Indlela Inqubo Efanele Evikela Ngayo Ekuzibekeleni Okungenamthetho Ezikhungweni Zokulahlekelwa Izinto

Izikhungo zokuvalelwa ziyizindawo lapho abantu bevalelwa khona lapho isimo sabo sokufuduka silungiswa noma sixazululwa. Nakuba lezi zikhungo zifeza injongo engokomthetho, ukukhathazeka ngokuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni kuye kwanda eminyakeni edlule. Isimiso se samuva sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu ukuba bagcinwe ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. E-United States, isimiso sokuvalelwa kwezindawo zokungena kwamanye amazwe sibambe amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu usuku ngalunye, futhi izigxobo zeziboshwa ziphakeme kakhulu [1] Ukuvalela ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo komkhaya, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, nokulimala okungathi sína kwempilo. Ukuqonda indlela okumelwe igwenywe ngayo noma ukuvinjelwa okungekho emthethweni kubaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthunga ukuhlangana kwezindawo zokufuduka nokungena ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efaneleyo EMthethweni Ongenayo

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esitholakala ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zomthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sithi akukho muntu “ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lesivikelo sidlulela kubo bonke abantu phakathi kwe-U.S. insimu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-indawo yobuzwe. Endaweni yokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba ababambe iziboshwa ziboshwe , ungekho sisekelo sezindawo zokuvalelwa [, ithuba elinenjongo lokuveza icala labo, kanye nesinqumo esingakhethi, esingakhethi.

Emkhakheni wayo, inqubo efanele yomthetho wokufuduka iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuboshwa akunagunya. INkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi abantu abangabopheki banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokwezimiso ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, Zadvydas v. Davis[ [2001], iNkantolo ibambelele ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela umuntu unomphela uma ukususwa kungalindelekile. Ngokufanayo, DEV. Kim (2003]) (ibone ukuthi ukuboshwa okusemthethweni phakathi nemicimbi yokususwa kwecala kungase kuvunyelwe kuphela kodwa uma kuhambisana nezikhungo ezifanele. Lezi zinqumo kumelwe zigcizelele isithiwe ngokwezinjongo esemthethweni.

Izakhi Ezimbili Ezibalulekile Zenqubo Efanele

Inqubo efanele yokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ihlanganisa kokubili inqubo efanele yenqubo yokuzimela ukufuduka kanye ne-[FLT]]nstriptubse nqubo efunekayo [[. Inqubo efanelekile iphathelene nokulunga kwenqubo esetshenziswayo ukuncisha umuntu inkululeko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuzwa, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokunqamleza ofakazi be-estamine, nelungelo lokumelelwa ngenqubo efanele, ngesinye isandla, ibuza ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zisebenza kanjani, iziboshwa zingakhethi futhi azikho. Isibonelo, ukuvalela othile iminyaka engenakho ukususwa kwenqubo edinga ukuboshwa ngenxa yelungelo likahulumeni elingokomthetho.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Zezindawo Zokuvikela Imali: Umsebenzi Ovamile

Imithetho, iziqondiso, nezinqumo eziningi zenkantolo ziqinisa ukubaluleka kwenqubo efanele yokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. I-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) inikeza isisekelo sokuvalelwa kwemithetho, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezinhlelo ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-INA 76 236 igunyaza ukuboshwa ngemva kwesinqumo sokuthi umuntu ufaka izingozi zokuhamba ngendiza noma ingozi emphakathini. Amazwi esibopho akhona kubantu abaningi ababoshiwe, avumele uma umahluleli wezokufuduka ukuba anqume ukuthi ukuvalelwa kuyadingeka yini, futhi uma kunjalo, agunyaza isibopho.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Ayinhloko Okufuduka

  • [ kwesokudla ukuze waziswe ngezizathu zokuboshwa: Izabelo kumele zithole iQiniseko lokuvela (NTA) elichaza amacala azo. Ngaphandle kwalesaziso, ukuvalelwa kungabhekwa njengokungekho emthethweni.
  • Esokudla ekumeleni okungokomthetho: [[kudingeka]] uhulumeni angadingeki ukuba anikeze iseluleko sesisa ezimpilweni zokufuduka, abathunjwa banelungelo lokuqasha ummeli wabo siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukufinyelela kwemithola-mali engokomthetho nezingcingo ukuze kulula ukumelela.
  • ekulungeni enkantolo elungile phambi komahluleli ofudukayo: amajaji okuthutha (IJ) anomthwalo wokunquma ukuthi ijele kufanele liqhubeke yini futhi libonise izinzuzo zecala elisuswayo. Izindlebe kumelwe ziqhutshwe ngendlela evumela ababambe iziboshwa ukuba banikeze ubufakazi nempikiswano.
  • Ilungelo lokubekela ijele inselele ngokufaka izikhalo: I-Detaines zingakhanga izinqumo ezingezinhle eButhweni le-Immigration Appers (BIA) futhi, kwezinye izimo, ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izicelo ze Habbeas corpus zinikeza indlela eyengeziwe yokubekela ijele elingekho emthethweni noma elinganqunyiwe inselele.
  • kwesokudla sokukhulula ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile: Abathunjwa abaningi bakufanelekele ukukhululwa ngesibopho noma ngaphansi kokuqondisa. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza isibopho sokuzwa ngesikhathi esifanele kungaphazamisa inqubo efanele.

Lapho lezi zikhungo zisetshenziswa ngokugcwele, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuhlala kuyithuluzi elingokomthetho lokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abavunyelwe ukugcinwa esikhundleni sokujeziswa ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala.

Indlela Inqubo Efanele Evimbela Ngayo Ukuzicabangela Okungenamthetho

Inqubo elindelekile isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni phakathi nenkathi yokuboshwa. Kusukela ngesikhathi umuntu eboshwa, kusebenza izixwayiso zezemvelo. Lokhu okulandelayo kubonisa indlela inqubo efanelekile engenela ngayo esigabeni ngasinye:

Ukuvalelwa Kwezingane Nokuqaphela Kokuqala

Lapho iboshiwe nge-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), umboshi kumelwe anikezwe i-NTA esho ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho wokufuduka waphulwa. Le ncwajana ibangela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. Uma i-NTA ikhubazekile [1] ngokwesibonelo, ukuntula ukumangalelwa noma ukuhluleka ukuhlanganisa isikhathi nendawo yokuqulwa kwecala. Isinqumo seNQURENT ingaba yize kusebenze. Isinqumo seNQUMT. [FLT:] Pereira v.'s semissions (20:8) yaqokomisa ukuthi i-NTA engafanelekiyo ingamisa ukuvinjwa kwesikhathi sokuvinjwa komthetho wokukhishwa kwecala, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi zisebenzise ukucushwa okunjalo ekuzibekeni inseleleni.

Ukubopha Ukuzwa Nezinhloso Zokuhlala Nabantwana

Kubantu abaningi ababoshwe, ukuzwana kuyinqubo eyinhloko evikela ngayo isinqumo sokuvalelwa ejele isikhathi eside. Ekulaleleni, uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ngokufaka ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo bokuthi umuntu uyingozi noma uyingozi emphakathini. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nalowomthwalo, umahluleli kumelwe akhiphe. Isinqumo seSigodlo seSifunda-Night seNight esisemgwaqweni [uCasas-Surtalillon v. Umnyango we Homeland Security [ [2008]) wakholelwa ukuthi ukuzwa okunjalo kumelwe kukhululwe ngokunemba. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvikelwa, ukuvikelwa okuzenzekelayo kungaba yithuluzi lokuvikelwa okungekho emthethweni.

Ukubukeza Izimo Zezinhloso Zokuzilibazisa

Inqubo elindelekile ihlanganisa nezimo zokuvalelwa. Abantu ababoshwe balondoloza ilungelo elingokomthetho lokunakekela impilo, ukuphepha, nokwelashwa okunobuntu. Ryeyes v. CCA (2011], inkantolo yesifunda yathola ukuthi izimo ezisesiteshini sokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe zingaphula iSiphendulo sesihlanu uma behla ngaphansi kwezindinganiso eziphansi. Uma izimo zibanga ukuxhaphaza, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingangenela ngokumangalelana nangezimpoqo zezicelo zomphakathi, zikhipha noma zidlulise njengekhambi.

Izinselele Zokuhamba Ngejubane Elifanele Ekuzindleni Ngokufuduka

Naphezu kwesimiso esiqinile somthetho, inqubo yokuvikela ayiqashelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukulinda Kwezindlebe Okude

Enye yezinkinga ezingapheli kakhulu igomela ezinkantolo zokufuduka. Ngo-2024, kwakunamacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ayekhona alindele ukufika phambi kwezinkantolo zokufuduka, nesilinganiso sesikhathi sokulinda iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Kulabo abavalelwe, lokhu kusho ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside kuyilapho icala labo lokususwa liqhubekela phambili kancane kancane. Iziphathimandla zeBiden ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa indleko ngokuqasha amajaji amaningi okufuduka, kodwa igebe lihlala libanzi. Okwamanje, abantu abaningi bahlala beboshelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka, bekhonza isijeziso ngokuphumelela ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale noma yikuphi ukuphumelela.

Ukulinganiselwa Kweseluleko Esingokomthetho

Nakuba abavalelwe benelungelo lokuqasha ummeli, akukho lungelo lokumisa iseluleko ngezindleko zikahulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ababoshi abaningi abathola imali ephansi abanakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abathunjwa abamelelwe ngokomthetho basengozini enkulu yokukhululwa ngesibopho futhi baphumelele ekukhishweni kwabo. Ngaphandle kommeli, ababambeli bejele bangase bangawaqapheli amalungelo abo, baphuce imibandela emisiwe, noma bahluleke ukuphakamisa imingcele yokuvikelwa kwejele. Amaqembu ezokuvikela izinhlelo ze-prodoo azama ukugcwalisa igebe, kodwa izicelo ze-othobono zingawatholanga imali engaphezulu kakhulu.

Inkululeko Yomahluleli Othuthwayo

Abahluleli abaqaphile bawumsebenzi woMnyango woMahluleli, futhi ophethe ingalo yokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho − ICE. Lelilungiselelo lokwakha liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzimela kokwahlulela. Abanye abahluleli babhekana nokucindezela kokubusa kuhulumeni, ikakhulukazi emadokisini aphezulu. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar nezinye izinhlangano ziye zabiza ukwenza izinkantolo zokufuduka zibe yiSiphakamiso esizimele sokuqeda lempi. Kuze kube manje, umbono wobandlululo ungalulaza ukuvalela ukuvalelwa kweziboshwa.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemizamo Yezinguquko

Ngenxa yezinselele eziqhubekayo, intuthuko ehlukahlukene yamuva iye yafuna ukuqinisa inqubo efanele yokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Izinyathelo Ezingokomthetho Zokuthuthukisa Ukuthola Usizo Olungokomthetho

Izifundana eziningi nomasipala ziye zamisa izinhlelo ezinikeza iseluleko esixhaswa obala kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ababoshiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwaseNew York City oluthi “Umkhondo Ongahlangani Wokuthola Iseluleko” luqinisekisa ukuthi bonke ababoshiwe bathola iziqondiso ezingokomthetho ezithatha isinyathelo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zinciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuvalelwa futhi zandisa imiphumela emihle. Imizamo efanayo eCalifornia, eColorado, naseWashington iye yabonisa ukuthi ukunikeza iseluleko kuyindlela ekhokhelayo yokuqinisekisa inqubo efanele nokunciphisa ukuvalelwa okungadingekile.

Isahlulelo Sokwahlulela Ezindlebeni Ezifike Ngesikhathi

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicacisa ukuthi ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo kungqubuzana nenqubo efanele. Fraiat v. [ICE (2029), iSithili Sesifunda seNinth sathi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuzwa isibopho sokuboshwa (ngoba lapho umthunjwa enerekhodi lobugebengu). Inkantolo yafuna ukuba uhulumeni abonise ngobufakazi obucacile nobuqinisekisayo bokuthi lowo muntu uhlala eyingozi noma ingozi. Lesi sinqumo siye saphoqa u-ICE ukuba aphinde ahlole izinqumo zakhe zokuvalelwa futhi akhulule abantu abangenakubanjwa ngokomthetho.

Izizathu Zokulinganisela Izehluleko Ezingapheli Zemithetho

KuKhongolose, “Icala Lokwenqatshelwa komthetho” futhi ezinye izikweletu ziye zasungulwa ekuvalweni ejele ngezinsuku ezingu-60 futhi zidinga ukubukezwa njalo kokwahlulela. Nakuba lezi ziphakamiso zingakadluli, banikeza ukuvumelana okwandayo kokuthi ukuvalelwa okunganqunyiweyo akunabudlelwano futhi ngokunokwenzeka akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Isiqondiso sangaphakathi siye sanikezwa futhi isiqondiso sokuqondisa i-ICE ekuvalweni okuza kuqala kwalabo abaletha izinsongosongelo zokuphepha emphakathini, kunokuba kudluliswe ukuvalelwa kwabantu abangaphansi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindlela Ezihlukile Ukuze Sizindle

Izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa ukubopha (ATD) njengezinhlelo ze-GPS, imishini yokuhlola, ama-ikeyi nabaphathi bezezimali, kanye nocingo zibika(-scheme) nikeza izindlela ezingathiyiyo zokuqinisekisa ukubukeka lapho kuzwakala. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-ATD ifinyelela amazinga aphakeme okulalela kuyilapho iziboshwa zigcina inkululeko. Uhulumeni uye wandisa ukubhalisa nge-ATD eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa ukunciphisa isidingo. Inqubo ifuna ukuba ijele lisetshenziswe kuphela uma kudingeka, kanti i-ATD inikeza indlela eqinisekile yokuhlonipha leso simiso.

Ukuqhathanisa Inqubo Efaneleyo Ekuthutheleni EJajini Lobugebengu

Ijele lokuthungatha isigwebo sesizwe, hhayi isigwebo somphakathi, kodwa imiphumela yaso ingaba mikhulu ngendlela efanayo, noma okubi kakhulu. Nokho isivikelo sezentengiselwano ezisecaleni zokufuduka sibuthakathaka kunalezo ezisemthethweni wobugebengu. Emthethoni wobugebengu, iSimemezelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa noma isiphi isigebengu esibhekene nejele. Asikho isiqinisekiso esinjalo ezinkantolo zokuvalelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, abamangalelwa becala abagwebi banelungelo lokuqulwa ngokushesha; abathunjwa abavalelwe kwamanye amazwe bavame ukulinda izinyanga ezithile ukuze baqulwe isigwebo esisodwa. Lokhu kuveza inqubo engathi sína, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu ecabangela ukuthi ukuvalelwa kuyinkululeko yokuvalelwa ekuvalweni.

Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi ukudingiswa “kuyisijeziso esinzima ngokwengxenye” esingaba“okulinganayo nokudingiswa.” Lokho kuqonda kufanele kudlulele ekususweni kwangaphambi kokususwa. Ukungalingani kwesivikelo semiklamo kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi bagcinwa ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zokuvalelwa kwezindawo zokufuduka ezingaba yizimo ezingafani nakancane uma zisetshenziswa esimisweni sobugebengu.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Nenqubo Efanele

IZizwe Ezihlangene zinikeze isiqondiso sokusetshenziswa kwejele lokufuduka. Iqembu lokusebenza le-UN e-Arbitrory Debery lithi ukuboshwa kwabafuduki kufanele kwenzeke njengendlela yokugcina, isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, futhi nezimiso ezigcwele. Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu emvelweni yezezezwe (ICCPR), esiseqenjini i-U.S., sidinga ukuba noma ubani ophucwa inkululeko alethwe phambi komahluleli futhi anikwe ithuba lokubekela isigwebo isigwebo. Nakuba u-U.S. umthetho ufaka izinqanothiso zezimiso eziningi, zihlala zikhona (igebevale) ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene neyokulungile neyokungakwesokudla sokuyabela i-uni yegatsha elizimele.

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esiqhubekayo Sokuyivikela Ngokuqapha Inqubo Elindelekile

Inqubo efanelekile ayiwona nje umqondo womthetho ongokomthetho; isivikelo esihlukanisa ukuboshwa ngokusemthethweni ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni. Izikhungo zokuvalelwa ziyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yesizwe yokufuduka, kodwa kumelwe zisebenzise phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. Isivikelo esichazwe(nethi, iseluleko, ukuzwa okungacaci, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngesikhathi, nezimo zobuntu ezihloniphe isithunzi sobuntu.)

Noma kunjalo, inqubo efanele inamandla kuphela njengokugcinwa kwayo. Ukuqhubeka kwemithetho, ukuqondisa, nesenzo somthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuqedwe izikhala ezikhona. Wonke umuntu ovalelwe endaweni ehlala abantu ufanelwe ukulunga okuyisisekelo okuthenjiswa yibo bonke abangaphakathi kwemingcele yethu. Ngokuqonda indlela inqubo efanele evikela ngayo ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni, singagcina isimiso sinobuphindu futhi sisebenzela ukulungisa kokubili ukulondeka nobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ACLU umsebenzi wesiqondiso se-UNCU kumalungelo abafuduki , , i-American Immigration Council [, kanye nesiqondiso se-[[FLT:] INCR [i-UNF]CR . Lezinhlangano zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kanye nokungalawuleki okugcina inqubo efanele enkabeni yenguquko yokufuduka.