweni zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane futhi kusetshenziswe ezizweni. Lenqubo yokufakwa kwemithetho ekhethayo ibuye yandisa isivikelo se-Bill of Rights ukuze inqande uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo athola isivikelo kuyo yonke imikhakha kahulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sasebenza eNew York nge-Act Procession Claus eSichibiyelo se-14. Isinqumo seNkantolo sasiyisenzakalo sokuqala phakathi kwezenzakalo eziningi zokuhlanganisa iSipho Samalungelo Abantu. Ngale nqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa cishe zonke iZiphetho Zamalungelo Omthetho-sisekelo ezivikela amazwe, yakha isisekelo esifanayo samalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza kulo lonke izwe.

Izinqubo Ezifanele Zezomthetho: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala, Ukudluliswa Kwezicelo, Nenqubo Yokwahlulela

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa izivikelo eziningi zemvelo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa imiphumela elungile ekuqulweni kwezindaba ezingokomthetho. Lezi zinqubo zibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ubulungisa abudingi imiphumela elungile kuphela kodwa futhi nezinqubo ezilungile ukuze kufinyelelwe lezo miphumela.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile lihlanganisa izivikelo eziningi eziqondile. Abavikeli banelungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala ababekwe wona, baqiniseke ukuthi bangalungiselela isivikelo esanele. Ilungelo lokweluleka liqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banolwazi olungokomthetho olunosizo ekuqondiseni isimiso somthetho sobugebengu esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ilungelo lokumangalela abamangalelwa livumela abamangalelwa ukuba baphikise ubufakazi babo ngokuphenya.

Ilungelo lokuba ijaji elingakhethi liqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziyiqiniso zenziwa ngokulandelana komphakathi kunokuba zenziwe izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela. Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury kusebenza njenge-checker emandleni kahulumeni futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zomphakathi zimemezela ukusebenza komthetho wobugebengu. Imfuneko yobufakazi obungenakungabaza okunengqondo ivikela ezinkolelweni ezingalungile ngokubeka umthwalo onzima enkantolo ukuze kuvunywe icala.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Isimiso sokudlulisa amacala sinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe emasondweni angokomthetho futhi siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekuchazeni okungokomthetho. Abalweli ababoshelwe ecaleni ngokuvamile banelungelo lokudlulisa izinkolelo zabo ezinkantolo eziphakeme, ezibukeza ukuqulwa kwecala ngamaphutha angokomthetho. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi inkantolo yamacala yazisebenzisa ngokunembile yini izimiso zomthetho, ukuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho aphulwa yini, nokuthi ubufakazi banele yini ukusekela isahlulelo.

Ukubukeza izibalo kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Kulungisa amaphutha ezimweni ngazinye, kuvimbela ukuphuphuma kobulungisa. Kuthuthukisa futhi kukhanyisa imfundiso engokomthetho, kunikeza isiqondiso emacaleni alandelayo. Kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezicabeni ezihlukahlukene. Kunikeza inqubo yezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zifinyelele ezinkantolo eziphakeme, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni.

IHabeas Corpus

Icebo le-habeas corpus, elivikelwe yiSiphakamiso sika-Claus woMthetho-sisekelo, linikeza isivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni. Ngokuthatha isigwebo se-habeas, abantu bangabekela inselele ngokomthetho ukuboshwa kwabo futhi bafune ukukhululwa uma ukuboshwa kwabo kuphula izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho noma umthetho. Lelikhambi lasendulo liqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ongagcinwa unomphela ngaphandle kokuthethelelwa okungokomthetho futhi anikeze i-ehlolo elibalulekile emandleni ezisebenzini zokuboshelwa kwezisebenzi zezisebenzi.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kwamandla Kahulumeni

UMthetho - sisekelo awugcini ngokunikeza uhulumeni imibuso kodwa ubeka nemingcele ebalulekile kuleyomibuso.

Amandla Anamandla Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela onalawomandla anikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile, kuyilapho yonke eminye imibuso igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lesisimiso samandla adwetshwayo siqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lihlala lilinganiselwe futhi ukuthi lawo asho ukuthi alondoloza ukuzimela okuphawulekayo ekulawuleni izindaba zawo siqu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kombuso nombuso kuye kwaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe athole imvume kuMthetho-sisekelo sihlala sikhona.

Umbuso wobuFederal ufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile. Ivumela ukuhlola nokuhlukahluka kwezimiso zikahulumeni, njengoba amazwe ahlukene engathatha izindlela ezihlukene zezinkinga ezivamile. Inikeza amazinga kahulumeni amaningi angahlola amandla omunye nomunye. Igcina uhulumeni useduze kakhulu nabantu ngokugcina imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni kuhulumeni embusweni nase-indawo. Ivikela inkululeko ngokuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni.

Amalungelo Abantu Njengamathuba Okuthola Imingcele Kuhulumeni

Isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo samalungelo womuntu ngamunye sisebenza njengemingcele kulokho uhulumeni angakwenza ngisho nalapho esebenza phakathi kwemibuso yawo ebaliwe. UMkhandlu awunakunqabela inkulumo ngisho nakuba inegunya elikhulu lokulawula ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe. Amazwe awanakukhetha ngokusekelwe ohlangeni ngisho nalapho esebenzisa amandla awo angokwesiko. Lokhu kulinganiselwa okusekelwe kumalungelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo ihlala ivikelekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukukhetha noma izinhloso zikahulumeni.

UMthetho - sisekelo uyawaqaphela womabili amalungelo ashiwo, ahlelwe ngokuqondile embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo, namalungelo angenazo izakhi zomthetho-mthetho, avikelwe ngamalungiselelo anjengeSichibiyelo seNinth nenqubo efanelekile. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uvikela amalungelo angaphezu kwalawo ashiwo ngokucacile kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ithola isivikelo ngisho noma abafaki bengayilindele ngokuqondile.

UMthetho - sisekelo Njengencwadi Ephilayo

Nakuba umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ungashintshi kakhulu kusukela ekuthathekeni kwawo, ukusebenza nokuchaza kwawo kuye kwashintsha ukuze kuxazulule izimo ezintsha nezinselele. Lokhu kuvumelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zihlala zibalulekile futhi ziphumelela ekuvikeleni amalungelo nokuhlela uhulumeni phakathi kwezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezezombangazwe.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela yokuvuselela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze ubonise izinselele ezintsha ezihlanganisa izindinganiso zesizwe futhi ubhekane nezinselele ezintsha. UMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwawo, futhi kwalungiswa ukususwa kwezindaba ezisukela ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekuvotelweni kwelungelo lobumongameli. Inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonakalisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe okuqhubekayo kunokuba kubonise izici ezinkulu zesikhashana zezombangazwe.

Izinguquko ezinkulu zomthetho-mthetho ziye zawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo umthetho nezenhlalo. IziNguqulo zeReconstructon zaqeda ubugqila, zamisa ubuzibulo, futhi zaqinisekisa inqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo. Isichibiyeli seshumi elinesithoba sadlulisela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane. ISichibiyeli samashumi amabili nanye sehla iminyaka yokuvota yaba yishumi elinesishiyagalombili. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa amandla oMthetho-sisekelo okukhula nokuzivumela kuyilapho ziqhubeka nezimiso eziyisisekelo.

Ukuchaza Okushintshayo

Ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezingokomthetho, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwavela ngezinqumo zomthetho-mthetho ezisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisekelwe ezimweni ezintsha. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe luchazwe ngokwezimo zamanje kuyilapho luhlala luthembekile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuchaza kuvumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uxazulule izindaba ezazingeke zilindelwe, njengokuhlola ngemishini, amalungelo okuzala, kanye nenkulumo yolwe-we-website, kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukuhlangana nokuhlala njalo nezindinganiso zomthetho-mfantu.

Izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziveza imibono ehlukene mayelana nendlela izinkantolo okufanele zilinganise ngayo ukwethembeka ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kanye nokusabela ezidingweni zamanje. Izazi zakudala zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokunamathela emfundweni womphakathi wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ukuchaza okuthi kubangelwa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lezimpikiswano zibonisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesimo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Indima Yokuqala EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Imfundiso yokubuka, edinga ukuba izinkantolo zilandele inqubo endulo, inendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo zinquma imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izinqumo zazo ziba yizehlakalo eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo ahilela izindaba ezifanayo. Lokhu kuncika ekwakheni inqubo kuthuthukisa ukuqina komthetho futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi namaqembu akhona athola impatho efanayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwesiqalo

I-Precedent ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile esimisweni somthetho. Ithuthukisa ukubikezelwa, ivumela abantu nezinhlangano ukuba bahlele ukuziphatha kwabo okusekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho ezimisiwe. Iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, isingatha njengamacala futhi inqande ukwenza izinqumo ezibophayo. Ithuthukisa impumelelo ngokunikeza izimpendulo ezilungiselelwe ngokuziphindaphindayo emibuzweni engokomthetho. Ithuthukisa ukufaneleka ngokubonisa ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela zisekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kunokuba ziqondiswe ekwahluleleni ezithandwayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukunamathela ezinqumweni zayo zangaphambili, ilandela kakhulu kuphela uma kunezizathu eziphoqelelayo zokwenza kanjalo. Izici ezisekela inqubo elandelanayo zihlanganisa izenzakalo eziye zalulaza ukucabanga kwesibonelo, ubufakazi bokuthi lesi sibonelo asizange sisebenze, noma ukuqaphela ukuthi isibonelo sanqunywa ngokungalungile futhi siye sadala umonakalo omkhulu. Ukungavumelani kweNkantolo ukubusa umthetho nokubaluleka kokuzinza ekuchazeni umthetho.

Lapho Izinguquko Ezingalindelekile Zishintsha

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokubuka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalawula inqubo ephawulekayo ezicaleni ezinkulu kuwo wonke umlando wayo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yabuswa iPlesty v. Ukuvunyelwa kukaFrguson kokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Izinqumo zamuva ziye zalawula izenzakalo ezisukela emalini yezezimali esukela ekukhipheni izisu. Lezinguquko ezingoko zibonisa ukuqonda okungaguquguqukiyo kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi zibonisa ukuthi umthetho-mthethwe-mthetho awumi kodwa uyaqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isinqumo sokulawula inqubo elandelwayo sihilela ukucabangela izinto ezincintisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunamathela ekwakheni isisekelo kuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokuhlonipha ukubusa komthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhubekisela phambili inqubo eyiphutha kungabangela ukulimala okuqhubekayo futhi kuvimbele ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ugcwalise izinjongo zawo zokuvikela. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ngokucophelela lokhu kucabangela lapho zinquma ukuthi izokugcina noma zithathe isinqumo esingaphezu kwaso.

Izinselele Zomthetho Womthetho Wesikhathi Esidlule

UMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ubhekana nezinselele ezintsha njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuphakama izimpikiswano ezintsha. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo emongweni abakhi bomthetho-mthetho ababengenakuwucabanga, kusukela ekuqambeni izinto zobuchwepheshe bemishini kuya ekuklameni izakhi zofuzo kuya ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bokuzenzela. Lezi zinselele zivivinya ukuvumelana komthetho-sisekelo futhi zidinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi izimiso ezihlala njalo zisebenza kanjani ezimweni ezintsha.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iye yadala izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka kumelwe sisetshenziswe emikhiqizweni ebanzi, ekulandeleni indawo, nasekuhloleni imishini yezobuchwepheshe. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma kumelwe sibhekane namasiteji ezenhlalo, ukulinganisela kokwaziswa okungaqondakali, kanye nokungaqondakali komthetho-mfashini. Le zindaba zidinga izinkantolo ukunquma ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho zithuthuke kanjani ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zezobuchwepheshe zisebenza kanjani ezimweni zanamuhla.

Izinkantolo ziye zafuna ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngendlela engekho hlangothi, zigxile ezithakazelweni eziyisisekelo ezisengozini kunokuba zigxile ebucikweni obuqondile obuhilelekile. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siyaqhubeka siphumelela njengoba ushintsho lobuchwepheshe luqhubeka, kuyilapho ivumela ukucabangela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bungadala kanjani usongo olusha ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo noma izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela lezozindinganiso.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Umehluko phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko unikeza izinselele eziqhubekayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ohulumeni kumelwe bavikele ukuphepha komphakathi nokulondeka kwesizwe kuyilapho behlonipha imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho esemandleni abo. Lokhu kulinganisela kuba kubi kakhulu ikakhulukazi lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo, lapho ohulumeni bengase bafune igunya elandayo ukuze babhekane nezinsongo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izindlela zokusingatha izimo eziphuthumayo kuyilapho ulondoloza isivikelo esiyisisekelo, kodwa ukulinganisela okufanele kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo.

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imingcele yokulondeka ivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivunywa yini ngezindaba zokulondeka ezingokomthetho noma ukuthi ziphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokungenangqondo. Lokhu kuqondisa kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokulondeka zesikhashana azikhona ukuncishiswa okuhlala njalo kwenkululeko yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ithonya Lomthetho - sisekelo Embulungeni Yonke

Zimbalwa ezinye izinkantolo emhlabeni ezinegunya elifanayo lokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo futhi ayikho eye yawusebenzisa isikhathi eside noma inethonya elikhulu. Isimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika siye sathonya intuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, njengoba izizwe eziningi zamukela imithetho - sisekelo elotshiwe, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nezikweletu zamalungelo eziye zafanekiselwa ngokwengxenye esibonelweni saseMelika.

Izimiso ezihlanganiswe kuhulumeni we-U.S.(umthetho) olinganiselwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokubusa komthetho (*) kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi njengezici ezibalulekile zentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi. Nakuba amazwe ahlukene aye avumelanisa lezizimiso nezimo zawo namasiko, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uvinjelwe umthetho nokuthi amalungelo ngamanye adinga isivikelo kuye kwanwebeka embulungeni yonke.

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wenkululeko yabantu uye wasungula izimiso ezihlobana nezivikelayo zomthetho - sisekelo, zakha uhlelo lwembulunga yonke lokuvikela isithunzi sabantu nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuqotho Ngezimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene oMthetho-sisekelo asebenza ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe isimiso esibanzi sokuqinisekisa ukulunga ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho. Inqubo emisiweyo iqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile futhi ivikela amalungelo angaphansi. Isivikelo esifanayo sivimbela ukucwaswa okungenamthetho. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya likahulumeni. IBhili lamaLungelo livikela inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ukuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.

Lezizimiso aziyona nje imicabango ecatshangelwayo kodwa zinemiphumela ecacile endleleni isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo. Zinquma ukuthi yibuphi ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala, yimiphi imithetho emisiwe, indlela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingasebenzisa ngayo igunya lazo, namakhambi atholakalayo lapho amalungelo ephulwa. Zibumba ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala enesibopho futhi lowomuntu ngamunye uthola inhlonipho.

Ukuphumelela koMthetho-sisekelo ekuqinisekiseni ukulunga akuxhomeke nje kuphela embhalweni wayo nasekuchazeni kokwahlulela kodwa futhi nasekubophekeni kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo anenjongo kuphela lapho ephoqelelwa futhi ehlonishwa. Lokhu kudinga ukuqapha ekuboneni ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, isibindi ekucunuleni umthetho okungacunuli, kanye nasekubophekeni ekubutheni umthetho ngisho nalapho uveza imiphumela engathandwa kwezombangazwe.

Ikusasa Lokubusa Komthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba i-United States iqhubeka iguquka, uMthetho-sisekelo uzobhekana nezinselele ezintsha nemibuzo. Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinselele zendawo ezungezile, kanye nezindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zomphakathi konke kuzovivinya ukuvumelana nomthetho-mthetho kanye nokuzimela kwawo. Umbuzo obalulekile ulokhu ukhona ukuthi incwadi eyabhalwa ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili ingaqhubeka yini inikeza ukubusa nokuvikela amalungelo ngempumelelo ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala nangalé.

Impendulo yalombuzo ixhomeke endleleni izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo ubhekwa njengemithetho eqinile eqandiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingaba engabalulekile kakhulu ezinkingeni zamanje. Uma ubhekwa njengeqoqo lezimiso ezihlala njalo ezingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezintsha, ungaqhubeka unikeza ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukuphila isikhathi eside koMthetho-sisekelo nokubaluleka kwawo okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukufaneleka kwawo okuyisisekelo njengesimiso sokubusa. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuzinza nokuvumelana kwawo, isivikelo sawo kokubili ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, kanye nokuzinikela kwawo ekubekeni uhulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuye kwawusiza ukuba uphile futhi uphumelele ngezinguquko zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezezombangazwe. Uma nje amaMelika esezibophezele ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubusa komthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka usebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa nomthetho osemthethweni.

Isiphetho: Indima ehlala njalo yomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengetshe eliqinile lesimiso somthetho waseMelika, unikeza uhlelo oluqinisekisa ukulunga, ukuvikela amalungelo, kanye nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zichaza futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuxazulula futhi zihlole ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo wezenzo zikahulumeni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni abanye futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi liyolandisa. Inqubo yokuvikelwa futhi ivikele isiqinisekiso sokuphatha ngokungakhethi futhi ivimbela ukucwaswa okungenamfa. I-Bill of Rights ivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Lezizimiso zomthetho zenza kube nokubambisana ukuze kusungulwe isimiso somthetho esilwela ubulungisa nobulungisa. Nakuba isimiso singephelele futhi singekho ngokomthetho siyaqhubeka siguquka, isibopho soMthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo sokulinganisela uhulumeni, amalungelo, nokubusa komthetho sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokwenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ohlela ngayo imiphumela engokomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda umthetho nohulumeni waseMelika.

Impumelelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwazo zonke izizukulwane ekugcineni ukusekela izimiso zayo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha lapho zihlala zithembekile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo. Njengoba izinselele ziphakama futhi umphakathi ushintsha, uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uqhubeke usebenza njengesimiso esisebenzayo esivikela inkululeko, siqinisekise ngokulunga, futhi uthuthukise ubulungisa kubo bonke. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe ngomthetho womthetho-sisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yawo, imithombo enjenge- ye-National Center [FFLT: FFF:1], [FT: 1], [FLT:], [FT:] i-ANT] inikeza bonke [FLT:] i-ANT, [[FLT] i-athonotive ekholitywedwayokuMtako we-Creastment, [[FF]]

Inqubo eqhubekayo yokubusa komthetho-mthetho idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuzikhandla kwezakhamuzi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabahluleli. Ngokuqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokusebenza kwazo, abantu bangahlanganyela kangcono ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi, bavikele amalungelo abo, futhi bagcine uhulumeni unecala. UMthetho-sisekelo ungowamaMelika wonke, futhi ukuqhubeka kwawo uxhomeke ekuqondeni nasekuzibopheleni okugcwele ezimisweni eziwuqukethe. Ngale sibopho esihlangene ezindinganisweni zomthetho, isimiso somthetho singaqhubeka senza izinqumo ezilungile ezivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kuyilapho sithuthukisa amalungelo abo avamile.